Dinantian sedimentation and the basement structure of the Derbyshire Dome

The depositional history of the Dinantian on the Derbyshire Dome can be divided into three phases: (1) pre-Holkerian: onlap of an irregular basement surface by evaporite and carbonate sediments, (2) Holkerian to Asbian: sedimentation on a carbonate shelf formed by the merging of early Dinantian depocentres following burial of the basement topography, and (3) Brigantian: formation of intrashelf basins and the development of a carbonate ramp on part of the pre-existing shelf. A model of the basement structure underlying the Derbyshire Dome is presented to explain the location of the Brigantian intrashelf basins and carbonate ramp. The basement consists of two main tilted fault blocks separated by a smaller tilt block. Movement on faults bounding the tilt blocks caused the development of intrashelf basins. The basin margins were controlled by structures which developed in the cover sediments. The carbonate ramp present during the late Brigantian developed in response to an eastward tilting of the basement.     

山东省临清坳陷区岩溶热储地热能潜力分析

山东省临清坳陷区内埋藏有巨厚的寒武系—奥陶系碳酸岩地层,是地热开发的有利目标层位。在石油勘探过程中取得的地震解译与钻探成果基础上,综合前人的研究成果,编制了区内新生界平均地温梯度图及奥陶系顶板埋深等值线图,采用地温梯度计算公式估算了奥陶系顶板地层的温度。结合寒武系—奥陶系地层厚度的空间分布情况,以奥陶系顶板处120 ℃作为地热资源量计算分区的起算温度,并以90 ℃作为地热资源利用的下限温度,对地热发电的前景进行了预测。结果表明,区内岩溶热储地热资源开发利用前景广阔,可用于发电的地热资源量为1.27×10¹⁵ MJ,折合电能1.35×10⁵ MW,其中240 ℃高温区的地热资源就能满足区内供电需求。     

Application of ASTER remote sensing data to geological mapping of basement domains in arid regions: a case study from the Central Anti-Atlas,Iguerda inlier,Morocco

Satellite remote sensing is shown to provide critical support for geological and structural mapping in semiarid and arid areas. In this work, Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) data were used to clarify the geological framework of the Precambrian basement of the Iguerda Proterozoic inlier in the Moroccan Central Anti-Atlas. In this study, the interpretation of the processed digital data has been ground truthed with geological field data collected during a reconnaissance-mapping program in the Central Anti-Atlas. The Iguerda inlier offers a deeply eroded Precambrian massif dominated by a Paleoproterozoic basement composed of supracrustal metasedimentary units intruded by various Eburnian granitoids. Impressive mafic dyke swarms mainly of Proterozoic age crosscut this basement. Eburnian basement rocks are unconformably overlain by Lower Ediacaran volcanosedimentary rocks of the Ouarzazate Group and Upper Ediacaran–Lower Cambrian carbonates. The applied ASTER analyses are particularly effective in the lithological differentiation and discrimination of geological units of the Iguerda inlier. The spectral information divergence (SID) classification algorithm coupled with spectral angle mapper and maximum likelihood classification effectively discriminates between metamorphic rocks, granitoid bodies, and carbonate cover. SID classification improves geologic map accuracy with respect to the spatial distribution of plutonic bodies and metamorphic units. In addition, Paleoproterozoic granitoids have been well discriminated into separate distinct suites of porphyritic granites, granodiorites, and peraluminous leucogranite suites. This discrimination was initially identified via remote sensing analysis and later ground truthed in the field. This methodology enhances geological mapping and illustrates the potential of ASTER data to serve as a vital tool in detailed geologic mapping and exploration of well-exposed basement of arid regions, such as the Proterozoic of the Anti-Atlas Mountains of Morocco.     

Tectonics of the northern part of the Lena-Yenisey oil-bearing region

This article discusses the historical tectonic development of the portion of Siberia lying within the Arctic Circle. The exposed rocks are referred to seven tectonic or geotectonic stages: Archean, Proterozoic, Sinian, lower to middle Paleozoic, upper Paleozoic to lower Mesozoic, and Mesozoic-Cenozoic. Locally on the Shorikka and Kamennaya, the nearly horizontal Lower Cambrian beds overlie the Sinian with angular unconformity. In contrast, isolated areas on the west side of the Yenisey show a gradational relationship between the Late Sinian and Early Cambrian beds in a dominantly carbonate succession. The present tectonic elements of the Siberian platform were developed in Mesozoic-Cenozoic time, and differential movements in the basement have continued into Neogene time. The sedimentary platform cover was enlarged by sedimentary overlap from Sinian to mid-Paleozoic time. The sediment came from the older fold systems. The major structures are measured in terms of variations in stratigraphic thickness, but details are unfortunately omitted. The main features are delineated on a geotectonic map embracing 42 map units and symbols. The map lacks basic reference data, geographic designations, scale, and other essential information. — B. N. Cooper.     

Environmental and tectonic influences on the formation and distribution of carbonate nodules above the Springfield coal seam, southern Illinois Basin

Carbonate nodules have been encountered for many years in the southern Illinois Basin, in parts of southern Illinois, southern Indiana, and southwestern Kentucky. The nodules occur as oblate spheroids of calcium carbonate that are isolated in the shale immediate roof of coal mines. They are common in the Springfield coal seam, known as the No. 5 seam in Illinois, and as the No. 9 seam in western Kentucky. Several different mechanisms have been proposed for the formation of various semi-spherical objects in coal measure rocks. The distribution and association with rooted horizons suggest that carbonate nodules in black fossiliferous shale observed in the roof of a studied mine in the Springfield seam represent pedogenic carbonate paleosols, which formed in a caliche-favoring environment subsequent to Springfield mire deposition. This interpretation is supported by ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr isotope ratios of 0.710893 ± 13 to 0.711035 ± 12, which indicate a freshwater rather than seawater source.Petrographic examination of rock textures and mineral grains indicates that nodules collected from two Illinois Basin coal mines are composed of subangular grains of fine-grained, crystalline microspar. Although the carbonate is not ferroan, iron hydroxide stains interstices between microspar grains. The rounded, commonly pinched boundaries of nodules truncate commonly imbricated microspar grains. In contrast, concentric growth patterns are not observed except as defined by secondary, subhedral to euhedral pyrite crystals that form a diffuse, concentric replacement zone around the nodule's outer rind. Polished slickensides, with well-developed radial slickenlines, are developed at highly compacted margins in black shale or mudstone that commonly encases the carbonate nodules.Of the 450 carbonate nodules documented at a study mine in the southern Illinois Basin, the long axes of 36% are preferentially aligned parallel to regional structures such as anticline axes and drag folds that are interpreted to have formed in response to compression during the Late Pennsylvanian-Permian Alleghanian orogeny. Mapping also suggests that clusters of carbonate nodules are spatially associated with the trends of low-angle drag folds in the immediate roof of the Springfield seam at the study mine. The preferential elongation and distribution with respect to tectonic structures suggest that regional compression influenced the shape and distribution of carbonate nodules, and that nodule lithification may have been approximately contemporaneous with regional deformation.     

中国镁质碳酸盐岩型温石棉矿床的成矿规律

镁质碳酸盐岩型温石棉矿床是成矿热液交代镁质碳酸盐岩生成的,一般均产于地台环境。按地台稳定性不同,成矿环境分为地台隆起区的基底建造类型和地台拗陷区的盖层建造类型。产于地台隆起区的矿床,以前震旦纪镁质碳酸盐岩为控矿层位。产于太古代及早、中元古代深变质结晶基底中的矿床,由区域变质及混合岩化过程中的变质热液交代碳酸盐岩成矿。产于晚元古代浅变质褶皱基底(扬子准地台)中的矿床,以岩浆期后热液或接触交代(湿矽卡岩)热液为成矿热液来源。产于地台拗陷区的矿床,均以震旦纪镁质碳酸盐岩为控矿层位。其成矿时期较晚,一般与拗陷区内岩浆活动同期,由岩浆期后热液或接触交代(湿矽卡岩)热液对镁质碳酸盐岩进行交代成矿。     

新邵高家坳微细浸染型金矿床构造控矿特征

高家坳金矿床位于白马山－龙山EW向构造带中部、桃江－城步NE向基底断裂与邵阳－郴州NW向基底断裂挟持的大乘山穹隆SW倾伏端。含金蚀变带赋存于中泥盆统半山组碎屑岩中，金矿体呈似层状顺层产出或呈透镜状、脉 状产于断裂破碎带中。基底断裂沟通矿源层，形成矿液运移通道；穹隆倾伏端和基底断裂提供了储矿空间；次级NW、NE向断裂是矿区主要容矿构造；基底断裂挟持的上升地块中不同级别、不同方向断裂的交汇处，是该类金矿床成生的有利部位。     

江西省冷水坑银铅锌矿床铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩成因研究

江西省冷水坑银铅锌矿床的铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩层与顶底板侏罗系火山杂岩呈整合接触关系,填隙物内存在清晰可辨的火山凝灰物质。铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩的稀土元素配分型式属于轻稀土富集的右倾型,稀土组成特征有类似于正常湖相碳酸盐岩低的稀土总量,又类似于正长质岩浆岩的正Eu异常特征。碳氧同位素显示其形成环境属于陆相火山湖泊,陆相沉积岩与岩浆岩均为成岩提供了物质来源。通过顶底板火山杂岩锆石U-Pb年龄的限定,指示在155Ma左右,铁锰碳酸盐角砾岩经历了陆相火山湖泊沉积-火山喷发使之角砾化-正长质岩浆物质混入的成岩过程。     

北黄海盆地东部前中生界基底特征

北黄海盆地是中国近海唯一未获得油气突破及勘探程度最低的含油气盆地（朝鲜已在该盆地东部实现了工业性油气突破）,朝鲜在东部凹陷的3口钻井证实北黄海盆地东部凹陷主体前中生界基底是下古生界(Pz₁)地层,与上覆以砂泥岩为主的中-新生界地层在地球物理特征上有很大差异,该特征提供了以地球物理资料推断和确定中-新生界盆地基底特征的可靠性。通过重力、磁力及大量多道地震资料解释认为,北黄海盆地前中生界基底最大埋深约5.5 km,凹陷主体部位前中生界基底以下古生界碳酸盐岩为主,其东北角可能存在上古生界碎屑岩基底,而凹陷南部可能是元古界浅变质岩基底。     

Imagery of the metamorphic bedrock roof of the Sahel active fault in the Sablettes (Algiers) reclaimed area by ambient vibration HVSR

The Sablettes (Algiers) coastal reclaimed fringe region, located on the hanging wall of the Sahel active fault, is subject to different types of geological hazard such as flood and tsunami, coastal uplift, earthquake, liquefaction, landslide, and site effects. In this present work, we used ambient vibration HVSR for imaging the bedrock. The thickness of the sedimentary column under the backfill layer is unknown, and the coastal reclaimed areas are prone to strong amplification of seismic waves. The determination of the depth of the metamorphic base allowed us to establish a mapping of the bedrock roof surface. The 3D representation of this surface enabled us to present models of tectonic structures in this basement (i.e., fault, fold). This analysis will make it possible to make better evaluation of the amplification after having determined the depth of the metamorphic basement exceeding 240 m, which is supposed to have velocities close to those of the seismological basement, as well as the thicknesses of the different layers surmounting it.     

Oil and gas pools in weathering crusts on the sedimentary basin basement

Weathering crusts of the sedimentary basin basement are collectors in several regions of the world. They enclose huge reserves of oil and gas. The paper considers the geochemical, mineral, and petrophysical heterogeneities of weathering crusts that should be taken into consideration in the prospecting, exploration, and development of hydrocarbon raw material therein. Areal and linear-fissure types of weathering crust are defined. They were formed before the overlapping of basement by rocks of the sedimentary cover. Areal crusts are pervasive at the basement roof, whereas linear-fissure crusts are formed along fractures. A complete weathering crust profile includes the following zones (from the bottom to top): disintegration, leaching and hydration, hydrolysis, and final hydrolysis. Rocks of the lower two zones represent the cavernous-fissure collector, while rocks of the upper zones are impermeable. In the arches of uplifted blocks of the basement, weathering crusts are subjected to erosion during marine transgressions. In such places, the roof is composed of rocks of the lower permeable zones that often make up a single heterogeneous natural reservoir overlapped by sandy collectors of sedimentary sequences. Linear-fissure weathering crusts show zonal distribution with good filtration-capacity properties. Several large oil and gas pools have been discovered in them.     

Integrated potential field study on the subsurface structural characterization of the area North Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

The present study aims mainly to delineate and outline the regional subsurface structural and tectonic framework of the buried basement rocks of Abu El Gharadig Basin, Northern Western Desert, Egypt. The potential field data (Bouguer gravity and total intensity aeromagnetic maps) carried out in the Abu El Gharadig Basin had been analyzed together with other geophysical and geological studies. The execution of this study is initiated by transformation of the total intensity aeromagnetic data to the reduced to pole (RTP) magnetic map. This is followed by applying several transformation techniques and various filtering processes through qualitative and quantitative analyses on both of the gravity and magnetic data. These techniques include the qualitative interpretation of gravity, total intensity magnetic and RTP magnetic maps. Regional–residual separation is carried out using the power spectrum. Also, the analytic signal and second vertical derivative techniques are applied to delineate the hidden anomalies. Aeromagnetic anomalies in the area reflect significant features on the basement tectonics, on the deep-seated structures and on the shallow-seated ones. Major faults and intrusions in the area are indicated to be mainly along the NE–SW, NW–SE, ENE–WSW and E–W directions. The Bouguer gravity map indicates major basement fracturing, as well as variations in the sedimentary basins and ridges and subsequent tectonic disturbances. The most obvious anomalous trends on the gravity map, based on their frequencies and amplitudes, are along the NE–SW, ENE–WSW, E–W and NW–SE trends. The main of Abu EL Gharadig Basin depositional center does not show sharp variations, because of the homogeneity of the marine rocks and the great basement depths.     

Aeromagnetic contributions to the study of the Paleozoic basement structure of Southern High Plateaus (Eastern Morocco)

The observed aeromagnetic anomaly map of Southern High Plateaus provides general information about the magnetization variations that are associated with subsurface magnetic sources, but it does not bring clear information about all geological elements of the study area. In this work, we attempt, by analyzing these aeromagnetic data, to determine structures of Paleozoic basement that may indicate the presence of major deep-seated structures in this area. To better understand and outline the basement geological structures, two approaches have been performed. Such analysis includes application of a low-pass filtering and spectral analysis, which permits an enhanced visual interpretation of the magnetization sources and leads to a better knowledge of the geological structures especially basins or intrusive bodies. The results obtained show magnetic anomalies indicating geological features trending NE–SW. They also reveal two depths of magnetic sources in the area. The deeper sources range from 1074 to 4057 m and reflect the Paleozoic basement. However, the shallower sources range from 153 and 596 m reflecting magnetic sources shallower than the basement. The outcomes of this study suggest a new structure and will contribute to better understand the characteristics and organization of the basin as well as the improvement of the geological map of the area for hydrocarbon exploration.     

我国碳酸盐岩储层CO2地质储存潜力与适宜性

文章系统收集并分析了我国各盆地地层、大地构造、油田地质、水文地质数据,研究了我国各盆地碳酸盐岩地层空间分布和孔隙度特性,做出了《全国盆地碳酸盐岩分布面积分级图》、《全国盆地碳酸盐岩厚度分级图》、《全国盆地碳酸盐岩孔隙度分级图》、《全国盆地碳酸盐岩二氧化碳地质储存潜力分级图》。逐一对全国各沉积盆地内800～5 000 m深度区间各地质时代形成的碳酸盐岩储层的CO2储存能力进行了计算。通过层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,制做出全国盆地E级碳酸盐岩储层CO2地质储存适宜性评价结果表,绘制出《全国盆地碳酸盐岩储层CO2储存适应性评价图》。对全国盆地CO2储存进行了适宜性评价,剔除了不适宜CO2地质储存的沉积盆地,选出适宜的沉积盆地以供下一阶段继续研究。      

Vertical Electrical Sounding Investigation in East River Nile Area （Khartoum State）, Sudan

Vertical electrical sounding (VES) was carried out in the east of the River Nile. The main objectives of the resistivity survey are to determine the types and thicknesses of sedimentary units in the area, to define the contact separating the sediments from the crystalline basement complex, and to determine the structural features of the subsurface formations. Several local depressions, whose maximum depth to the Imsement surface is about 160 m, are revealed as an outcome of the VES method, and suggested to have been infilled with undifferentiated units of the Nubian Group in particular Omdurman Formation. Thus, a depth to the basement complex is calculated and the associated structural map of the east of the River Nile is drawn. The map is useful for the groundwater drilling, as far as the presence or absence of the aquifer is concerned.     

东欢坨矿顶板涌水条件与工作面水量动态预测

针对开滦东欢坨矿开采煤₈诱发的顶板涌(突)水问题,首先采用五个物理场的多源地学信息复合研究方法对煤₈顶板充水含水层进行了富水性综合分区。此外,在充分分析煤₈至顶板充水含水层间岩段的岩性特征基础上,将据《煤矿安全规程》计算出的导水裂隙带发育高度进行了全方位的岩性场定性校正,并编制了煤₈回采冒落安全性分区图。在此基础上,耦合叠加分析煤₈回采冒落安全性分区和其顶板充水含水层的富水性分区结果,对东欢坨矿煤₈回采顶板涌(突)水条件进行了综合评价,提出了A、B、C、D、E5个不同涌(突)水特征的分区划分方案。最后运用目前国际上先进的地下水流水质模拟评价的Visual Modflow专业软件系统,建立了三维可视化渗流模型,并对待采的2086、2188B回采工作面涌水量进行了动态实时预测。      

Subsurface tectonic pattern and basement topography as interpreted from aeromagnetic data to the south of El-Dakhla Oasis,western desert,Egypt

The study area lies to the south of El-Dakhla Oasis in the central part of the western desert, Egypt. It is limited by the latitudes 24–25°?N and the longitudes 28–30°?E. The main purpose of this work is the investigation of the subsurface structure and the delineation of the main structural elements at different subsurface levels. This study aims also to estimate the basement depth, the basement relief, and consequently, the thickness of the sedimentary cover. The study is based on acquired aeromagnetic data prepared by "La Compagnie General De Géophysique" for the Egyptian General Petroleum Company and Conoco (1977), geological information and results of previous studies in the region. The study involves the analysis for the aeromagnetic data and generating of reduced to pole magnetic map from which different magnetic maps are calculated. The calculated maps are first vertical derivative map and downward continuation map at depth level 400 m. Trend analysis technique is used to define the fault pattern affecting the studied area at different subsurface levels. It is applied to the reduced to pole magnetic map, the first vertical derivative map, and the downward continuation map at depth level 400 m of the study area. All results obtained from the interpretation process were combined together to draw the general view of the subsurface structures of the area. The NE–SW, E–W, and N–S trends are important surface and subsurface (basement) structural trends. This is attributed to the rejuvenation of movements on these old (basement) tectonic trends after the deposition of the sedimentary cover. Basement depth calculation from the aeromagnetic data is achieved using different techniques. The applied techniques included natural spectral analysis and Euler deconvolution. The depth values obtained vary from 400 to 1,700 m.     

GIS-assisted classification of litho-geomorphological units using Maximum Likelihood Classification,Vipava Valley,SW Slovenia

In the Vipava Valley (SW Slovenia), various types of mass movements occur in a geologically and geomorphologically diverse setting. These comprise various types of landslides, creep, and Quaternary slope deposits of carbonate blocks and recent scree deposits. A general geological setting is represented as Mesozoic carbonate overthrust on Paleogene flysch (alternations of mostly sandstones and marlstones), resulting in steep slopes and mass movements. Our study is based on the automatic classification of various litho-geomorphological units including slope deposits, alluvial deposits, steep carbonate cliffs, flysch, two carbonate plateaus, and Quaternary deposits, based on supervised Maximum Likelihood Classification. Several polygons were used for training in the broader valley area, and later, the method was applied to automatically classify the complete area into the abovementioned six units. For input layers, we used data for elevation, slope, terrain ruggedness index (TRI), and curvature. Results show that generally, the method is suitable for classification of the litho-geomorphological units including slope deposits. However, comparison with a more detailed map, comprising mapped various mass movements indicated that the method correctly predicts high Trnovo plateau carbonates, steep carbonate slopes, translational carbonate blocks, and fossil rock avalanche deposits, and alluvial deposits, but is not able to clearly distinguish between flysch and more recent slope deposits of gravel and breccia due to their similar elevation, TRI, and slope values. The Slano blato mudflow and Stogovce landslide are not recognized. Therefore, this automatic classification can be carefully used to create a guidance map of general occurrences of litho-geomorphological units including slope deposits before going to the field, with the aim of delineation of slope deposits so they can be further studied in detail later in the field. However, such a map cannot be used as a direct substitute map for the geological and geomorphological map obtained in the field due to impossibility in distinguishing among the units with the same properties (elevation, slope, and TRI values).     

On the borders of the upper hydrogeodynamic zone in the Caspian artesian basin

This article provides the results from studying the upper part of the section of the entire Caspian artesian basin. The stratification map, the profile section and the isohyps map of the roof of the upper hydrogeodynamic zone were compiled on the basis of generalization of geological and general hydrogeological data. Systematized hydrogeological data on the depositional conditions, structural features and nature of the distribution within the upper hydrogeodynamic zone of the Caspian artesian basin, as well as the supply zones and the areas of transit and discharge of underground waters are provided. The borders of the upper hydrogeodynamic zone of the basin have been drawn as a result.     

Dolomite pipes in the Crato Formation fossil lagerstätte (Lower Cretaceous,Aptian), of northeastern Brazil

Pipe-like structures filled with massive and brecciated Fe-rich dolomites occur within a 5–6 m sequence of otherwise horizontal, millimetre-laminated limestones of the Nova Olinda Member of the Crato Formation (Aptian, Lower Cretaceous) of north east Brazil. The pipe-fills predate compaction, contain hydro-brecciated host strata, developed penecontemporaneously with a carbonate laminite, and may represent methane seeps. Such seeps may have developed above buried topographic highs as fluids emanating from deeper strata migrated along buried discontinuities such as the basement/Cretaceous unconformity and buried faults in the basement.