激光大气遥感探测

一、引言 用光学方法进行主动大气遥感探测,早在本世纪三十年代就有过这方面的尝试,当时用探照灯研究了直至28公里高度的大气浑浊度和分子散射。以后,还发展成脉冲光探照灯来探测大气,并用弧光光源探测云底高度等。但是,利用这种非相干光源探测大气,受到光源性能的多方面限制,从而使得大气光学探测这一学科分支进展缓慢。     

Passive microwave remote sensing of the ocean—A review

This paper reviews the current status of passive microwave remote sensing of the ocean. The physics of emission and instrumentation are highlighted in order to establish a relationship between the thermal emission and retrieved geophysical parameters. A discussion then follows on measurements of temperature, salinity, windspeed, etc. using passive microwave systems. These measurements are related to the accuracy and spatial resolution required by the users. The status of passive microwave remote sensing is summarized and recommendations for future research are presented.Part of this work was done while on leave at the NOAA Wave Propagation Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80302     

Remote sensing of cloud liquid water

Summary A method is presented to infer cloud liquid water path (LWP in kg/m²) over the ocean from passive microwave measurements of SSM/I. The algorithm to retrieve LWP is based on simulated satellite observations. They are calculated with a radiative transfer model applied to about 3000 radiosonde ascents over the Atlantic Ocean. Since radiosonde observations do not contain direct information about cloud water and ice, these parameters are parameterized based on relative humidity and temperature using modified adiabatic liquid water density profiles. A multiple linear regression is applied to the simulated radiances and the calculated LWP to derive the algorithm. The retrieval accuracy based on the regression analysis including instrumental noise is 0.03 kg/m². Validation of the LWP-algorithm was pursued through a comparison with measurements of a ground-based 33 GHzmicrowave radiometer on board of R.V. Poseidon during the International Cirrus Experiment 1989 at the North Sea (ICE'89). The LWP values agree within the range of uncertainty caused by the different sampling characteristics of the observing systems. The retrieval accuracy for clear-sky cases determined using colocated METEOSAT data over the North Sea is 0.037 kg/m² and confirms the accuracy estimated from regression analysis for the low liquid water cases.The algorithm was used to derive maps of monthly mean LWP over the Atlantic Ocean. As an example the Octobers of the 5 years 1987–1991 were selected to demonstrate the interannual variability of LWP. The results were compared with the cloud water content produced by the climate model ECHAM-T2 from the Max-Planck-Institut Hamburg.Observations during ICE'89 were used to check the accuracy of the applied radiative transfer model. Brightness temperatures were calculated from radiosonde ascents launched during the overpass of DMSP-F8 in cloud-free situations. The channel-dependent differences range from about –2 to 3 K.The possibility to identify different cloud types using microwave and infrared observations was examined. The main conclusion is that simultaneous microwave and infrared measurements enable the separation of dense cirrus and cirrus with underlying water clouds. A classification of clouds with respect to their top heights and LWP was carried out using a combination of SSM/I derived LWP and simultaneously recorded Meteosat IR-data during ICE'89.With 11 Figures     

Remote sensing of temperature profiles in the boundary layer

The technique using a ground-based infrared broad-band scanning radiometer to measure temperature pro-files in the boundary layer is suggested. The methods for retrieving and reducing its errors are discussed, and that of correction to water vapour absorption is also given.     

Remote sensing of the dynamic stability of the atmospheric boundary layer

Summary The relative strength of the stabilizing effect of buoyancy and the destabilizing effect of velocity shear in a stratified shear flow, such as a stable atmospheric boundary layer, is measured by the gradient Richardson number, Ri_g. The boundary layer static stability, as described by the buoyancy frequency, N, can be calculated from the virtual potential temperature gradient derived from RASS temperature profiles. The mean wind profiles from a sodar can be used to calculate the mean vertical velocity shear. In combination these profilers are potentially a powerful tool for the remotely sensing the dynamic stability of the boundary layer. However, experience shows that the combinations of two experimentally derived quantities, like N and shear, may give highly variable results. On the other hand, a simple sensitivity analysis shows that reasonable estimates of Ri_g are achievable over a range of conditions in the stable nocturnal boundary layer. To test this conclusion, high spatial and temporal resolution temperature and velocity soundings were obtained above 50m in the stable nocturnal boundary layer using a 920MHz continuous wave Radio Acoustic Sounding System (RASS) and 1.875kHz and 5.00kHz Doppler sodars. Examples of the evolution of Ri_g are presented from 24 hours of observations of the boundary layer in Canberra, on the tablelands in south- eastern Australia. Most of the boundary layer had Ri_g between 0.1 and 1. Thus, it was marginally dynamically stable, even with the gradient Richardson number calculated from finite differences over a vertical interval of 68m. A comparison of the results from the two sodars showed that the velocity shear increased significantly when the vertical differencing interval was decreased from 68m to 20m.     

Remote sensing of aerosols over the Solar Village, Saudi Arabia

Aerosol optical properties over Solar Village, Saudi Arabia have been studied using ground-based remote sensing observations through the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). Our analysis covered 8 recorded years of aerosol measurements, starting from February 1999 through January 2007. The seasonal mean values of aerosol optical thickness (AOT), the Ångström wavelength exponent α and the surface wind speed (V), exhibit a one year cyclical pattern. Seasonal variations are clearly found in the shape and magnitude of the volume size distribution (VSD) of the coarse size mode due to dust emission. The Spring is characterized by dusty aerosols as the modal value of the exponent α was low ~ 0.25 while that of AOT was high ~ 0.3. The modal value of wind speed was the highest ~ 3.6 m/s in spring. The increase in wind speed is responsible for increasing the concentration of dust particles during Spring. Spring of 2003 has the highest mean values of AOT, V and VSD and the lowest mean value for the exponent α. The seasonal mean values of the exponent α are anticorrelated with those of the wind speed (r = − 0.63). The annual mean values of the exponent α are well correlated (r = 0.77) with those of the difference between the maximum and minimum values of temperature ΔT. They are anticorrelated (r = − 0.74) with the annual mean values of the relative humidity. Large aerosol particles and high relative humidity increase the radiative forcing. This results in reduction of the values of the temperature difference ΔT.     

辽宁土地利用动态遥感监测分析

介绍了在RS与GIS支持下,以Landsat TM和ETM及SPOT数据为主要信息源,采用栅格数据与矢量数据、多源与多时相数据、遥感数据与生态环境基础图件相结合和内业处理与外业调查相结合的技术路线,应用遥感信息提取技术和遥感影像处理及DOM制作方法,得出近15 a辽宁土地面积变化及趋势。结果表明:近年辽宁耕地、水域和工矿等用地面积逐年上升;湿地、草地和未利用土地面积逐年下降。     

辽河保护区生态恢复遥感分析

利用2009年和2011年分辨率为10 m的法国SPOT卫星和日本ALOS卫星遥感资料,以ArcGIS9.3软件ArcMap模块为平台,采用人机交互目视解译对辽河保护区地类特征进行提取,对辽河保护区生态恢复状况进行监测分析。结果表明：2009年保护区土地利用类型以旱田、芦苇型湿地和水域为主,三种土地类型所占比例为72.9 %;2011年土地利用类型主要以水域、芦苇型湿地和草地为主,三种土地利用类型所占比例为62.9 %。 2011年保护区土地利用变化主要表现为旱田大幅度转出,转化为水域、草地和林地,与2009年相比,耕地显著减少,植被覆盖度增加了15.4 %。     

模糊逻辑法在双线偏振雷达识别降水粒子相态中的研究

利用基于T矩阵法建立的降水粒子雷达探测模型,建立了基于支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）的雷达降水类型识别模型。通过样本数据归一化预处理,并考虑到样本集中各偏振参量间是非线性的,择优选径向基核函数作为非线性支持向量机的核函数,采用粒子群优化算法（Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO）获取最优核函数参数C和γ,使模型达到较高分类预测准确率。建立的SVM雷达降水类型识别模型,在各仰角的预测准确率于X波段可达80%以上,于S波段可达95%左右。进一步分析发现,当多波长下预测降水类型相同时,分类预测结果准确率可达97.3%,而错误的概率仅为2.7%。可见,所建立的SVM雷达降水类型识别模型,有效提高了雷达对流天气下降水类型的识别能力。

     

Remote effects of tropical cyclone wind forcing over the western Pacific on the eastern equatorial ocean

An ocean general circulation model （OGCM） is used to demonstrate remote effects of tropical cyclone wind （TCW） forcing in the tropical Pacific. The signature of TCW forcing is explicitly extracted using a locally weighted quadratic least=squares regression （called as LOESS） method from six-hour satellite surface wind data; the extracted TCW component can then be additionally taken into account or not in ocean modeling, allowing isolation of its effects on the ocean in a clean and clear way. In this paper, seasonally varying TCW fields in year 2008 are extracted from satellite data which are prescribed as a repeated annual cycle over the western Pacific regions off the equator （poleward of 10°N/S）; two long-term OGCM experiments are performed and compared, one with the TCW forcing part included additionally and the other not. Large, persistent thermal perturbations （cooling in the mixed layer （ML） and warming in the thermocline） are induced locally in the western tropical Pacific, which are seen to spread with the mean ocean circulation pathways around the tropical basin. In particular, a remote ocean response emerges in the eastern equatorial Pacific to the prescribed off-equatorial TCW forcing, characterized by a cooling in the mixed layer and a warming in the thermocline. Heat budget analyses indicate that the vertical mixing is a dominant process responsible for the SST cooling in the eastern equatorial Pacific. Further studies are clearly needed to demonstrate the significance of these results in a coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling context.     

结合潮位信息的红树林遥感识别

红树林的滨海湿地生境使得它同陆生植被、水体-陆生植被混合像元难以区分,且红树林在遥感图像上的空间分布还随着潮位的变化而变化,因此基于通常采用的单一潮位遥感图像无法精确提取红树林空间信息.基于高潮位和低潮位TM遥感图像,尝试利用红树林的潮位周期性变化和滨海湿地特征来精确提取红树林空间分布信息.研究结果表明：基于缨帽变换和潮差信息提取的WI_L+WI_H、GVI_L和GVI_L-GVI_H（WI、GVI分别为Wetness Index、Greenness Vegetation Index,下标L和H分别表示低潮位和高潮位）等指数能使红树林与其他地物之间具有很好的可分性;进一步采用最大似然法对红树林进行分类识别,通过结合潮位信息能精确提取红树林,其中制图精度和用户精度分别为94.57%、98.8%.     

Rainfall over oceans: Remote sensing from satellite microwave radiometers

Summary Microwave radiometer brightness temperature (T _b) measurements obtained from satellites over the oceans in dual polarization, at frequencies ranging from 6.6 to 85 GHz, reveal information about the rain and precipitation sized ice. These multifrequency measurements are composited from observations made by the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) and the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I). TheT _b measurements at 37 GHz, having a field of view (fov) of about 30 km, show relatively strong emissions due to rain, reaching values as large as 260 K over the tropical and mid-latitude rainbelts. Only marginal effects due to scattering by ice above the rain clouds are revealed. At frequencies below 37 GHz, where the fov is much larger than 30 km and the extinction is weaker,T _b is significantly smaller than 260 K. Additional information content about rain, at these low frequencies, is not appreciable. On the other hand, at 85 GHz (fov 15 km), where the extinction is very strong, the sea surface below the clouds is often masked and scattering due to ice above the rain clouds is vividly noticed. However, these high frequency measurements do not yield direct information about rain below the clouds.Recognizing the above merits inherent in the 37 GHz observations the SMMR and SSM/I data at this frequency are utilized to develop and empirical method to retrieve rain rate over oceans. In this method it is assumed that over an oceanic area, the statistics of the observedT _b must be derivable from the statistics of the corresponding rain rates. Furthermore, the underestimation of rain rate, arising from the inability of the radiometer to respond sensitively to rain above a given threshold is empirically rectified with the help of two parameters that depend on the total water vapor content in the atmosphere. Rain rates deduced over the oceans around Japan using the SSM/I data, when compared with those measured by radars that are calibrated against rain gauges, show a good correlation; there is, however, a systematic overestimation. Seasonal mean maps of the rainfall over the global oceans based on SMMR data compare favorably with climatological rain maps over the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans developed by Dorman and Bourke (1979, 1981).With 16 Figures     

基于知识与规则的红树林遥感信息提取

针对难以将红树林同陆地植被,尤其是同水体与陆地植被混合像元有效识别的现象,结合TM影像提取了能有效反映红树林湿地特征的绿度指数和湿度指数,同其他常用的NDVI、TM3/TM5、TM5/TM4等指数相比:绿度指数和湿度指数更能有效地提高红树林同陆地植被,尤其是同水体与植被混合像元的可分性.采用知识与规则方法提取红树林遥感信息,与其他学者常采用的分类特征及分类方法相比,识别精度有明显提高,Kappa系数提高0.10,错分率降低16.1个百分点.     

台湾海峡海水透明度遥感监测及时空变化分析

台湾海峡水文气象环境条件及水体光学特性较复杂。本文基于海洋水体固有光学特性和MODIS卫星数据建立了台湾海峡海水透明度的遥感反演模型,利用2005—2012年福建省近岸海域同步获取的海水透明度实测数据对模型的反演精度进行验证,并根据多年遥感反演结果初步分析了台湾海峡海水透明度的分布特点和变化规律。结果表明:台湾海峡遥感反演的海水透明度与实测的海水透明度具有较好的一致性,两者相关系数为0.849,平均相对误差为26.0%,平均均方根误差为0.332m,在中高透明度海区反演误差更低,因此利用建立的遥感反演模型对台湾海峡海水透明度进行卫星遥感监测是可行的。从多年平均的遥感监测结果来看,台湾海峡一般沿岸浅海的海水透明度较低,外海的海水透明度较高;海峡南部的海水透明度明显高于北部,澎湖列岛东南海域海水透明度常年较大;春季和夏季台湾海峡透明度高的海域面积明显比秋季和冬季大,海峡东南部的海水高透明度区春夏季比秋冬季更向北伸展。     

Remote sensing of rainfall parameters by laser scintillation correlation method — Numerical simulation of the retrieving

This paper is a continuation of an earlier paper. In this paper, we investigate the stability and the representativeness of the rainfall rate h determined by the B2*-h relationship in the scintillation method of remote sensing of rain parameters, develop an adequate scheme for retrieving rainfall rate and raindrop size distribution (DSD), and finally characterize the technique by numerical simulations. The results show that the B2*-h relationship is quite stable for all the raindrop size distributions used in present simulations; the measured rainfall rate is not severely affected by the distribution of the path-weighting function of B2*. The retrieving of DSDs is successful even if the observation errors are assumed in simulations. The rainfall rates derived from the ratrieving of DSD is more accurate than those determined by B2*-h relationship. This method is superior in heavier rains.     

基于五点加权平均法的耕地复种指数遥感监测研究

应用NASA（美国国家航空和宇宙航行局）提供的MODIS归一化植被指数（NDVI）数据,采用五点加权平均法对NDVI时间序列曲线进行平滑,由于NDVI时间曲线的波动变化能够反映1a内作物群体生物量的变化,曲线波峰所对应的是农作物群体生物量最大时相,因此可以通过提取1a内耕地NDVI时间序列的波峰频数,计算得到耕地的复种指数。监测结果与统计资料的计算结果比较表明,采用五点加权平均法监测耕地复种指数是可行的。     

由太阳近红外直接辐射强度遥测大气水汽总含量

用一台单色计在地面测量太阳0.873微米和0.942微米辐射强度比值。该比值可以有效地消除气溶胶和雷利散射,仅剩下水汽吸收效应,从而能够较好地确定大气垂直路径和斜程路径的水汽总含量。本文还详细讨论了获得校正曲线的方法。     

Remote sensing land surface wetness by use of TRMM/TMI microwave data

Summary The water cycle analysis is the most important part of the GEWEX project. In the water cycle analysis, the land surface wetness information plays an important role. TRMM/TMI is a new kind of microwave image unit, and has great potential application in land characteristics analysis, especially in remote sensing of land surface wetness information and the monitoring of flood and drought situations. In this study, the wetness index analysis method was used to analysis surface wetness during the summer of 1998 over Boyang and Tongting lake area in China, and we retrieved the land surface emissivity over the same area to estimate the land surface wetness. To accomplish this, we have first studied the TRMM/TMI forward characteristics. By using the VIDSORT model, we developed wetness indexes BWI by combining three window channels of TRMM/TMI. According to our analysis results, the wetness BWI10 are better than the other indexes. So we use the best wetness indexes (BWI10) sensitive to the land surface wetness changes to do our flood classification and monitoring. In our calibration/validation test, the data from the China L-SAR (located on an airplane) and the Canadian Radar-SAR aboard on the Radarsat were used. At the same time we also have tried to retrieve the surface microwave emissivity from the TMI data. We use the emissivity product to estimate the land surface wetness, and we also got a good result. Future work will focus on investigating possible improvements to the algorithm and extending the testing of the algorithm to other regions. Received October 10, 2001 Revised December 18, 2001