A new approach to detecting vegetation and land-use change using high-resolution lipid biomarker records in stalagmites

A hundred-year stalagmite lipid biomarker record from Mechara, southeastern Ethiopia, is presented. The record has been recovered at a 10-yr temporal resolution, marking the first time this has been achieved in stalagmite biomarker work and providing the first opportunity to investigate the relationship between stalagmite lipid records and hydrological transport lags, a vital issue in interpreting palaeoenvironmental signals. Preserved plant-derived n-alkanes and n-alkanols show clear changes in composition over time, relating to known land-use changes in the area, particularly the expansion of agriculture in the early twentieth century. The level of environmental detail provided by this technique, combined with the long-term chronological framework offered by stalagmites, holds significant promise for the investigation of early human environments and their associated climatic and anthropogenic controls.     

基于TM影像的广西河池市岩溶地区植被覆盖度的动态变化研究

选取广西河池市岩溶地区1990、2000和2010年3个时相的TM影像,采用基于NDVI的像元二分模型,探讨该区植被覆盖度的时空动态变化特征及其与非岩溶区的异同。结果表明：（1）近20年来,高植被覆盖区的面积在逐渐增加,其占整个研究区域面积的比例从1990年的30.81%增加到2010年的53.66%,较低植被覆盖区、中度植被覆盖区和较高植被覆盖区的面积在逐渐减少,其占整个研究区域面积的比例从1990年的9.63%、17.25%和31.97%下降到2010年的8.54%、9.88%和26.74%。（2）近20年来,岩溶区低植被覆盖区的面积变化率比非岩溶区的大,岩溶区的面积变化率是37.74%,非岩溶区仅为是3.28%。而非岩溶区的较低植被覆盖区、中度植被覆盖区、较高植被覆盖区和高植被覆盖区的面积变化率则比岩溶区的要大,非岩溶区的面积变化率分别是54.30%、57.47%、26.75%、75.77%,而岩溶区的面积变化率分别是34.87%、43.07%、16.34%、71.55%。（3）1990-2000年岩溶区中较低植被覆盖区、中度植被覆盖区的面积变化幅度比2000-2010年的要大,两个时期的变化率分别是4.68%、0.11%和5.68%、1.79%。2000-2010年低植被覆盖区、较高植被覆盖区的面积变化幅度比1990-2000年的要大,两个时期的变化率分别是1.75%、5.07%和1.64%、3.59%。2000-2010年非岩溶区中高植被覆盖区的面积变化幅度比1990-2000年的大,1990-2000年的变化幅度是8.38%,2000-2010年的变化幅度是16.04%。岩溶区与非岩溶区植被覆盖度变化的这种差异,主要由于两者间的岩性条件不同所引起。     

Structure and dynamics of land-use in Metropolitan regions: the example of Leipzig

In this paper general trends of the land-use structure dynamics in the metropolitan region of Leipzig are shown. Specific problems of the space-time dynamics of land-use are discussed, such as the core-fringe gradient in the land-use pattern, the multiple use of land, function-location relations and the role of functional areas for land-use planning.     

华蓥山中段地区地下水资源量评价

四川华蓥山中段地区水流失比较严重,供需矛盾突出,水环境持续恶化,不但影响到居民正常的生产和生活,而且严重影响了该地区国民经济的建设和发展。通过野外调查和综合分析现场收集的资料,总结出华蓥山中段地区地下水资源量流失情况:该区每年流失的水资源量约为0.914 4亿m3,且华蓥山褶皱西翼水流失总量大于东翼,而西翼北端是区内水流失量最严重的区域,其水资源量流失的影响因素主要为气候、社会发展及人类活动等。      

Analysis of NVDI variability in response to precipitation and air temperature in different regions of Iraq,using MODIS vegetation indices

Iraq, the land of two rivers, has a history that extends back millennia and is the subject of much archaeological research. However, little environmental research has been carried out, and as such relatively little is known about the interaction between Iraq’s vegetation and climate. This research serves to fill this knowledge gap by investigating the relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and two climatic factors (precipitation and air temperature) over the last decade. The precipitation and air temperature datasets are from the Water and Global Change Forcing Data ERA-Interim (WFDEI), and the NDVI dataset was extracted from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) at 250 m spatial resolution and 16 day temporal resolution. Three different climatic regions in Iraq, Sulaymaniyah, Wasit, and Basrah, were selected for the period of 2001–2015. This is the first study to compare these regions in Iraq, and one of only a few investigating vegetation’s relationship with multiple climatic factors, including precipitation and air temperature, particularly in a semi-arid region. The interannual, intra-annual and seasonal variability for each region is analysed to compare the different responses of vegetation growth to climatic factors. Correlations between NDVI and climatic factors are also included. Plotting annual cycles of NDVI and precipitation reveals a coherent onset, fluctuation (peak and decline), with a time lag of 4 months for Sulaymaniyah and Wasit (while for the Basrah region, high temperatures and a short rainy season was observed). The correlation coefficients between NDVI and precipitation are relatively high, especially in Sulaymaniyah, and the largest positive correlation was (0.8635) with a time lag of 4 months. The phenological transition points range between 3 and 4 month time lag; this corresponds to the duration of maturity of the vegetation. However, when correlated with air temperature, NDVI experiences an inverse relationship, although not as strong as that of NDVI and precipitation; the highest negative correlation was observed in Wasit with a time lag of 2 months (? 0.7562). The results showed that there is a similarity between temporal patterns of NDVI and precipitation. This similarity is stronger than that of NDVI and air temperature, so it can be concluded that NDVI is a sensitive indicator of the inter-annual variability of precipitation and that precipitation constitutes the primary factor in germination while the air temperature acts with a lesser effect.     

Assessing the spatiotemporal dynamics of vegetation cover as an indicator of desertification in Egypt using multi-temporal MODIS satellite images

Desertification is the major environmental threat in the arid and semiarid regions. The soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI) was used as an indicator to monitor the desertification change in Egypt. A multi-temporal satellite data of moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer were used to estimate SAVI and land surface temperature. Also, Global Multi-resolution Terrain Elevation Data 2010 and climatic data were used for the analysis. This research focuses on assessing the trend of the vegetation cover change in the seasons of January, March, June, September, and December for the years 2002, 2005, 2008, and 2011. The magnitude of the vegetation cover change in periods 2002–2005, 2005–2008, and 2008–2011 at ≤100 and >100 m elevation was analyzed. A major increase in the vegetation cover that occurred in the period 2002–2005 was about 3,400 km², as a result of two national megaprojects (Toshka Project and El-Salam Canal). In contrast, vegetation cover decreased by 5,500 km² in March during the period 2005–2008, coinciding with the period when the management of the megaprojects failed. Vegetation cover changed again by 1,500 km² in the period of 2008–2011, and the vegetated areas in the Nile Delta were affected by the sea level rising which was responsible for the soil salinization. Three sites were chosen in this investigation (Kom Ombo, El-Oweinat, and Nile Delta) in order to observe the difference of desertification dynamics and to understand the relationship between the vegetation cover distribution and other environmental variables. Anti-desertification policies and advanced agricultural management are highly required in Egypt to decrease any environmental crises and food shortage.     

Vulnerability mapping of shallow groundwater aquifer using SINTACS model in the Jordan Valley area, Jordan

Jordan Valley is one of the important areas in Jordan that involves dense agricultural activities, which depend on groundwater resources. The groundwater is exploited from an unconfined shallow aquifer which is mainly composed of alluvial deposits. In the vicinity of the Kafrein and South Shunah, the shallow aquifer shows signs of contamination from a wide variety of non-point sources. In this study, a vulnerability map was created as a tool to determine areas where groundwater is most vulnerable to contamination. One of the most widely used groundwater vulnerability mapping methods is SINTACS, which is a point count system model for the assessment of groundwater pollution hazards. SINTACS model is an adaptation for Mediterranean conditions of the well-known DRASTIC model. The model takes into account several environmental factors: these include topography, hydrology, geology, hydrogeology, and pedology. Spatial knowledge of all these factors and their mutual relationships is needed in order to properly model aquifer vulnerability using this model. Geographic information system was used to express each of SINTACS parameters as a spatial thematic layer with a specific weight and score. The final SINTACS thematic layer (intrinsic vulnerability index) was produced by taking the summation of each score parameter multiplied by its specific weight. The resultant SINTACS vulnerability map of the study area indicates that the highest potential sites for contamination are along the area between Er Ramah and Kafrein area. To the north of the study area there is a small, circular area which shows fairly high potential. Elsewhere, very low to low SINTACS index values are observed, indicating areas of low vulnerability potential.     

岩溶山地典型植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质及微生物特征

探讨了岩溶山地耕地、1年退耕地、灌草地、15年侧柏疏林地、25年侧柏次生林地植被恢复过程中土壤理化性质和微生物特征的变化.结果表明土壤随着植被恢复的进行,容重先升高后降低,总孔隙度与之相反;各恢复阶段(退耕地、灌草地、疏林地、次生林地)表土>0.25 mm水稳定性团聚体含量较耕地的增幅为5.1%~12.5%,以疏林地最高;团聚体结构破坏率依次降低,各恢复阶段较耕地降幅为34.0%~64.7%,与有机质呈负相关;全N、碱解N等肥力因子含量总体呈逐渐增加的趋势;各恢复阶段中以灌草地pH值最高;表土微生物总数先降后升,各阶段细菌占微生物总数的66.7%~93.3%,放线菌占4.2%~28.8%,同时细菌也是土壤呼吸的主要贡献者.土壤特征的差异性是地表植物组成、凋落物成分及不同指标之间综合作用的结果.     

重度石漠化区不同土地利用方式下土壤养分特征

本文以云南省蒙自市西北勒乡碧色寨村石漠化土地为研究对象,基于主成分分析法（PCA）研究岩溶石漠化区不同土地利用方式下的土壤养分特征。结果表明:（1）研究区土壤各养分指标变异系数介于0.14~1.76,不同土地利用方式下,土壤养分状况有较大差异;（2）研究区土壤12项养分指标可归结为3个主成分,所提供的信息占全部信息的90.69%,其中PC1主要包含了全磷、有效磷、速效钾和有效锰,PC2主要综合了有机碳、全氮、全钙和有效锌,有效铁对PC3具有较大的贡献。（3）对不同用地类型土壤养分的主成分得分进行排序,由大到小依次为火龙果地>林地>封育草地>玉米地,表明植树造林及火龙果种植等方式能有效改善石漠化区的土壤养分状况。建议对样区的石漠化治理应以封山育土为前提,以生态恢复为目的,通过种植火龙果与修复林地改善样区土壤状况,逐步形成生态环境与社会经济协调发展的石漠化综合治理体系。      

SPOT卫星影像在德尔尼铜矿区域地质研究中的应用

利用卫星遥感影像对青海省德尔尼铜矿区的区域地质做了判释性研究 :( 1)判释出 3条左旋平移断层及一组羽式构造 ,并测得其中一条断层的左旋平移距离为 12 50m ,而在以往 1∶2 0万和 1∶5万的地质填图中均未发现这 3条断层的平移性质 ;( 2 )判释出作为蛇绿岩组成部分的地幔橄榄岩呈现与一般岩浆岩不同的影像特征。     

Groundwater recharge zones mapping using GIS: a case study in Southern part of Jordan Valley,Jordan

This paper aims at mapping the potential groundwater recharge zones in the southern part of Jordan Valley (JV). This area is considered as the most important part for agricultural production in Jordan. The methodology adopted in this study is based on utilizing the open ended SLUGGER-DQL score model, which was developed by Raymond et al (2009). Geographic information systems were used in this study to build up the different layers of this model and to create the potential groundwater recharge zones. Based on the generated SLUGGER-DQL potential map, it was found that about 70.8 % of the investigated area was categorized as high potential for groundwater recharge, 18.7 % as moderate, and 10.5 % as low potential for groundwater recharge. To validate the model results, sensitivity analysis was carried out to assess the influence of each model parameter on the obtained results. Based on this analysis, it was found that the slope parameter (S) is the most sensitive parameter among SLUGGER-DQL model parameters, followed by water level in summer (L), well density (D), water quality (Q), runoff availability (R), land use/land cover, geology (GE), whereas the lowest sensitive parameter is the geology parameter (GE). Moreover, the parameters R, D, and Q show the lowest effective weights. The effective weight for each parameter was found to differ from the assigned theoretical weight by SLUGGER-DQL index model.     

新疆山区低层云水资源时空分布特征

采用云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)2003～2007年的CERESSSF Aqua MODIS云资料,选取新疆阿尔泰山、天山和昆仑山三大山区,通过考察云量和云液态水柱含量分析了低层云水资源的多年空间分布和季节变化特征。结果表明,三大山区多年平均的云量年平均区域值在24.4%～27.5%之间,云液态水柱含量在51～56.3g/m2之间。三大山区低层云量和云液态水柱含量有明显的季节变化特征。综合云量和云水柱含量来看,春季是三大山区低层云量资源最丰富的季节,冬季是三大山区低层云中的含水量最丰富的季节。     

喀斯特山区植被退化过程中的土壤质量变化及评价

为构建喀斯特山区土壤质量评价体系,通过对喀斯特山区植被退化过程中的小生境土壤进行调查,选用土面和石沟2种代表性小生境的土壤作为评价单元,用典范对应分析从29个指标中选出16个,通过因子分析法对土壤质量进行定量综合评价。结果表明：在喀斯特森林植被退化过程中,用土面和石沟2种小生境面积加权计算土壤质量综合分值,能更准确地反映植被退化过程中土壤质量的阶段性变化,具体可分为3个阶段,不同阶段之间土壤活性有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效锰、有效硫和脲酶活性出现显著降低,有效铁、蔗糖酶活性和粘粒含量出现显著增加。第Ⅰ阶段内（原生林-次生林）各土壤指标在样地间没有明显的差异;第Ⅱ阶段（灌木林）土壤活性有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾、有效硫、脲酶活性和有效锰含量相对第Ⅰ阶段平均分别下降了33.73%、22.41%、57.66%、37.72%、44.59%、46.57%和12.52%;蔗糖酶活性及土壤粘粒含量平均分别增加了81.38%和47.69%;第Ⅲ阶段（灌草丛）土壤速效磷、脲酶活性、碱性磷酸酶活性和有效锰含量相对第Ⅱ阶段平均分别下降了42.82%、44.42%、28.45%和20.55%,土壤有效铁、粘粒含量平均分别增加了56.40%、57.49%,该阶段的土壤速效磷、速效钾含量已处于缺乏的水平,土壤质量明显下降。     

Deglaciation pattern and ice-dammed lakes along the Saariselkä mountain range in northeastern Finland

Traces of ice-dammed lakes are found along the southern part of the Saariselkä mountain range. Various shore marks, outlet channels and fine-grained sediments are indications of open water. The shallow basins were more or less filled by dead ice. At the beginning of deglaciation the meltwaters discharged over the mountain ridge to the north. As the ice margin receded toward the southwest new outlets were opened and the meltwaters discharged to the east and southeast. The ice-dammed lakes existed and the deglaciation took place during the period 9,500-9,300 B.P. The annual rate of retreat of the ice margin averaged 130–170 m per year.     

Debris flow hazards for mountain regions of Russia: regional features and key events

The total area of debris flow territories of the Russian Federation accounts for about 10% of the area of the country. The highest debris flow activity areas located in Kamchatka-Kuril, North Caucasus and Baikal debris flow provinces. The largest debris flow events connected with volcano eruptions. Maximum volume of debris flow deposits per one event reached 500 × 10⁶ m³ (lahar formed during the eruption of Bezymyanny volcano in Kamchatka in 1956). In the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, the maximum volume of transported debris material reached 3 × 10⁶ m³; the largest debris flows here had glacial reasons. In the Baikal debris flow province, the highest debris flow activity located in the ridges of the Baikal rift zone (the East Sayan Mountains, the Khamar-Daban Ridge and the ridges of the Stanovoye Highland). Spatial features of debris flow processes within the territory of Russia are analyzed, and the map of Debris Flow Hazard in Russia is presented. We classified the debris flow hazard areas into 2 zones, 6 regions and 15 provinces. Warm and cold zones are distinguished. The warm zone covers mountainous areas within the southern part of Russia with temperate climate; rain-induced debris flows are predominant there. The cold zone includes mountainous areas with subarctic and arctic climate; they are characterized by a short warm period, the occurrence of permafrost, as well as the predominance of slush flows. Debris flow events are described for each province. We collected a list of remarkable debris flow events with some parameters of their magnitude and impact. Due to climate change, the characteristics of debris flows will change in the future. Availability of maps and information from previous events will allow to analyze the new cases of debris flows.     

西南地区2001-2014年植被变化时空格局

时序植被动态变化研究一直是全球变化研究的热点之一,对地区生态治理有重要意义。基于西南地区2001至 2014年的MODIS植被指数数据集以及DEM数据和土地利用数据,进行季节合成植被指数（SINDVI）的趋势模拟、空间统计和相关分析,探讨西南地区植被变化趋势和空间分异特征,研究结果表明:（1）74.52%的区域SINDVI变化不显著,显著改善的区域占22.07%,而显著退化的区域占3.41%,改善面积远远大于退化面积。（2）从地形因子结果来看,中低海拔地区和缓坡地区植被变化趋势最明显,海拔3 500 m以下植被变化趋势比海拔3 500 m以上明显。随着坡度的增加,改善趋势和退化趋势都在变小。（3）从土地利用分析结果来看,SINDVI变化趋势在人工表面最明显,改善和退化趋势都相对较大。（4）受人类活动的影响,人工表面和裸地的增多、林地的减少是植被呈退化趋势的主要原因。      

Rocket borne studies of electron density irregularities in equatorial D and E regions

Electron density irregularities in the equatorialD andE regions have been studied using ground-based and rocket-borne experiments. In this paper this subject is reviewed with an emphasis on the rocket-borne measurements of electron density and electric field structures and other parameters relevant for identifying processes responsible for generation of electron density irregularities. These studies have led to the identification of various causative mechanisms, in terms of plasma and neutral dynamical processes for producing irregularities. Based on these mechanisms, the irregularities are classified and discussed. There are many observations which have eluded explanation and hence call for sustained efforts.     

俄罗斯西西伯利亚和外贝加尔地区古河道型铀矿床

本文系统地介绍了俄罗斯 3个具有工业意义的古河道型铀矿化发育区 (外乌拉尔、西西伯利亚和外贝加尔 )的地质背景、铀矿化特征和铀成矿条件 ,指出切割到基底中的古河道型铀矿床 ,既可产于跨地区的造山带周围 ,也可产于活化的年青地台和古老地盾 ;既可形成于干燥的气候条件 ,也可形成于潮湿的气候条件。古河道型铀矿化可以从含矿层的沉积开始一直延续到被泥岩层或玄武岩层完全封盖。古河道的后成氧化分带有两种形式 :氧化带 铀矿化带 原生灰色岩石 ;氧化带 氧化铁再沉积带 漂白带 原生灰色岩石。古河道型铀矿床具宽广的元素谱 ,这主要是与含矿围岩富含有机质和在氧化带尖灭处存在各种地球化学障有关     

Lake Neor reveals how mountain vegetation responded to 7000 years of hydroclimate variability in northwestern Iran

Palynological and geochemical analyses provide valuable information about modern and past climatic regimes and vegetation. The impact of climate and humans on past vegetation in the semi-arid areas of northwestern Iran has received increased interest in the wake of warming temperatures in the Middle East. Palynological and down-core XRF elemental abundances from a peat core from Lake Neor enabled a reconstruction of vegetational changes of the past 7000 years over the highlands of northwestern Iran. Periods of increased arboreal pollen (AP) types and high (Artemisia + Poaceae)/Chenopodiaceae ratios along with low titanium abundances, high percentages of total organic carbon, more negative δD values, and higher carbon accumulation rates suggest a relatively wet climate. These conditions have persisted during the periods 6700–6200, 5200–4450 and 3200–2200 cal a bp. The overall low AP values, substantial rise of Chenopodiaceae, high Ti abundances and low values of palaeo-redox proxies, are all evidences of a drier climate, as has been reconstructed for the periods 6200–5200 and 4030–3150 cal a bp and the last 2200 years. An important feature of the last centuries is the increase of anthropogenic and pastoral indicator pollen types. Our results may provide basic data to predict future trends in vegetation dynamics under future climate change in western Asia.