海鞘化学成分及其生物活性的研究进展

海鞘类生物属于脊索动物门,尾索动物亚门,广泛分布于世界各大海洋中,种类繁多。海鞘中含有许多重要的生理活性物质,是低毒、高效药物的重要来源,引起了许多科研工作者的关注。作者以化学结构分类的形式对近5年来从海鞘中分离得到的一些新化学成分的研究进展进行综述,为深入研究开发来自于海鞘的生物活性物质提供参考。     

裙带菜的化学成分及其生物活性研究进展

裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida(Harv.)Surin-gar)又名海芥菜,是翅藻科(Alariaceae)、裙带菜属(Undaria)的一种大型经济褐藻,在我国主要分布在辽宁、山东、江苏、浙江等地[1].裙带菜的叶状体不但可食用,还可作为中药使用,其药用历史最早见于明代姚可成的<食疗本草>:"裙带菜主女人赤白带下,男子精泄梦遗"[2].近代认为裙带菜与昆布化学成分相似,将其作为中药昆布入药,具有消痰软坚,利水退肿的功效[1,2].     

海葵溶细胞素的研究进展

海葵(Anthopleura)属于腔肠动物门(Soelenterala)、珊瑚纲(Anthozoa),它的触手及身体富含多肽类毒素和蛋白毒素,在受到机械或化学刺激时,便会释放毒素用于抵御敌害及捕捉食物。根据海葵毒素的生理作用将其分为3类：海葵神经毒素(Sea Anemone Neurotoxin,SAN)、海葵溶细胞素(Sea Anemone Cytolysin,SAC)和海葵钾离子通道抑制剂(Sea Anemone Potassiml Charmel inhibitor)。海葵溶细咆素是其中一类重要的毒素,具有多种生物学活性,如：溶血性、细咆毒性、心脏刺激活性、使膜去极化、阻断钾离子通道等。     

牛磺酸的生物活性及应用研究进展

对近年来国内外有关牛磺酸的生物学作用、生理活性研究、临床应用以及在营养食品方面的应用作综述报导。     

蜂海绵属Haliclona海绵化学成分及生物活性研究综述

从蜂海绵属Haliclona海绵中分离得到许多化学成分,包括结构多样的的生物碱、酰胺、肽类、萜类、甾醇、大环内酯、多炔类化合物等,其中许多化合物具有独特的生物活性,具抗肿瘤、抗感染、抗污、抗微生物等作用.对蜂海绵属Haliclona海绵的化学成分及生物活性研究进展作了综述.     

胎生的海葵

我常对朋友说,我之选择到加拿大定居实在是沾了海葵的光。若干年前我在英国的新堡大学教书,英国虽然人杰地灵,文史辉煌,有莎士比亚、牛顿、剑桥和牛津,但英国人口拥挤、经济不景气,住在那里有种沉闷的感觉。所以三年来我一直想走。有一年加拿大亚伯特大学动物系主任奈索尔到英国来访问我。他在新堡住了两天。我们谈了两天,谈研究、谈教书、谈我对前     

海葵的蛋白毒素

海葵属腔肠动物,常见于大潮退后礁石间的浅水洼里,也有些品种生活在深海或埋入较深的沙层中,在太平洋和印度洋热带区域的海葵常常生活在珊瑚礁中。海葵的身体呈圆筒状,口盘周围生有许多触手,当触手伸展时,象一朵朵小菊花。海葵体重大小不一,小到几克,大到上斤。当触手受到刺激时立即缩成一     

敏捷海葵属一新种

作者于1980年9月19日在青岛中港潮下带人工放置的防化腐蚀试验板上采到1个活的海葵个体,经鉴定为一新种,此标本即为模式标本。个体伸展时其基盘直径为9.0×6.0mm,柱体高10.0mm,宽5.5mm。该个体纵切的一半制成切片标本,模式标本保存在中国科学院海洋研究所。     

衍生化多糖的生物活性研究进展

为提高多糖的生物活性 ,多糖的分子修饰和结构改造具有重要意义。近年来 ,有关多糖的分子修饰研究已大有进展。利用糖残基上的羟基、羧基、氨基等基团运用化学方法进行衍生化 ,有可能提高多糖的活性。衍生化的方法很多 ,本文就与活性相关近年来研究较多的作一综述。１硫酸化多糖的活性近年来发现硫酸多糖具有独特的作用 ,低分子量的右旋硫酸酯具有抗凝血作用 ,并作为抗血栓药已临床应用［１１］。它的抗病毒作用在艾滋病治疗上得到证实［１２］ ,从而多糖的硫酸化成为多糖研究的热点。多糖的硫酸化为多糖带来了新的活性和功能。香菇多糖具有…     

Isolation and diversity analysis of heterotrophic bacteria associated with sea anemones

A study was undertaken to investigate the heterotrophic bacterial flora associated with the sea anemones. Samples of the sea anemones Anthopleura midori were collected from the coast of Weihai and bacteria were isolated from these samples. Additionally, high numbers of viable bacteria were obtained from the celom wall and surface of anemone, the community of cultivable bacteria was very diverse. As a result of this isolation, 60 strains were obtained, 56 of them were selected for identification and characterization by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and limited phenotypic testing. Among these isolates, 16 strains were phylogenetically related to members of the genus Pseudoalteromonas and neighboring taxa. Other isolates included members of the genera Colwellia, Vibrio, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, Endozoicomonas, Roseovarius, Paracoccus, Loktanella, Leisingera, Sulfitobacter, Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Plantibacter, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Joostella, Psychroserpens, Cellulophaga, Krokinobacter, Polaribacter and Psychrobacter. Seven potential novel species were found. Among 60 strains, 17 of them can produce proteolytic exoenzyme, 20 can produce lipolytic exoenzyme. Strain NQ8 has strong antagonistic effects on some Vibrio strains. This study demonstrates that the culturable fraction of bacteria from the sea anemones Anthopleura midori is diverse and appears to possess much potential as a source for the discovery of novel bioactive materials.     

Behaviour of some New Zealand sea anemones and their molluscan and crustacean hosts

The sea anemones Calliactis conchicola Parry, 1952 and Paracalliactis rosea Hand, 1975, which live associated with gastropods, hermit crabs, and true crabs, possess mounting responses similar to those known for several species of Calliactis. In some areas of New Zealand Calliactis conchicola occurs most abundantly on living gastropods and in others on gastropod shells occupied by hermit crabs. No behaviour by either the gastropod or the hermit crabs was observed which explains this differential distribution. One hermit crab stimulates Paracalliactis rosea to mount its shell by a regular tapping of the anemone with its chelae or dactyls, but ignores Calliactis conchicola. Several other hermit crabs, which may be found carrying these anemones, do not stimulate them to mount. The spider crab Leptomithrax longipes may be found in nature carrying specimens of four kinds of anemones: Calliactis conchicola, Paracalliactis rosea, Bunodactis chrysobathys, and Phellia aucklandica. This crab prises these anemones from most substrates with its chelae, cleans them with its mouth parts, and places them on its legs and carapace with its chelae. From observation, Calliactis conchicola apparently protects this crab from octopus predatiori, but not from other predators such as small sharks. Though associations of anemones with hermit crabs and other invertebrates are usually considered to be commensal, it seems likely that these associations may be mutualistic.     

Descriptions of two New Zealand sea anemones (Actiniaria: Hormathiidae)

The sea anemones Calliactis conchicola Parry, 1952 and Paracalliactis rosea n.sp. are described. This is the first report of the hormathiid genus Paracalliactis for New Zealand. Calliactis conchicola occurs with living gastropods, hermit crabs, and a true crab, and Paracalliactis rosea occurs with hermit crabs and a true crab. Certain characteristics of each of the two anemones suggest that the genera Calliactis and Paracalliactis may not be as discrete as was indicated by earlier reports.     

Asexual origin of brooding in the sea anemones Actinia equina and A. schmidti: molecular evidence from the Portuguese shore

Reproduction by sexual or asexual viviparity is a common phenomenon in some anemone species. In this short communication, the origin of the brooded young of Actinia equina and A. schmidti from the Portuguese shore was investigated. DNA was extracted from 56 brooding adult Actinia sp. and the nuclear gene that codes for the 28S ribosomal subunit was sequenced. Species identity was then assessed using GenBank. In total, 50 individuals were A. schmidti, five were A. equina and one had a hybrid origin. Three adult anemones (the hybrid, one A. equina and one A. schmidti) possessed two different 28S sequences and so their offspring was selected for further analysis using the same molecular procedure. Each brooded polyp was found to possess the exact same sequence as its parent, strongly suggesting the asexual origin of broods in A. equina and A. schmidti.     

Review and status of remote sensing of sea ice

The status of obtaining geophysical observations through the interpretation of satellite data over sea ice is discussed. It is pointed out that the community working in this area has grown in size and sophistication over the last decade, that the connection between microscopic properties of ice and its microwave behavior is now being understood, and that a good deal of accurate satellite-derived information on sea ice can now be obtained. Areas of ongoing, as well as needed, work are outlined, especially in the understanding of first-year and old-ice microwave properties, and it is pointed out that the efficient advance of remote sensing will require more active participation of scientists focused on in situ studies     

A maximum-entropy compound distribution model for extreme wave heights of typhoon-affected sea areas

A new compound distribution model for extreme wave heights of typhoon-affected sea areas is proposed on the basis of the maximum-entropy principle.The new model is formed by nesting a discrete distribution in a continuous one,having eight parameters which can be determined in terms of observed data of typhoon occurrence-frequency and extreme wave heights by numerically solving two sets of equations derived in this paper.The model is examined by using it to predict the N-year return-period wave height at two hydrology stations in the Yellow Sea,and the predicted results are compared with those predicted by use of some other compound distribution models.Examinations and comparisons show that the model has some advantages for predicting the N-year return-period wave height in typhoon-affected sea areas.     

海雾卫星遥感监测研究进展

海雾导致能见度降低,给海上交通和海上作业造成极大威胁。卫星遥感是海雾监测不可或缺的重要技术手段。本文从海雾遥感监测的原理出发,首先介绍海雾的辐射特征和纹理特征,进而对近年来海雾遥感监测方面的研究进行回顾,包括海雾的识别探测研究和海雾物理特征量的反演研究,最后对海雾遥感监测中存在的一些问题进行了讨论。     

自主式深海海底溶质通量原位观测站研究进展

针对深入了解深海海底界面的物理、化学和生物动态变化过程及机制的观测需求,综述了自主式海底观测站(着陆器,lander)在深海海底溶质通量监测的研究进展。探讨了海底观测站的设计与实施技术,分析总结了深海自主式原位观测站在沉积物-水界面化学组分通量的观测机理,讨论了自主式海底观测站的国内外发展现状。自主式海底观测站具有可灵活机动选择观测地点、操作简单、便于多参数综合测量的特点,为获取深海海底长时空尺度综合参数资料提供了有效的技术支撑。根据目前深海生物地球化学循环研究特点,提出了自主式海底观测站面临的问题与发展建议。     

海水温盐深剖面测量技术综述

温盐深是反应海洋物理学特性的重要参数,是海洋水文观测的基本要素。CTD剖面仪(Conductivity-Temperature-Depth profiler)是进行海水温盐剖面观测的主要仪器,利用CTD剖面仪可精确测得水下不同深度上海水的温度和电导率参数,进而能够推算出海水盐度、密度、声速等相关信息,对于海洋经济开发、海上国防建设、海洋环境保护等都具有非常重要的意义。本文介绍了温盐深剖面测量技术的基本原理与发展现状,对几种典型的温盐深测量设备及各种海洋观测平台中搭载的CTD传感器进行了介绍,论述了CTD传感器的标定和测试技术,并对其发展趋势进行了分析。