黑海参脂肪酸的气相色谱/质谱法分析

黑海参(Holothuria atra)体壁经Folch 法提取总脂, 用HCl-甲醇进行甲酯化处理, 以气相色谱/质谱法分析总脂中的脂肪酸组成。从黑海参中共分析出28 种化合物, 包括25 种脂肪酸甲酯和3 种脂肪醛二甲基缩醛。黑海参体壁中的饱和脂肪酸含量为22.93%, 以C_16:0(5.49%)和C_18:0(4.38%)为主; 不饱和脂肪酸含量为65.19%, 其中单不饱和脂肪酸33.86%, 主要为C_20:1(n-9)(15.90%); 多不饱和脂肪酸为31.33%, 主要为C_20:4(n-6)(19.57%)和C_20:5(n-3)(5.86%)。脂肪醛二甲基缩醛含量为7.28%, 表明黑海参体壁总脂中含有较丰富的缩醛型甘油酯。     

海南常见红树植物叶片脂肪酸组成

脂肪酸的组成分析对认识红树植物脂肪酸资源、红树林生态系统内部的营养关系、食物网的结构,以及红树植物对生境的适应等具有重要参考价值。本研究分析了海南岛铁炉港和清澜港两个港湾的红海榄(Rhizophora stylosa)、杯萼海桑(Sonneratia alba)、木果楝(Xylocarpus granatum)、角果木(Ceriops tagal)、榄李(Lumnitzera racemosa)、木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)和正红树(Rhizophora apiculata)等7种不同红树植物叶片中脂肪酸的组成及含量。在样品中共检测出25种脂肪酸,其中月桂酸、棕榈酸和肉豆蔻酸等8种存在于所有样品中。样品中含量最高的饱和脂肪酸均为棕榈酸(占比44.32%),其次为硬脂酸(占比7.74%),不饱和脂肪酸含量较高的有油酸(占比7.61%)、亚油酸(占比9.81%)和二十碳烯酸(占比12.16%)。植物样品的脂肪酸不饱和指数为0.24～1.13。除木果楝和清澜港采集的木榄样品外,其余样品种的不饱和脂肪酸含量均低于饱和脂肪酸。铁炉港的红海榄、杯萼海桑、角果木和榄李4种植物叶...     

东海几种鳗鲡目鱼类DNA条形码研究

本研究采集了分布于中国东海的前肛鳗(Dysomma anguillaris)、短尾蛇鳗(Ophichthus brevicaudatus)、艾氏蛇鳗(Ophichthus evermanni)、海鳗(Muraenesox cinereus)、黑尾吻鳗(Rhynchoconger ectenurus)、微鳍新鳗(Neenchelys parvipectoralis)、大头蚓鳗(Moringua macrocephalus)、梅氏美体鳗(Ariosoma meeki)和星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)9种鳗鲡目(Anguilliformes)鱼类,采用PCR技术扩增了线粒体COI基因片段序列, 结合GenBank数据库中下载的5种鳗鲡目鱼类同源序列, 分析比较了序列组成和差异, 并以光海鳝(Muraena argus)和细点海鳝(Muraena augusti)为外群, 基于最大似然法构建了鳗鲡目中6科11属14种鱼类的系统发育树, 探讨了该类群鱼类的系统进化关系。结果显示:72条序列共检测到43种单倍型, 4种碱基含量分别为27.4%(T)、28.2%(C)、25.8%(A)、18.6%(G), 平均A+T含量(53.2%)高于G+C含量(46.8%), 表现出明显的碱基组成偏好性。基于K2P(Kimura 2-parameter)模型计算得出不同种间的平均遗传距离为0.218 8, 不同属间的平均遗传距离为0.225 0, 不同科间的平均遗传距离为0.232 7, 分类阶元越高, 遗传距离越大。系统进化树显示蛇鳗科物种都能够形成独立的分支, 并得到有效的区分, 而其他类群存在混杂现象。以上结果表明, 由于鳗鲡目鱼类种类多且分布广,线粒体COI基因只适用于较低分类阶元(如科内属间、属内种间)间的物种鉴定, 该类群鱼类系统发育关系还有待于结合多种DNA条形码进行深入探讨。     

泥蚶快速生长季生化代谢物的变化特征

研究了象山港泥蚶(Tegillarca granosa)快速生长季(2020年5—11月)糖原、游离氨基酸和脂肪酸等代谢物的组成、含量及其变化,并对其营养特征变化进行了分析。结果显示,7—9月为泥蚶快速生长期,此期前后泥蚶生长缓慢。泥蚶肌肉糖原含量约5.6~11.1mg/g;牛磺酸、丙氨酸、谷氨酸和天冬氨酸是其主要的游离氨基酸;不饱和脂肪酸含量丰富,且主要为多不饱和脂肪酸。生长过程中几种生化代谢物含量变化显著:5—7月间,糖原含量显著降低、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成发生显著变化。7—9月间,糖原含量、生糖和呈味氨基酸含量显著升高、饱和及单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著降低,但脂肪酸组成结构无显著差异。11月,氨基酸及多不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著升高。11月泥蚶具有高的营养品质。本研究为泥蚶养殖管理及水产品营养研究提供参考。     

4 种经济海藻脂肪酸组成分析

采用改进的Bligh-Dyer法提取脂溶性成分,气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行分离和鉴定,C19:0内标确定总脂及各组分含量,研究了鼠尾藻(Sargassum thunbergii)、浒苔(Enteromorpha prolifera)、龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)和红毛菜(Bangia sp.)4种经济海藻的脂肪酸组成及含量。结果表明,4种海藻都检测出C14-C22脂肪酸,总脂含量在12～19 mg/g之间,不饱和脂肪酸为主要组成成分,含量均超过60%。不饱和脂肪酸中以多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFAs)为主,富含n-3和n-6系列PUFAs,n-6与n-3系列PUFAs之比均低于2。比较4种海藻脂肪酸组成特点表明,鼠尾藻以C16、C18和C20为主要组成成分,具褐藻类脂肪酸组成特征;浒苔以C16和C18为主要组成成分,具绿藻类脂肪酸组成特征;龙须菜和红毛菜以C16和C20类脂肪酸为主,具典型红藻类脂肪酸组成特征,同时二者又有不同之处,分别显示真红藻与原始红藻脂肪酸组成的特点。     

基于脂肪酸生物标记法探讨中国沿海六群体绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sensu stricto)的种群遗传

水产动物肌肉中的脂肪酸组成可用于评价其种群遗传。本研究通过测定和比较辽河(LH)、黄河(HH)、长江(YZ)、瓯江(OJ)、闽江(MJ)和南流江(NLJ)水系野生绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sensu stricto)肌肉中的脂肪酸组成,进一步分析了6群体间的遗传多样性和亲缘关系。结果显示:(1)在6水系群体中检测出26种脂肪酸,其中C20:5n3、C18:1n9、C22:6n3、C16:0、C20:4n6、C18:2n6和C18:0为主要种类,其总和占总脂肪酸的74%以上;(2)逐步判别分析法筛选出8种判别贡献较大的脂肪酸,分别是C17:0、C18:0、C20:0、C22:1n9、C18:3n3、C18:3n6、C20:2n6和C22:5n3,据此分别建立判别方程,综合判别准确率为98.33%;(3)聚类分析显示:OJ与MJ群体的欧氏距离最小, HH与YZ群体的欧氏距离比OJ与MJ群体的要大,NLJ群体与其他5个群体的欧氏距离相对最大;(4)6群体间脂肪酸含量的变异系数在2.99%—30.00%之间,遗传多样性指数变化幅度在3.2732—3.3204之间。综上,基于脂肪酸生物标记法表明6水系绒螯蟹群体遗传多样性指数均较高,脂肪酸可以有效鉴别6水系野生绒螯蟹种群,整体上南流江群体和其余5群体间相距最远;本研究结果可为绒螯蟹种质资源评价和开发利用等提供基础资料。     

秘鲁外海茎柔鱼脂肪酸组成的月间差异研究

掌握茎柔鱼营养成分和食性的月间差异,对其渔业资源合理开发与利用具有重要意义。茎柔鱼(Dosidicus gigas)是东太平洋特有的头足类种类,是我国远洋鱿钓渔业最重要的鱿鱼经济物种。本研究以2020年5月、6月、10月、11月捕获自秘鲁外海的茎柔鱼为研究对象,采用Folch法提取脂肪酸,以气相色谱-质谱法测定其肌肉脂肪酸构成及含量,利用非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)法检验不同月份肌肉脂肪酸组成的差异,使用相似性分析(ANOSIM)对比其差异的大小,同时结合特征脂肪酸指示不同月份茎柔鱼食性变化,旨在探究秘鲁外海茎柔鱼不同月份间脂肪酸组成及差异。结果显示,在同一月份不同脂肪酸组成方面,4个月份茎柔鱼脂肪酸均以多不饱和脂肪酸为主(59.40%～60.85%),其次是饱和脂肪酸(29.18%～31.65%),单不饱和脂肪酸的含量最少(8.52%～10.31%)。在月间差异方面,5月与10月(P=0.001)、5月与11月(P=0.001)、6月与10月(P=0.001)、6月与11月(P=0.003)脂肪酸组成百分比显示出明显差异,C16∶0、C18∶0、C18∶1n9、C20∶1、C20∶...     

6种科(Teraponidae)经济鱼类的染色体组型研究

采用胸腔注射植物血球凝集素(phytohemagglutinin, PHA)及秋水仙素溶液, 取活体头肾组织低渗、固定和空气干燥, 分析比较了(Terapon theraps)、细鳞(Terapon jarbua,/i>)、尖吻 (Rhynchopelates oxyrhynchus)、叉牙 (Helotes sexlineatus)、列牙 (Pelates quadrilineatus)和高体革 (Scortum barcoo)的核型。结果表明, 6种鱼中期染色体均为二倍体, 除尖吻外均未发现异型性染色体、随体和次缢痕。其核型如下: 的核型为2n=48=48t, 臂数: NF=48; 细鳞的核型为2n=48=48t, NF=48; 叉牙2n=48=48t, NF=48; 列牙的核型为2n=48=48t, NF=48; 高体革2n=48=2m+2sm+44t, NF=52; 尖吻 2n=48=4m+2st+42t, NF=52。科这6种鱼染色体均属于典型的高位类群。同时, 将科6种鱼与前人已完成的科其它鱼类的核型进行比较, 发现尖吻的核型出现异型性染色体, 并对尖吻出现罕见的异型性染色体进行分析讨论。除高体革外, 其余5种核型为国内首次报道。     

福建沿海巨蛎属(Crassostrea)牡蛎的种类及其分布

福建省位于我国东南沿海, 海岸线曲折, 港湾众多, 有多条河流入海, 适宜牡蛎栖息繁衍, 是我国牡蛎资源最丰富的地区之一。迄今关于福建沿海牡蛎种类组成及分布情况的研究报道尚少, 鉴于近20余年福建主要海湾经历了高强度的牡蛎养殖, 有必要了解福建沿海牡蛎自然群体的物种组成和数量占比等自然种质资源状况。基于现场调查取样, 结合采用多重种特异性PCR、ITS2杂交种鉴定和CO I测序共同鉴定福建沿海巨蛎属(Crassostrea)牡蛎种类及其分布情况。研究结果表明, 从福建沿海由北至南牡蛎野生种苗海区的19个采样点共960个样品中发现3种巨蛎属牡蛎, 分别是福建牡蛎(Crassostrea angulata)、熊本牡蛎(C. sikamea)和香港牡蛎(C. hongkongensis), 并未发现以往报道的近江牡蛎(C. ariakensis)。其中福建牡蛎(607个)占63.23%、熊本牡蛎(343个)占35.73%、香港牡蛎(10个)占1.04%。除个别采样点外, 福建牡蛎和熊本牡蛎在各采样海区均有分布。香港牡蛎仅在泉州湾河口湿地自然保护区(新发现群体)有少量分布。研究结果揭示的福建沿海地区巨蛎属的物种种类及其分布为后续开展牡蛎遗传多样性分析和遗传分化等种群遗传研究提供了关键基础资料, 为牡蛎种质资源的保护和利用打下重要基础。     

脂肪和蛋白质营养对封闭循环水养殖大西洋鲑生长和肌肉品质的效应

为探讨饲料脂肪和蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大西洋鲑(Salmon salar L.)生长性能和肌肉品质的影响, 采用3×2双因素试验设计(3脂肪水平: 18%、21%、24%, 即F18、F21、F24; 2蛋白质水平: 38%、48%,即P38、P48),形成6种试验处理膨化颗粒配合饲料,每处理3重复, 通过在工业化封闭循环海水养殖条件下,选用初质量(650.0±45.50)g大西洋鲑720尾,进行动物饲喂试验、肌肉脂肪酸、氨基酸测试等,试验期56d。结果表明: (1)中脂肪水平(F21)和高蛋白水平(P48)饲料的生长性能较佳。增质量率随脂肪水平提高先增加后降低,中高脂肪组比低脂肪组极显著提高43.5%(P＜0.01);高蛋白组极显著提高44.99%(P<0.01);中脂肪高蛋白组合(P48F21)效应最佳;(2)脂肪水平对肌肉氨基酸含量影响不显著。蛋白水平与肌肉9种必需、4种风味氨基酸含量呈正相关,高蛋白组显著提高3.60%～17.00%(P<0.05/0.01);(3)脂肪水平与肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量呈正相关,而蛋白水平与其呈负相关,高脂肪(P24)和低蛋白(P38)有利于提高肌肉不饱和脂肪酸含量。高脂肪组肌肉Σω-3PUFA、ΣHUFA、DHA、EPA含量比低脂肪组分别极显著或显著提高15.74%、26.60%、15.41%、7.67%(P<0.01/0.05);低蛋白组极显著提高肌肉DHA含量11.91%(P＜0.01)、EPA 10.02%(P＜0.05);低蛋白中高脂肪组合(P38F21、P38F24)效应佳。本试验研究证明,工业化工业化封闭循环水养殖大西洋鲑对脂肪营养需求有一定程度降低,本试验条件下中高脂肪与中低蛋白组合既利于提高生长性能,又增加肌肉ω-3HUFA和主要氨基酸沉积,为工业化养殖大西洋鲑的肉质改善型配合饲料研制提供了重要依据。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.