湖北省空中水资源分析

利用湖北省77站地面大气水汽压资料,计算了湖北省整层大气可降水量,分析了湖北省整层大气年、季平均可降水量的时空分布特征以及湖北省整层大气可降水量与地面降水的关系,发现夏季是湖北省整层大气可降水量最高的一个季节,而从时间分布上看,湖北省自然致雨的概率以春季为最高;从空间分布上看,湖北省自然致雨的概率以鄂西南为最高。通过多雨年与少雨年比较,认为少雨年与多雨年的差异,空中水汽含量偏少是一个方面,但不是主要方面,主要是由于成雨的概率不高。多雨年降雨系统较强,且非常稳定,容易出现连续性降水,系统之间配合较好,利于水汽辐合成雨,少雨年与之相反,但仍有可开发的降雨时段,仍具有开发前景。     

不同强度降水发生前微波辐射计反演参数的差异分析

应用微波辐射计反演的地面至10 km高度共58层的相对湿度、水汽密度和云液态水的垂直廓线,以及大气水汽总量、云液态水总量和云底高度数据,再结合小时雨量资料对武汉站不同强度降水进行统计分析,按照降水初始时刻的雨强将武汉站降水分为三类:小时降水量大于等于5 mm的强降水、小时降水量在1~5 mm的中等强度降水和小时降水量在0.1~1 mm的弱降水,统计结果表明:三类降水开始前,大气和近地面湿度均有显著增加;2 km以下有水汽和云液态水的增量中心,且水汽增量中心比云液态水增量中心提前0.5~1 h;降水开始前1.5~1 h,水汽和云液态水的增长速度从缓慢增加突变为迅速增加。强降水开始前7 h最大湿度达到饱和、云底高度下降;低层水汽含量增幅最大,云液态水总量显著高于另两类降水。弱降水开始前,大气与近地面湿度、水汽和云液态水的增加都出现得更早、更稳定,增量中心强度小、位置高,但大值区从降水开始时刻维持到降水开始后5 h,这决定降水能够持续较长时间。     

北京一次大暴雨的水汽收支和微物理过程数值分析

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,使用WRF模式对2012年7月21日发生在北京地区的一次特大暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟。在模拟结果的基础上,分析了此次暴雨过程的形势演变和水汽条件,并分别计算了暴雨发生过程中北京全市范围内的水汽输送、水汽收支、大气可降水量和空中各相态水物质的量值大小、空间分布情况及其相互转化关系。结果发现:这次降水主要受高空槽、低涡和地面切变线的影响。有东南、西南两条水汽输送通道,计算区域上空水汽收支变化与地面雨强的演变对应很好。中低层持续而强烈的水汽净输入,为暴雨的发生发展提供了很好的水汽条件。北京各站点大气可降水量普遍超过历史极值,反映了降水的极端性。降水发展不同阶段,云内微物理过程存在差异,降水量初期以暖雨为主,降雨量不大,之后冷雨过程增强,降水量迅速增大。     

两次飞机增雨作业过程数值模拟分析

利用国家气象中心GRAPES业务模式耦合混合相双参数云微物理方案,对2010年12月15日的两次飞机人工增雨作业过程进行了催化数值模拟分析。分析得出:GRAPES模式基本能给出正确的中低层天气形势场和降水的动力结构,较大降水的落区和范围基本可信,降水强度较实况偏小;按照作业实况进行催化模拟具有一定的可信度,与实况降水在较强降水区域有较好的对应性;两次播撒都取得了增加降雨量的效果,24 h平均增雨量在3~5 mm,最大增雨量达7 mm,两次播撒后增雨作业区的累计降水总量较未播撒时增加约一倍;播撒有效时段在4 h内,播撒后1~2 h雨量增加最大,增雨区域初期与播撒区域一致,随时间延长而在播撒区附近扩散;第一次播撒时,播撒冰晶消耗液态水,转化成固态水,水汽流入速度加快,向液态水转化加快,液态水迅速恢复,未出现减雨现象;第二次播撒时,云中固态水争食水汽增长,液态水得不到补充,云中上升运动减弱,自然降水阶段出现减雨现象。     

一次人工消雨试验数值模拟及物理过程分析

利用中尺度非静力WRF模式对一次人工消雨过程进行了数值模拟试验。试验结果及实况资料分析表明,在大片的降水云系中对局部的降水云进行过量AgI播撒,由于潜热释放增温使得降水云内的对流加强,促使大量小冰晶在高空向四周流散,云体消散,地面降水量减弱。由此可见,选择合适的作业高度、作业部位是人工消雨取得最佳效果的必要条件。     

基于TRMM卫星资料的江西一次大暴雨过程降水结构特征

利用热带测雨卫星(TRMM)的降水雷达(PR)和微波成像仪(TMI)连续2个轨道的探测结果,分析了2013年6月26—29日发生在江西省北部地区的中尺度降水过程不同降水阶段的降水水平结构、雨顶高度、降水廓线的变化特征。结果表明,此次降水过程由强对流云降水逐渐演变为对流性较弱的层状云降水。对流云降水阶段降水系统由成片层状降水云团中分布的多个零散强对流降水云团组成,降水分布不均匀,强对流云降水对总降水量的贡献大。层状云降水阶段,层状云中强对流单体消失,对流云降水像素及对流云降水率对总降水量的贡献减少,降水雨强谱变小,降水高度逐渐降低,云体高层降水量减少。对流云降水和层状云降水廓线存在差异,最大降水率出现的高度越高且中高层降水量越大,降水的对流性则越强。     

山东省主要降水系统云水资源转化特征

选取我省实施人工降雨作业四种主要天气系统的典型个例，计算其地面降水率，空中水汽含量，及水汽凝结率。对各系统云水资源及水汽转化有了定量的认识。用云中水汽含量估算各系统的降水效率为７．３１－１０．０６％，约有９０％以上的增雨潜力。     

北京城市化对一次降雪过程影响的数值模拟研究

利用中尺度数值预报（Weather Research and Forecast,WRF）模式,针对2018年3月17日05—17时（北京时）北京地区的一次降雪过程模拟分析了城市化对降雪的主要影响机制。结果表明,城市化使得北京五环以内降雪量减少,降雨量增加,这主要是由于城市化低层增温效应加强了雪的融化过程,产生混合型降水,距离市中心越近越容易发生混合型降水。城市化对降雪的总降水量和降水的时、空分布也存在一定的影响。降水初期,城市化造成的“城市干热岛”效应不利于水汽的水平和垂直输送,不利于云的形成,地面总降水量减小。随着降水过程的发展,部分冰相粒子融化,使近地面水汽增多,“城市热岛效应”的热力抬升作用有利于水汽的垂直输送和云的发展,部分云滴或水汽抬升进入云中,增强冷云过程,使雪和霰粒子含量增大,地面总降水量增加。城市化产生的“城市效应”对低层大气温度和云微物理过程产生影响,而云微物理过程的非绝热过程反过来又影响低层大气温度和大气层结,影响能量和水汽输送,进而对云和地面降水产生影响。      

陕西省飞机增雨作业典型天气个例分析

在2002～2003年春秋季陕西省14次飞机增雨作业天气分析的基础上,对2002年9月13日飞机增雨作业典型天气个例的环流背景、影响系统以及500 hPaθse、温度、垂直速度、水汽通量散度等物理量场进行了分析,并结合飞机和雷达探测资料,得出飞机增雨作业需要的有利于层状云向降水转化的条件：有稳定的层状云,云系有一定冷层厚度和过冷云水量,供自然冰相降水元和人工催化形成的降水元增长;云系还应有一定厚度的暖层,供下落的自然和人工形成降水元融化再经碰并云水增长成雨滴形成降水.陕西省春秋季具有进行有效飞机增雨作业的天气系统和天气条件.     

对人工影响天气若干问题的探讨

自然降水过程一般分为成云和降水形成两个阶段, 人工影响虽然可能在降水形成阶段起某些作用, 但最终决定降水的因子还是使云产生的抬升运动和被抬升气块中的水汽含量。人工增雨作业部位和时机的选择主要取决于是否有利于云产生抬升运动。因此, 在加强云宏、微观条件观测的同时, 要特别加强对抬升运动和被抬升气块中水汽含量的观测, 而且相应的云降水数值模拟工作也要考虑能反映降水系统的动力场和水汽场模拟能力。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.