喀喇沁旗安家营子金矿化探数据的统计分析

稳健统计学方法为化探数据处理提供了一个有力的工具。本文主要是应用稳健统计方法和传统的最小二乘法对内蒙喀喇沁旗安家营子金矿化探数据进行了处理,结果表明该方法具有明显的优越性。     

GPS高程异常拟合的稳健总体最小二乘算法

为解决控制点平面坐标与高程异常值中均含有误差的情况下求解模型参数的问题,对应用总体最小二乘算法(TLS)建立G-M模型求解拟合模型参数的方法进行讨论,重点对应用稳健总体最小二乘算法解决控制点之间观测值精度不等对参数求解有影响的问题进行探讨。对基于稳健估计思想的TLS迭代定权算法进行讨论,并通过算例与其他两种算法进行比较。结果表明,基于稳健估计的TLS算法能更好地解决含有误差的控制点已知坐标对GPS高程拟合模型参数求解有影响的问题。     

中国西部降水和树轮关系及传输函数探讨

本文利用EOF展开,对我国西部树轮指数和降水场进行了讨论,分别计算了降水和树轮的第一、第二主成份的周期。结果表明我国西部树轮和降水在空间与时间上都有着较好的对应关系。在此基础上,通过稳健回归方法对树轮和降水的传输函数进行了研究。     

基于整体最小二乘的稳健点云数据平面拟合

针对点云数据平面拟合方法没有完整考虑测量数据中的误差及系数阵中误差的情况,提出稳健整体最小二乘点云数据平面拟合方法。该法以整体最小二乘法为基础,在考虑全部观测量存在误差的情况下,通过一定的准则删除数据中的粗差或异常值,从而获得稳健的平面参数估值。实验中,分别利用最小二乘法、特征值法和稳健整体最小二乘拟合法对仿真点云数据和真实点云数据进行平面拟合,结果显示该法能克服异常值的影响,得到可靠的平面参数估值,具有稳健性。     

广义高斯分布下稳健估计方法的抗差特性评价

为寻求在抗差特性方面更具优势的稳健估计方法,引入能更客观地描述观测值真实分布的广义高斯分布来模拟观测值,并结合独立等权观测值的水准网和测边网算例,比较了12种常用稳健估计方法的抗差特性。研究表明,观测值服从广义高斯分布时,在与试验类似的独立等权观测值的水准网和测边网平差计算中,L1法、Danish法、German-McClure法和IGGⅢ方案是抗差特性相对更优的稳健估计方法。     

利用稳健WTLS方法进行三维激光扫描标靶球定位

针对标靶球定位缺少有效的确定协因数阵方法的问题,顾及点到平面的距离反映了点与平面的相关性及入射角对点云数据点位精度的影响,将两者推广到三维激光扫描标靶球定位中。以距离、先验入射角确定各点协因数值,并给出观测向量协因数阵及系数矩阵协因数阵,利用稳健加权总体最小二乘方法进行标靶球定位。实例表明,以距离确定协因数阵的稳健加权总体最小二乘方法解算标靶球参数估计比其他方法更精确。     

稳健回归分析及其应用研究

以前在回归分析的研究中，往往只强调对回归方程及其系数进行显著性检验，而忽略对自变量和因变量的稳健性分析。事实上，如果自变量或因变量存在粗差，将对回归模型产生破坏性影响并直接导致预测的失败。考虑到自变量或因变量可能相关，将基于等价方差－协方差的稳健最小二乘估计理论引入回归分析中，并将稳健最小二乘估计理论方法用于GPS高程拟合，取得了明显效果。     

火险等级评估方法与应用分析

森林草原火灾不仅严重危害到社会和人民财产安全,还危及到我国生态安全。火险等级评估作为科学防火的一个重要方法,可以为森林草原防火提供科学有效的决策支持信息。本文在已有相关研究总结的基础之上,针对火险等级评估方法和应用进行了如下分析。并定义阐述了火险等级评估研究中的相关概念;对火灾危险评估已使用过的指标进行了总结,简要分析了各类评估指标对火灾的影响;总结和分析了已有的火险等级评估方法;并介绍了针对我国北方四省森林草原生态环境特点简要分析了遥感反演指标的火险等级评估应用。     

GPS高程拟合的加权总体最小二乘抗差估计

结合标准化方差,构造了基于Huber、IGG和IGGⅢ三种权函数的加权总体最小二乘抗差模型,并运用选权迭代法予以求解。GPS高程拟合数据处理实例表明,基于Huber、IGG和IGGⅢ三种权函数的稳健加权总体最小二乘抗差方法对误差和粗差具有较好的削弱和消除效果,其中基于IGGⅢ权函数的稳健加权总体最小二乘方法抗差效果最优。     

一种基于学习型特征的多模态影像匹配方法

多模态影像在辐射特征和几何特征方面存在的显著差异,会造成高精度匹配困难。因此,本文提出了一种融合多尺度深度学习特征的多模态影像匹配方法,主要利用深度残差神经网络结构自主训练学习影像的学习型特征,得到多模态图像之间更为丰富和更为准确的同名特征点对,实现了对多尺度、多时相影像的协同稳健匹配。结果表明,本文方法对于多组实验均能够得到数量丰富且分布相对均匀的同名特征点对,并具有高效、稳健的匹配性能。     

基于DEM提取坡谱信息的不确定性

坡谱是黄土高原地学分析新方法、新思路的探索。本文基于坡谱不确定性的概念及其过程分布模型的论述,以陕北黄土高原国家1∶10000和1∶50000DEM数据为基本信息源,分析了坡谱不确定性的产生原因、主要影响因素与影响规律,阐述了坡谱提取与应用中应注意的主要问题,为正确应用坡谱进行地学分析提供重要依据。     

State and Development： Changes in Livelihood Strategies in Garhwal with Special Reference to Ecotourism in the Gangotri Region

The object of the paper is to provide an insight into the changes in livelihood strategies of the people in the Garhwal Himalayas over time. From sustaining an economy based on transit trade and subsistence agriculture, there has been a shift towards tourism in recent times. This shift has been due to the tradition of pilgrimage to the higher reaches and also due to promotion by the state by developing infrastructure and providing incentives. The paper is divided into four parts. In the first part, the policies of the colonial state and the events leading to the destruction of forests and the impoverishment of the self-sustaining semi-pastoral economy in the Garhwal Himalayas are outlined. It is argued that the destruction of forests and subsequently, the economy of the Himalayas were directly responsible for the large-scale migration to the plains. This also led to further exploitation of forests by the people who were unfamiliar with any other form of livelihood. The paper also discusses the policies of the newly independent Indian state and sees them as an extension of the British policy of large-scale exploitation of Himalayan forests for the purpose of development and economic growth. In the third section, the growth of ecotourism as a direct outcome of the orocess of deforestation and as resulting from the need of society to conserve and yet to earn a livelihood is discussed. The case study of the Gangotrir egion examines the dilemma faced by the people of Garhwal in sustaining their livelihood, income or the development in the area. In addition, tourism has fostered monopolies of groups external to the region thereby contributing neither to the income or the development in the area. In addition, there is an added threat to the environment-deforestation, and erosion-a direct outcome of increased and unplanned tourism. Such problems demand state intervention and management of t.ourism. The conclusion to the paper asserts that in order that the requirements of the society to progress and to sustain itself in its natural habitat are not compromised, it is essential to increase the process of democratization by strengthening local structures and by vesting the community with the autonomy to determine its future. The paper therefore argues that ecotourism in the Himalayas undertaken without local involvement is not desirable. The constant need for local monitoring of external agencies or even of the State‘s participation and the need for re-evaluation of environmental standards are cumbersome details that add to the costs of promoting low-impact tourism. To be viable, ecotourism should be community based and the needs of the community, their ideas of conservation should be given prime importance and local community must be encouraged to review the standards governing conservation. Local structures should thus receive patronage and promotion, so that ecotourism becomes a dynamic facet of economic development.     

浙江长兴顾渚山优质紫笋茶与地质背景相关性分析

长兴水口顾渚山风景区的紫笋茶,是闻名国内外的优质名茶。本文在实地调查的基础上,分析了紫笋茶优异的品质与地质环境背景条件的相关性。特定的地质背景条件,首先造就了一个避风向阳、雨量充沛的小气候环境;特定的泥盆系与花岗岩类浸入岩的地层背景所形成的土壤,为茶树生长提供了大量的营养物质,特别是有益的微量元素对提高茶叶品质起到了重要作用;同时这一特定的背景条件下,形成了对茶树生长有利的酸性土壤。特定的水文地质背景条件．又提供了充足的水份,还补充了茶树生长所必需的营养物质。通过对环境背景条件的分析,最终提出了长兴县茶叶发展的方向。     

试论企业实行加速折旧

当前许多生产企业的生产设备已非常陈旧 ,然而这些企业却不愿更新 ,原因之一就是因为在大多数企业只被允许采用直线法等一般的折旧方法对固定资产进行计提折旧 ,使得企业在固定资产方面的投资收回较慢 ,大大限制了企业在固定资产方面投资的积极性。针对这一现状 ,文章从“实行加速折旧不会减少国家财政收入”入手 ,论述了实行加速折旧的可行性 ,从 3个方面论述了实行加速折旧的必要性。认为扩大加速折旧企业的范围已切实可行。     

EFFECTS OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF ALGINATES ON ADSORPTION OF DIVALENT METALS

Results of a series of experiments(on the adsorption of divalent metal ions by dried alginic acid, Na and Ca alginates of different composition and block structure) conducted in this systematic study of the effects of the composition and structure of alginates on the static adsorption equilibrium of divalent metal ions indicate that the properties of alginate adsorption to divalent metal ions are highly different, depending not only on the cations used, but also on the form and structure of the alginates. There is close correlation between the adsorption properties and the structure of the alginates. The selectivity coefficient of Na alginate for Cd-Sr ion exchange tends to increase with the increase of the M/G ratio in alginate, whereas the adsorption capacity of Ca alginate for Cu~(2+) ion decrease with the increase of the G-block or the average length of the G-block ((?)_G) and the total adsorption capacity of alginic acid is found to vary in the same order as the F_(MM)(diad frequency) in alginate in     

Gold and tin of fluid-magmatic systems： causes of combination-separation of concentration elements

The aim of the investigation is to reveal possible causes of isolation and co-occurrence of the economically significant concentrations of gold and tin. Comparative analysis of the different-rank factors that influenced migration and concentration of these elements show that different geochemical properties of Au and Sn are responsible for isolation of their big concentrations giving rise to independent metallogenic provinces, zones, and ore nodes. These differences resulted in individualization of the element migration ways to the level of ore concentration within the fluid-magmatic columns. Three main factors influenced the Au and Sn migration activity: different patterns of metal connection with the melt structure, different relation with oxygen, and different relation with other strong oxidizers. By the moment when ore-bearing fluid became isolated from magmas, the metallogenic signature of the melts, contrasting in redox-potential, had already been defined that was confirmed by the fact that tin ores associate predominantly with the granitoids of ilmenite series and gold ores with those of magnetite series. The fluid-magmatic systemswith an intermediate degree of the melt reduction-oxidation may be considered the potential producers of the combined metal concentrations. In these cases, the combined concentrating of tin and gold is plagued by an opposite direction of the oxidation-reduction reactions when their most common minerals are formed: the main migration form of Sn+2 must be oxidized (with cassiterite portioning) , and the forms of Au+ or Au+3 must be reduced (with native gold portioning) . Probably, because of this the combined tin and gold concentrations are dominated by one of the metals with a tendency of accumulation in different-stage mineral complexes.     

以节点为中心的关系边聚类与可视化算法

对象间的关联关系可视化主要是通过图的连边进行表达的,但是对象间的关联关系纷繁复杂,大量的连边交错会造成严重的视觉混乱,图布局和边捆绑都是解决复杂连边造成的视觉混乱问题的有效途径,然而某些节点的地理位置具有实际的含义,只能通过边捆绑方法来减少幅面载负量,进而揭示图的潜在关联规律。以往的边捆绑算法是在边的两端节点固定的前提下,调整边的中间控制点的位置,这样会使得大量边被聚集在一起,不仅会造成二次视觉混乱,且难以在节点级别揭示图的关联趋势。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种以节点为中心的关系边聚类与可视化算法。首先使用方向聚类算法实现隶属于同一个节点的连边的聚类,本文提出的方向聚类方法速度约是K-means算法的13倍,约是DBSCAN算法的6倍,然后对各个连边实现控制点的内插,在此基础上使用FR模型使得控制点位移,并通过弯曲度控制防止“过度弯曲”情况的出现,最后调整边的透明度,使得可视化的结果突出显示边靠近端点处的部分。实验结果表明,本文NCEB算法的幅面载负量L和中点距离变化量△d的约为FDEB算法的二分之一,证明本文算法可以将捆绑位置从边的中间部位移动到节点端,不仅解决了传统边捆绑算法造成的二次视觉混乱问题,而且使得节点周围的连边分布趋势清晰可读,且视觉负载大大降低,有效减少了视觉误差和信息误判。     

小岩体成大矿与岩浆通道成矿理论的比较

从小岩体成大矿和岩浆通道成矿理论的提出、发展、完善及其主要成矿控制因素展开探讨,结合典型矿床实例,指出这两种理论在勘查实践中的贡献和应用价值,并比较其异同点。小岩体成大矿与岩浆通道成矿理论的主要区别在于:小岩体成大矿理论中岩浆管道与岩浆通道成矿理论并非同一概念;深部熔离预富集是前者的主要控制因素;前者是硫化物深部熔离-脉冲式贯入占主导,而后者是硫化物就地熔离-局部聚集为主;在硫化物熔离机制方面,后者要求外来硫的加入是必需条件,而前者认为外来硫的加入并非不可或缺,在岩浆深部就可以发生硫化物不混溶作用;在成矿物质聚集方式上,后者认为含矿岩浆分凝和上侵是连续过程,而前者则强调岩(矿)浆上侵是脉动式过程。在找矿实践过程中要重视小岩体,并注重含矿小岩体的下盘和岩浆上升的管道位置,这些地区是扩大区域找矿前景、增加资源储量最具潜力的部位。     

基于DEM的黄土高原地形纹理概念模型

黄土高原"千沟万壑"的地貌形态,在多尺度空间下表现出显著自相似性,具有"局部无规则,宏观有规律"的纹理特征.目前,黄土高原地形纹理的提取方法及应用已经得到初步发展,但依然缺乏在理论层面的框架体系.本文在已有学者研究成果的基础上,限定黄土高原为研究范围,明确提出黄土高原地形纹理的概念模型,即内涵、特征、分类及表达.将内涵...