山东省人工增雨效果检验软件的设计与实现

采用区域对比和区域分层历史回归方法,基于GIS平台和逐时雨量资料建立了山东省人工增雨效果检验系统。该系统由逐时雨量资料处理程序、雨量下载网站、人工增雨效果检验程序三部分组成,可完成地面和飞机人工增雨效果检验工作,为开展地面、飞机人工增雨效果检验业务提供了系统支持。     

人工增雨效果检验统计方案设计

选取陕西关中地区历史上未进行人工增雨作业的 1 0次层状云降水过程的小时雨量 ,针对陕西省人工增雨作业现状 ,把关中地区划分成 8个区域 ,采用区域回归评估方法 ,设计出一种适用于关中地区实际作业效果检验的新统计方案 ,结果得出了相关较好的区域间的回归方程 ,根据实际作业情况和高空风确定目标区或对比区 ,即可得出整个区域内作业后雨量的增加值。     

一次春季人工增雨作业条件分析

利用常规气象观测资料和雷达卫星等资料对2016年春季承德市一次火箭人工增雨的物理量、云系演变、探空资料、雷达参数等作业条件进行分析,结论如下:(1)缓慢移动的西风槽天气系统、充沛的水汽辐合条件有利于较强降水的产生。(2)人工增雨的最佳作业时机应选在处于发展阶段的云系且降水回波强度普遍25dBz,回波顶高度在5km左右,增雨效果比较明显。(3)数值预报产品能够比较准确地预测云系的发展演变趋势以及垂直结构,对确定作业潜力区及作业时间起到积极作用。(4)选择两个自然降水相近的区域,建立统计关系,可由对比区降水量推算出目标区降水期望值,将推算值与目标区实测降水相比,即可得到目标区人工增雨净增加降水量和相对增雨率。     

2004年春夏季海南火箭人工增雨效果检验

运用双比分析和降水量区域历史回归两种分析方法,对2004年春夏季海南省的火箭人工增雨作业进行了效果的统计检验,选用1962~2001年的资料建立了对比区—人工增雨作业目标区回归方程。初步计算表明,2004年春夏季人工增雨作业141 d约增加降水199.6 mm,降水总量约24.6×108m3,投入与产出比为1:37。     

2006年北京市人工增雨作业效果统计分析

利用区域历史回归方案对北京市2006年人工增雨作业效果进行统计评估,选择区域平均日雨量作为统计变量,北京市2006年共有43个催化作业日,其中41个为增雨作业日,作业区域位于北京市北部,面积大约为100 km×50 km.评估结果表明,北京市2006年人工作业相对增雨13%,绝对增雨39 mm,但增雨效果不显著.本文根据催化技术状况对作业日进行分类统计分析,得到21个地面催化充分作业日相对增雨34%,显著度较高,u检验达0.019;29个地面和飞机催化充分作业日相对增雨37%,u检验显著度为0.022;8个飞机作业日相对增雨48%,增雨显著度较低;12个催化不充分作业日相对减雨49%;2个过量播撒消雨作业日相对减雨12%,结果也不显著.分类统计分析表明,对目标区进行充分催化是获得好的催化效果的前提.     

两次飞机增雨作业效果的非参数检验

本文针对我省飞机增雨作业区域的不确定性，采用移动的“影响区”和一个与之相对应的“对比区”的划分方法，对１９８９年９月２５日和９月２６日两次飞机增雨作业，用Ｗ－Ｍ－Ｗ法的ｕ检验、符号检验和Ｗｉｌｃｏｘｏｎ带符号的秩和检验三种方法［１］对作业的增雨效果进行了非参数检验。结果表明：作业开始后３小时“影响区”与“对比区”雨量有显著性差异，人工催化使影响区雨量较对比区明显增大；而作业开始后３小时影响区雨量与同区域作业前３小时雨量无显著差异或比作业前减小，这可能是由于作业时段处于系统后部，降水系统和云层已开始减弱，人工增雨率被自然降水的时间变率覆盖所致。     

飞机人工增雨的农业效益评估

利用催化剂线源扩散模式确定人工增雨作业后的目标区,并采用非随机活动对比区和目标区分层历史回归的方法估算作业效果。这评估增雨对农业的影响,利用自然降水对农作物产量贡献的积分回归,获得降水对农作物贡献系数。建立了每次人工增雨对主要农作物的经济效益模型。从而可根据增雨量对农作物产生的直接经济效益进行实时、动态、定量评估。     

江西省人工增雨统计检验系统设计与实现

介绍了基于VB6．0数据库编程技术的江西省人工增雨统计检验系统的设计思路、实现方法及具备的功能,阐述了区域历史回归和双比分析两种统计分析方法在人工增雨效果检验中的应用。选取2008年贵溪市开展的2次人工增雨作业进行效果检验及系统应用检验,利用系统提供的区域历史回归分析方法,计算得到人工增雨作业相对增雨率约31．9％,增雨效果显著。     

山东济宁地区人工增雨效果检验

利用国内外普遍应用的区域雨量对比和历史区域回归试验2种增雨效果统计检验方法,分析适用于山东济宁地区人工增雨效果检验的评估方法。运用区域雨量对比试验计算出2次稳定性降水过程增加的降水量,运用历史区域回归试验法计算了2006~2009年济宁地区人工增雨作业的平均增雨量,对2月和4月的增雨效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:效果检验方法的不同导致人工增雨的降水量增加效果差别较大,利用区域雨量对比方法对济宁地区人工增雨效果评估非常实用。     

陕西飞机人工增雨效果统计检验方法研究

应用针对陕西省飞机人工增雨作业特点设计的区域回归统计方案,对2002、2003、2006年春、秋季飞机增雨分别进行效果分析,结果表明:春季11架次08?20时平均增雨量1.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量0.3 mm;秋季13架次08?20时平均增雨量3.6 mm,作业后3 h平均增雨量1.3 mm;通过成对试验符号秩和检验,显著性水平均优于5%,表明作业效果显著;分析结果说明了统计方案的可行性。基于该区域回归统计方案开发的飞机增雨效果评估系统,实现对增雨效果的及时、客观、定量评估。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.