探空气球漂移位置订正在MM5模式中的应用研究

通过对模式MM5V37中客观分析系统加以改进,并采用包含有实际探空气球在各个气压层上精确的经纬度信息的新型探空资料,加以研究探空资料随高度的漂移对高分辨率中尺度数值模式MM5V37的影响。通过对一次层状云降水个例的模拟可看出:位置订正所带来的初始场差异在低层较小,高层较大,且在500 hPa以上较明显;位置订正对模拟的气象要素场的修正有明显的正面效果,对强降水天气系统的反映比较敏感;模拟结果对于雨区分布和强降水中心的位置有较大改进;位置订正后的评分总体优于不加探空和不加漂移的评分,随着模式分辨率的提高,位置订正后对小量级降水的模拟效果欠佳,但对大量级降水的模拟效果较好。     

雷州半岛“07．8”致洪特大暴雨的数值模拟

利用中尺度非静力数值模式MM5,结合降水实况、红外卫星云图和雷达回波资料,对2007年8月8-11日发生在雷州半岛的致洪特大暴雨的形成机理进行了模拟分析和研究,包括雨量、动力热力特征、三维结构以及发展变化。结果表明,模拟雨带与实况位置吻合,中心强度与实况基本一致,强降水中心出现的时间略偏迟。此次强降水是由于受“帕布”减弱后的外围环流及其西南伸展的辐合槽带的天气形势影响,具有中尺度对流系统的特征。强降水落区与涡度场、散度场和垂直速度场有着较好的对应关系,强降水发生落区表现为明显的螺旋结构。在低层为正涡度区和负散度区,到中层后转为负涡度区和正散度区,强降水区域内低层辐合高层辐散,强烈的上升运动是导致强降水的主要原因．     

同化常规资料对重庆地区一次大暴雨过程的数值模拟研究

利用常规观测资料以及小时观测降水量资料,对2014年8月31日—9月2日重庆地区一次大暴雨过程进行分析,在此基础上采用中尺度数值模式WRF及其三维变分同化系统WRF 3D-Var将常规探空观测资料同化进NECP/NCAR再分析资料产生初始场,对比分析同化与未同化常规探空资料的模式模拟的降水量分布特征及同化探空观测资料对模式模拟的中尺度系统结构特征的影响。结果表明,此次暴雨的发生是在对流层高层200 hPa南亚高压与高空急流造成的高层辐散、500 hPa大槽靠近以及副热带高压西移这种有利的大尺度环流背景下,对流层低层的西南低涡、切变线、低空急流在重庆地区发生发展的结果。对比分析模式的模拟结果,两次模拟都较好地再现了此次暴雨过程的大尺度环流特征,同化探空观测资料后模拟的降水落区分布及量级得到改善,对暴雨以上量级的降水改进尤为明显。模式初始时刻分析场的增量表明,与此次暴雨过程的形成发展密切相关的大尺度系统(南亚高压、副热带高压)、中尺度系统(低涡、急流)以及水汽输送在初始场同化常规探空资料后均得到了增强,这为对流系统的发展维持提供了更加有利的条件。降水最强时刻强降水区域的垂直结构分析显示,在同化探空观测资料后,模式模拟的散度、涡度、垂直速度以及大气热力结构的强度和高度较未同化探空资料的结果都得到了不同程度的增强,这表明同化探空观测资料改进了模式初始场的分布特征,进而对模式模拟的中尺度对流系统的结构产生重要影响。     

LAPS在冰雹云模拟中的应用

LAPS是中国气象局武汉暴雨研究所引进的中尺度分析系统,能融合区域内多种非常规观测资料,提供高分辨率中尺度分析场。该文对探空资料和LAPS分析场两种初始场的大气层结和环境风场信息进行了比较,并应用探空资料和不同时次的降雹点的LAPS分析场作为三维对流云模式的初始场对2008年7月27日、28日湖北西部山区冰雹天气过程进行数值模拟,并将模拟结果与观测实况进行了对比分析,最后对27日降雹过程应用临近降雹时次的LAPS分析场作为云模式初始场模拟的回波、风场和垂直速度等特征进行了分析,以探讨LAPS用于云数值模式的适用性、优越性以及冰雹云发生发展特点。结果表明: LAPS输出场用于云模式初始场进行冰雹云数值模拟具有时空上的优势,能更好地模拟出午后局地降雹,可以弥补探空资料作为云模式初始场的不足,应用临近时次的LAPS分析场作为云模式初始场的数值模拟能体现出冰雹云发展过程中多次增强等细节,有利于人工防雹作业预警和催化方案的确定。     

华南地区中尺度模式预报的初值影响分析

基于GRAPES 3D-Vat同化系统，介绍了根据静力平衡关系由高度场的增量来计算温度场的增量的方法，并结合常规探空资料同化，针对影响华南地区的一次冷空气过程的个例，分析了常规观测资料对初始场的影响。采用GRAPES区域中尺度模式进行了控制试验和同化试验，观测资料的检验表明，资料同化对GRAPES中尺度模式预报有正面影响，初始时刻预报敏感性较大并且变化较快，靠近地面的低层预报敏感性较为复杂，常规探空资料对高层大气预报能力的提高相对于中低层较小。     

2022年6月12—13日江西中南部暴雨成因与预报误差分析

利用常规探空和地面观测站资料、ERA5 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料和ECMWF预报资料,对2022年6月12—13日江西中南部的暴雨过程进行分析。结果表明：1） 此次暴雨过程是在副热带高压和南亚高压稳定少动、西风槽携带冷空气南下的环流背景下,500 hPa高空槽、低层切变线、低空西南急流和地面静止锋共同作用造成的。2） 低层辐合、高层辐散产生深厚的垂直上升运动,为强降水的持续提供动力条件,低空暖湿西南急流输送的充足水汽,有利于江西中南部不稳定能量的积累。3） EC暴雨落区预报偏北的主要原因是天气系统位置较实况偏北,700 hPa垂直速度大值区偏北、对流性降水预报偏弱和地形影响也是暴雨漏报的重要因素。4） 584 dagpm特征线的位置变化对此次暴雨落区向南订正有较好的指示意义。在暴雨预报中,不仅要考虑锋面大尺度降水,还要考虑暖区对流性降水,关注低层强动力辐合区域,结合中尺度数值模式产品,可以有效对主雨带位置和强度进行订正。     

加密探空资料在华东区域业务模式中的应用试验

采用中国气象局2014年6月1日—30日14时加密探空资料,利用华东区域中尺度数值预报业务系统比较同化加密探空观测资料前后模式预报结果的差异。研究表明,同化加密探空资料后,对模式初始时刻不同高度的位势高度、比湿、温度、风速等变量均有一定的影响;对位势高度、温度和风场的影响在高层100—150 h Pa比较显著,而对比湿的影响主要体现在低层700—750 h Pa。同化加密探空资料后模式初始场更接近实况。批量数值试验的统计检验表明,同化加密探空观测资料后对强降水及形势场预报均有不同程度改进,24 h暴雨和大暴雨量级降水的预报技巧分别提高了2.5%和8.1%。     

探空气球漂移及其对数值预报影响的研究

为了考察探空资料随高度的漂移对高分辨率数值预报模式的影响, 充分发掘探空资料的应用价值, 根据探空资料的探测原理, 设计定位方案, 计算出了各气压层上探空气球所处的实际位置。对位置订正前后的资料分别用3D-VAR系统进行同化, 将同化结果作为WRF模式的初始场进行数值预报并对预报效果进行对比分析。结果表明:探空气球在施放过程中的漂移距离远远超过目前数值模式可取的水平分辨率; 所设计的探空气球定位方案对水平分辨率为10 km ×10 km的数值预报模式基本是可用的; 总的来讲, 位置订正对分析增量场的改变与原分析增量场相比小一个量级。模式预报结果显示, 探空资料的定位使降水预报效果得到了改善。研究表明, 将各气压层上探空资料订正到实际位置对高分辨率数值预报模式的预报效果有一定程度的正面影响, 但仍需要更多的个例来验证。     

一次强沙尘暴和雪暴天气过程的诊断及模拟分析

利用基本气象资料和T213数值预报产品资料,对发生在内蒙古大部分地区的一次强风、强沙尘暴、强雪暴和强降温天气过程进行了动力诊断和模拟分析。结果表明,强冷空气活动是造成多种灾害的主要动力,高空急流是强风的动量来源,蒙古气旋强烈发展造成的气压梯度风加剧了地面大风和沙尘暴。强烈的冷、暖平流空间配置使大风、沙尘暴和降温更为剧烈。散度场的空间配置有利于沙尘暴、暴风雪的发展。高空西风急流对低空西南急流具有耦合和触发作用,低空西南急流的建立和长距离的水汽输送与辐合,成为内蒙古东部产生暴雪的重要条件,低层东风切变带中的正涡度平流的输送,叠加到了较好的水汽输送及辐合区域,加大了降雪。后期低层西北急流的形成,是产生暴风雪的重要原因。数值模拟结果表明,模拟高压、低压中心位置和强度与实况较为吻合,气旋的气压梯度强度与实况较为接近;冷暖平流在分布区域、输送方向、强中心位置上也与实况具有较相似的特征,但是温度平流模拟的结果在量值上略大于实况。     

一次梅雨暴雨过程的数值模拟

运用中尺度暴雨MRM模式,采用常规报文资料作为初始场,对2003年7月8-10日的一次江淮地区暴雨过程进行数值模拟。结果表明：该模式对降水场模拟结果同实况基本相似,模式对暴雨的位置、强度、中心都有较好的模拟,嬲评分较高;西南气流对水汽的输送作用及江淮地区上空水汽通量的高值区,为暴雨的形成与维持提供了重要的水汽条件,水汽辐合区与暴雨落区相对应;中低层辐合、高层辐散的散度垂直分布形势,对暴雨的发生提供了十分有利的动力条件;强降雨出现在低层正涡度中心和负散度中心附近。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;