两种应变软化介质组成的边坡失稳研究

对一个平面滑动型边坡,考虑滑面介质由两种应变软化介质材料组成,对应变软化介质存在损伤软化与水致软化两种软化方式。用指数分布描述滑带介质的剪应力与应变关系,建立了边坡系统的尖点突变模型。通过分析发现,边坡失稳与刚度比和边坡的几何/力学参数有极大关联性,这里考虑刚度比是含水率的函数,随着含水率的增加,刚度比不断发生变化。在一定条件下,由于含水率的增加和刚度比的增大,导致边坡失稳的危险性增大,这是降雨情况下边坡容易失稳的根本原因。     

地下水作用下斜坡燕尾突模型研究

考虑滑面介质和上部岩体由不同力学性质的材料组成,上部岩体为弹性介质,滑带介质为应变软化介质。对应变软化介质,存在损伤软化与水致软化两种软化方式。用Weibull分布描述滑带介质的剪应力与应变关系,建立了斜坡系统的燕尾突变模型。通过分析,发现斜坡失稳与刚度比和滑带介质的含水率具有极大关联性。随着含水率的增加,斜坡开始滑动时的ξ0值不断降低,突跳时ξ*值也随着降低。此时的临界值x*增大,突跳量△x变小。同时含水率的不断增加,上部岩体和滑带介质的刚度比不断增大。刚度比的增大和含水率的增加引起的斜坡变形具有相似的规律。因此,正是由于含水率的增加和刚度比的增大,导致斜坡失稳的危险性增大,这也是降雨情况下斜坡容易失稳的根本原因所在。     

煤柱-顶板系统协同作用的脆性失稳与非线性演化机制

把坚硬顶板视为弹性梁,把煤柱视为应变软化介质并采用W e ibu ll分布描述它的损伤本构模型,本文对坚硬顶板和煤柱组成的力学系统,用突变理论方法研究了它的演化失稳过程。通过对建立的尖点突变模型的分析发现,系统失稳主要取决于系统的刚度比k与材料的均匀性或脆性指标m值,并给出了失稳的充要条件力学判据和失稳突跳量的表达式。考虑煤柱介质的粘性或蠕变性,建立了系统演化的非线性动力学模型物理预报模型,并给出了根据顶板沉降观测数据反演非线性动力学模型的方法和稳定性判别准则。对木城涧矿根据观测序列进行了动力学模型的反演分析,一个重要发现是:D值在临近失稳时陡增出现峰值而后急剧下降。根据材料损伤与声发射累计计数的对应关系,建立了系统演化过程中声发射率的动力学模型,并进行了声发射模拟分析和分维分析,发现m值与系统的演化路径对系统演化的声发射活动规律及分维特征有重要影响,单纯根据声发射监测和降维现象预报冲击地压是不可靠的。     

不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程与稳定性研究

滑坡的类型一般可分为牵引式滑坡、推移式滑坡和复合式滑坡,根据其滑面的发展形态,依次表现为前进式渐进破坏模式、后退式渐进破坏模式和复合式渐进破坏模式。基于岩土体应变软化特性,揭示了滑坡渐进破坏过程的本质是滑带力学参数弱化的过程,初步探讨了3种类型滑坡渐进破坏过程的远动特点和力学特征和滑坡渐进演化过程。以不平衡推力法和3种类型滑坡的演化特征为基础,提出3种类型滑坡渐进破坏过程中临界状态条块确定方法,通过建立滑坡渐进破坏稳定性计算模型和计算公式,提出滑坡随着渐进演化过程的滑带参数取值方法,并阐述了渐进破坏过程的稳定性计算实现过程,实现不同类型滑坡渐进破坏过程的稳定性分析。以3个典型滑坡为例,分析得出滑坡渐进破坏过程中牵引式滑坡和复合式滑坡稳定性降低速率由大到小再到大和推移式滑坡稳定性降低速率由小到大的过程,3种类型滑坡在渐进破坏过程中不同部位对稳定性的贡献不同,验证了不同类型滑坡的变形规律。研究结论可对不同类型滑坡的稳定性发展进行初步预测和为滑坡治理提供指导意义。     

岩体应力应变曲线的围压及孔压效应和降雨触发滑坡的机制分析

从宏观分析与微观机制方面探讨了围压、孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线峰后特性即脆－延性转变的影响。定义了一个峰后破坏割线模量 来表征孔隙水压力对岩体应力应变曲线转型的影响,并结合斜坡失稳的刚度判据,进一步分析了孔隙水压力对应力应变曲线峰后斜率的影响,随孔隙水压力的增加,峰后曲线斜率变陡,峰后刚度增大,即材料的均匀性、脆性增大与刚度比k减小。因此在围压等外界环境因素及系统内部条件不变时,刚度比 时就存在一个临界孔隙水压力 ,也就是说降雨等涨落因素引起滑面介质中的孔隙水压力大于这个临界值时斜坡就易于发生突变失稳。从而进一步加深认识了降雨等外部涨落因素对斜坡系统失稳的重要触发作用。     

高填方边坡失稳时间预测的实用模型

建立一种准确可靠的方法来预测高填方边坡因蠕变破坏而发生滑坡的时间是困难的,但对防止财产和生命损失又至关重要。在总结高填方土质边坡蠕变破坏过程中的位移、速度特征的基础上,通过改进Saito模型的应变率公式,提出了基于改进人工蜂群算法的滑坡中短期预测的实用模型。将进入加速变形阶段后的滑坡位移时间序列作为输入,通过人工蜂群算法反演实用模型参数后输出预测的滑坡时间。以3个高填方滑坡为实例,应用滑坡位移监测点的测量数据,验证了该方法在滑坡时间预测上的准确性和可靠性。同时,将该方法预测的滑坡时间结果与传统的Saito系列模型预测的滑坡时间结果进行了比较。结果表明,在通过滑坡位移的时间序列进行滑坡时间预测时,所提出的实用模型比两种Saito模型更准确可靠。     

巨型蠕滑滑坡滑带土特征强度特性试验研究

金坪子滑坡是一个位于金沙江右岸、上距乌东德水电站约900 m、总体积约6.25×108 m3的具有典型蠕滑特点的滑坡。为了进一步弄清控制该滑坡活动模式的内在机理,通过不同黏粒含量下滑带土的反复剪切试验,研究了滑坡滑带土的残余、峰值强度特性,以期为同类滑坡的防护和治理提供参考依据。研究结果显示,随着黏粒含量的增加,滑带土应变软化现象更加明显;而滑带土残余强度、峰值强度随着黏粒含量的增加,呈现非线性降低规律,但降低幅度随正压力的增大而增大;同时,残余内摩擦角、峰值内摩擦角与黏粒含量存在良好线性负相关关系,而残余黏聚力与峰值黏聚力随黏粒含量增加呈波动性增大,但在黏粒含量40%处出现一定降低幅度。关于黏聚力的波动性降低趋势,究其原因可能在于黏粒周围强结合水的分布对滑带土强度特性,尤其是黏聚力存在临界影响。本文数据和结论对金坪子滑坡的防护和治理以及不同粒径下蠕滑滑坡失稳演化进程有重要的借鉴意义。     

Displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure in quick clay deposits and the effects of meteorological and hydrological factors

This study aimed to identify displacement properties of landslide masses at the initiation of failure and factors that affect the landslides activities in areas where quick clay is found. We set up a research site in a quick clay deposit area in Norway and monitored the displacements of landslide masses and meteorological and hydrological factors for a long period of time using an automatic monitoring system. The system collected data for two landslides that occurred at the site from the start of their movement until their ultimate collapse.

The two landslides that were monitored showed definite secondary and tertiary creep stages before they collapsed. One of the landslides moved from the secondary stage to the tertiary creep stage when another landslide occurred nearby. The tertiary stage of this landslide showed reconstruction of short primary, secondary, and tertiary creep stages. These phenomena suggested that (1) the stress at the end of the landslide mass was released during the nearby landslide, and (2) a new stress distribution was formed in the landslide mass. The critical strain differed for 14 times between the two landslide masses we monitored. The difference was likely attributable to the difference in the contents of quick clay, which shows small critical stress against slope failure, as well as topological factors.

Our analyses of the effects of hydrological and meteorological factors on landslides showed that the precipitation of 3 and 10 days before six slope failures as the final stages of the landslides that had occurred in the research area was no different from the mean precipitation of periods that showed no slope failure, suggesting that precipitation had no direct effects on the collapse of the landslide masses. On the other hand, the traveling velocities of the landslide masses during the secondary creep stage, which was prior to their collapse, were affected by the water content of the soil and precipitation (and the amount of snowmelt water), but was little correlated with the pore-water pressure of the quick clay layer. We also found that the presence of snow cover scarcely affected landslide movements.     

Geological causes and geomorphological precursors of the Tsaoling landslide triggered by the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan

The Tsaoling landslide, one of the largest landslide areas in Taiwan, has been affected by catastrophic events triggered by rain or earthquakes six times since 1862. These landslides, including that caused by the 1999 earthquake, have essentially not been reactivated old slides, but were sequential new ones that developed upslope, retrogressively. The landslide area is underlain by Pliocene sandstone and shale to form a dip slope with a bedding plane, dipping uniformly at 14°. The slip surface of the 1999 landslide was smooth and planar, parallel to the bedding plane with a slightly stepped profile; it formed within thinly alternated beds of fine sandstone and shale with ripple lamination or in a shale bed. The shale is weathered by slaking and probably by sulfuric acid, which is inferred to be one of the major causes of the intermittent retrogressive development of the landslides. The weathering was likely accelerated by the removal of overlying beds during earlier landslides in 1941 and 1942. The top margin of the 1999 landslide, in plan view, coincided with a V-shaped scarplet, which can be clearly recognized on aerial photographs taken before the landslide. This geomorphological feature indicates that this landslide had already moved slightly before its 1999 occurrence, providing precursory evidences.     

Controlling parameter analyses and hazard mapping for earthquake-triggered landslides: an example from a square region in Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, China

On May 12, 2008, at 1428 hours (Beijing time), a catastrophic earthquake, with a magnitude of Ms 8.0, struck the Sichuan Province, China. About 200,000 landslides, as a secondary geological hazard associated with the earthquake, were triggered over a broad area. These landslides were of almost all types such as shallow, disrupted landslides, rock falls, deep-seated landslides, and rock avalanches. Some of these landslides damaged and destroyed large part of some towns, blocked roads, dammed rivers, and caused other serious damages. The purpose of this study is to detect correlations between landslide occurrence and the surface rupture plane, ground shaking conditions (measured by peak ground acceleration, PGA), lithology, slope gradient, slope aspect, topographic position, and distance from drainages by using two indices, landslide area percentage (LAP) and the landslide number density (LND), based on geographic information system (GIS) technology and statistical analysis method in a square region (study area) of Beichuan County, Sichuan Province, China. There were 5,096 landslides related with the earthquake which were delineated by visual interpretation and selected field checking throughout the study area. The total area (horizontal projection) of the 5,096 landslides is about 41.103 km². The LAP, which is defined as the percentage of the plane area affected by landslides, was 10.276 %, and the LND, means the number of landslides per square kilometers, was 12.74 landslides/km². Statistical analysis results show that both LAP and LND have a positive correlation with slope gradient and a negative correlation with distance from the surface rupture. However, the correlation between the occurrence of landslides with PGA, topographic position, and distance from drainages are uncertain, or has just a little positive correlation. The correlation between landslide and slope aspect also shows the effect of the directivity of the seismic wave. The Zbq formation had the most concentrated landslide activity with the LND value of 21.78 landslides/km _, ² and the ∈₁ q Gr. geological units had the highest LAP value. Furthermore, weight index (W _i) model is performed with a GIS platform to derive landslide hazard index map. The success rate of the model was 71.615 % and, thus, it was valid. In addition, comparison of five landslide controlling parameters’ influence on landslide occurrences was also carried out.     

Suitability analysis for topographic factors in loess landslide research: a case study of Gangu County,China

Loess Plateau is one of the ecologically fragile regions in China. It is one of the slippery strata of which landslides often developed. The formation and development of landslides are mainly affected by various natural environments, triggering factors, the vulnerability of landslide-bearing bodies, and topography has a controlling effect on landslides and determines landslide distribution. As important environmental elements, the selection and reclassification of topographic factors are the basis for loess landslide vulnerability map. In this study, our research suggests an effective workflow to select and analyze the topographic factors in the loess landslides. Nine hazard-formative environmental factors [e.g., slope, aspect, slope shape (SS), slope of slope (SOS), slope of aspect (SOA), surface amplitude (SA), surface roughness (SR), incision depth (ID) and elevation variation coefficient (EVC)] are prepared for landslide suitability analysis. The models of certainty factor, sensitivity index and correlation coefficient are combined to select and analyze the suitability of these factors. Four topographic factors (i.e., slope, SOS, SS and SR) were ultimately selected to carry out the landslide vulnerability mapping with other factors. Our results showed that most of the landslides were located in medium and high classes and accounting for 75.3%, and these places also coincided with higher economies and intense human activities. Our research also suggested that in situ measurements are necessary to determine how to reclassify these topographic factors and how many grades these topographic factors divided, which would further improve the reliability of landslide vulnerability map for the decision makers to deal with the possible future landslides in terms of safety and human activities.     

低速缓动滑坡滑带土剪切蠕变特性

滑带土的蠕变特性对低速缓动滑坡的形成演化过程起着控制性作用。本文选取典型的低速缓动滑坡—二庄科北区滑坡的滑带土为研究对象,在不同正应力水平作用下,通过对该滑带土的饱和试样进行直剪蠕变试验,研究了它的剪切蠕变特性。结果表明:该滑带土具有明显的蠕变特性,均包括瞬时变形、衰减蠕变和稳态蠕变3个阶段;随着剪切荷载的增大,衰减蠕变阶段及瞬时变形阶段的变形量均增大,衰减蠕变持续时间更长;其等时应力—应变曲线呈现出非线性特征,且曲线具有明显拐点;在长期荷载作用下出现强度损失,且正应力越大,强度损失越大;随着时间增大,衰减蠕变阶段的剪应变率越来越小,且剪应力越大,剪应变率越大;在蠕变破坏前的阶段,剪应变率随正应力增大而减小,即滑坡埋深越深,滑速越慢。     

A distributed hydrological–geotechnical model using satellite-derived rainfall estimates for shallow landslide prediction system at a catchment scale

This paper describes the potential applicability of a hydrological–geotechnical modeling system using satellite-based rainfall estimates for a shallow landslide prediction system. The physically based distributed model has been developed by integrating a grid-based distributed kinematic wave rainfall-runoff model with an infinite slope stability approach. The model was forced by the satellite-based near real-time half-hourly CMORPH global rainfall product prepared by NOAA-CPC. The method combines the following two model outputs necessary for identifying where and when shallow landslides may potentially occur in the catchment: (1) the time-invariant spatial distribution of areas susceptible to slope instability map, for which the river catchment is divided into stability classes according to the critical relative soil saturation; this output is designed to portray the effect of quasi-static land surface variables and soil strength properties on slope instability and (2) a produced map linked with spatiotemporally varying hydrologic properties to provide a time-varying estimate of susceptibility to slope movement in response to rainfall. The proposed hydrological model predicts the dynamic of soil saturation in each grid element. The stored water in each grid element is then used for updating the relative soil saturation and analyzing the slope stability. A grid of slope is defined to be unstable when the relative soil saturation becomes higher than the critical level and is the basis for issuing a shallow landslide warning. The method was applied to past landslides in the upper Citarum River catchment (2,310 km²), Indonesia; the resulting time-invariant landslide susceptibility map shows good agreement with the spatial patterns of documented historical landslides (1985–2008). Application of the model to two recent shallow landslides shows that the model can successfully predict the effect of rainfall movement and intensity on the spatiotemporal dynamic of hydrological variables that trigger shallow landslides. Several hours before the landslides, the model predicted unstable conditions in some grids over and near the grids at which the actual shallow landslides occurred. Overall, the results demonstrate the potential applicability of the modeling system for shallow landslide disaster predictions and warnings.     

基于投影寻踪模型的滑坡危险性等级评价

危险性评价是滑坡灾害预防与减灾工作首要解决的重要内容.在地理信息系统技术支持下, 以山地灾害频发区——小江流域作为研究对象, 选取坡度、土体粘聚力和内摩擦角这3个评价指标构建滑坡危险性分级评价指标体系, 将投影寻踪技术运用到滑坡危险性等级评价中, 对评价样本的各指标因素进行线性投影, 以最优投影方向所对应的投影特征值作为评价依据, 建立了滑坡危险性等级综合评价模型, 绘制了滑坡危险性等级分布图.结果表明: 研究区极高危险区、高危险区、中等危险区、低危险区和极低危险区的面积比例为14.28∶9.41∶69.12∶7.00∶0.19;根据所建立的5级评价指标体系对研究区60个土质滑坡点资料进行了验证, 在占研究区总面积23.69%的高、极高危险区的小范围内, 实际发生土质滑坡数量45个, 占总土质滑坡数量的75.00%;中等危险性级别以上区域拥有的土质滑坡数量占全部土质滑坡的96.67%;不同危险性级别的滑坡体积方量统计结果表明, 滑坡体积方量密度随危险性级别的提高而迅速增加.对比评价结果及实测结果可知, 投影寻踪分级结果符合实际情况, 证实了该方法的正确性, 为滑坡危险性评价提供了一条新思路.      

天水市麦积区税湾地震黄土滑坡特征及其形成机制

以天水市税湾地震黄土滑坡为例, 依据野外调查和室内测试结果, 总结天水地区历史地震黄土滑坡特点, 剖析地震黄土滑坡发生的力学机制, 初步提出历史地震黄土滑坡的识别标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群属典型的地震黄土滑坡, 具有规模大、滑动面切割深、滑坡坡度小、成群成带分布和高位下滑等特点, 可作为识别历史地震黄土滑坡的重要标志。税湾滑坡及柳沟右岸滑坡群坡体具有明显的黄土/泥岩二元斜坡结构, 极易沿黄土/泥岩接触面滑动。当坡体受到地震力作用时, 地震产生的循环动荷载一方面降低滑坡岩土体的抗剪强度, 另一方面改变滑坡体的力学状态, 坡体应力平衡遭到破坏, 地震力增加坡体下滑力、减小坡体抗滑力, 导致坡体失稳发生滑坡。目前, 税湾滑坡处于欠稳定状态, 遇地震或强降雨有可能再次失稳下滑, 因而有必要进一步开展地震黄土滑坡的成灾模式研究, 为潜在强震区防灾减灾提供科学依据。      

变尺度混沌优化算法在二密滑坡锚固方案优化设计中的应用

滑坡治理是一个复杂的非线性问题,影响因素众多,各个因素之间相互制约。传统滑坡支护治理方案存在不同程度的浪费,有必要进行方案细部结构的优化设计。基于退火策略变尺度混沌优化算法,对二密滑坡锚固支护方案的锚索结构进行细部优化设计。针对锚固方案,选取锚索布设道数、锚索水平间距、锚索钢绞线根数、锚索锚固角、锚固孔径5个因素作为优化设计变量,以工程造价作为优化目标,同时保证滑坡稳定安全,进行方案优化分析。经过优化后的设计方案造价比规范法设计方案的造价减少33.17%,并且采用优化的支护方案锚固后的滑坡体稳定系数提高,潜在滑动面稳定系数提高3.31％。经过比较分析,混沌优化设计方案更加科学、合理、经济、安全。     

堆积层滑坡水动力位移耦合预测参数及其评价方法研究

在系统分析滑坡的物质组成和失稳动因的基础上,分析和研究了地下水在滑坡稳定性演化过程中的卸载与加载动力作用及其位移响应规律和特点。从非线性系统动力学角度,提出了运用地下水卸加载动力与位移响应耦合预测参数来评价边坡稳定性演化规律与失稳特征,即以地下水位变化量作为堆积层滑坡的卸加载动力参数,以相应的位移作为其卸加载响应参数,建立和确定了地下水卸加载动力与位移响应比预测参数与评价模型。同时,运用损伤力学基本原理,建立了其卸加载响应比与坡体损伤变量和稳定性系数的定量关系以及失稳判据。以三峡库区典型堆积层滑坡分析为例,运用地下水动力与位移耦合预测模型对其稳定性进行了分析与评价,发现地下水动力位移耦合预测参数变化与边坡稳定性实际动态演化规律基本吻合。研究成果表明,所确定的参数是水诱发型堆积层滑坡的一种有效位移动力评价参数,可运用该参数对该类滑坡的动态稳定性进行实时监测预警与评价。     

Micro-sheeting of granite and its relationship with landsliding specifically after the heavy rainstorm in June 1999, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan

Certain types of granite in mountainous areas are microscopically sheeted to a depth of 50 m due to unloading under the stress field that reflects slope morphology. Micro-sheets generally strike parallel to major slope surfaces and gently dip downslope, forming cataclinal overdip slopes. The cataclinal overdip slope accelerates creep movement of micro-sheeted granite, which in turn loosens and disintegrates granite via the widening or neoformation of cracks, probably in combination with stress release, temperature change, and changes in water content near the ground surface. The surface portion of micro-sheeted granite is thus loosened with a well-defined basal front, which finally slides in response to heavy rain. Innumerable landslides of this type occurred in Hiroshima Prefecture, western Japan, following the heavy rainstorm of 29 June 1999. Following such landslides, the weathering of micro-sheeted granite exposed on the landslide scar recommences, setting the stage for future landslide.     

三峡库区云阳-巫山段坡形因素对滑坡发育的贡献率研究

采用G IS技术对三峡库区云阳-巫山段的滑坡坡形进行量化采集,获得5类坡形模型。利用贡献率法,对坡形与滑坡发育、坡形与地层关系的贡献率分析,得出Ⅳ型坡对滑坡发育的贡献率高;Ⅲ型坡、Ⅴ型坡对滑坡发育的贡献率中等;Ⅱ型坡、Ⅰ型坡对滑坡发育的贡献率低。     

Development of an urban landslide cellular automata model: a case study of North Vancouver, Canada

Many GIS-based landslide models require detailed datasets that are ideally collected from field measurements, which can incur high costs for carrying out surveys. Even when the data is on hand, implementing physics-based slope stability techniques can be difficult. Common research practice uses differential equations to characterize the dynamic flow of a landslide, but it is often laborious without making substantial simplifications. A possible solution is to implement a cellular automata modeling approach, which represents both spatial and temporal components, to simulate the dynamics of the landslide propagation process. In this study, a simplified cellular automata model is developed for the effective prediction of landslide runouts, where the data requirement is a high resolution digital elevation model (DEM). Parameters, such as slope and slope curvature features, are derived from the DEM and coupled with logistic regression. The developed model is implemented on the Patrick and Dawson-Chu Slide in North Vancouver, Canada. The results from this study site were favorable, given almost 90% agreement between simulated landslides and data obtained for real landslides. In addition, sensitivity analysis was performed on the initiation sites to test the model logic and outputs of the landslide flow.