Spatial distribution of temperature trends and extremes over Maharashtra and Karnataka States of India

Earth surface temperatures are changing worldwide together with the changes in the extreme temperatures. The present study investigates trends and variations of monthly maximum and minimum temperatures and their effects on seasonal fluctuations at different climatological stations of Maharashtra and Karnataka states of India. Trend analysis was performed on annual and seasonal mean maximum temperature (TMAX) and mean minimum temperature (TMIN) for the period 1969 to 2006. During the last 38 years, an increase in annual TMAX and TMIN has occurred. At most of the locations, the increase in TMAX was faster than the TMIN, resulting in an increase in diurnal temperature range. At the same time, annual mean temperature (TM) showed a significant increase over the study area. Percentiles were used to identify extreme temperature indices. An increase in occurrence of warm extremes was observed at southern locations, and cold extremes increased over the central and northeastern part of the study area. Occurrences of cold wave conditions have decreased rapidly compared to heat wave conditions.     

大型火电厂热排放对邹县环境气温影响的初步研究

对1960—2009年邹城和兖州温度及温度日较差的年、季变化趋势进行分析,对比邹县电厂现况发展,研究电厂热排放对环境气温的影响程度和相对贡献。结果表明：近50 a来,邹城和兖州年平均气温呈上升趋势,年增温速率分别为0.326 ℃∕10 a和0.124 ℃∕10 a,且邹城显著增温时间与火电厂投产时间一致。1960—1994年,热排放增温率均为正值,年最低气温高达0.51 ℃∕10 a,年日较差为-0.35 ℃∕10 a,多个季和年值增温贡献为100%。1995—2005年,热排放增温率为正值,平均气温为0.209 ℃∕10 a,年最低气温为0.118 ℃∕10 a,年最高气温为0.056 ℃∕10 a,年日较差为-0.100 ℃∕10 a,表现为热排放对平均气温和最低气温影响显著,对最高气温影响较弱,多个季增温贡献有所降低,仍显示出热排放对环境温度有相当程度的贡献。     

Variability and trends in daily minimum and maximum temperatures and in the diurnal temperature range in Lithuania,Latvia and Estonia in 1951–2010

Spatial distribution and trends in mean and absolute maximum and minimum temperatures and in the diurnal temperature range were analysed at 47 stations in the eastern Baltic region (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) during 1951–2010. Dependence of the studied variables on geographical factors (latitude, the Baltic Sea, land elevation) is discussed. Statistically significant increasing trends in maximum and minimum temperatures were detected for March, April, July, August and annual values. At the majority of stations, the increase was detected also in February and May in case of maximum temperature and in January and May in case of minimum temperature. Warming was slightly higher in the northern part of the study area, i.e. in Estonia. Trends in the diurnal temperature range differ seasonally. The highest increasing trend revealed in April and, at some stations, also in May, July and August. Negative and mostly insignificant changes have occurred in January, February, March and June. The annual temperature range has not changed.     

城市化对华北地区最高, 最低气温和日较差变化趋势的影响

利用华北地区255个一般站和国家基本、 基准站1961\_2000年的实测资料, 经过质量检验和均一性订正后, 将所有台站根据人口和台站地理位置分为5个类别, 分析了这5个类别台站和国家基本、 基准站地面平均气温、 最高、 最低气温的年和季节变化趋势以及城市化影响。结果表明： 华北全部台站的年平均气温、 最高、 最低气温均呈增加趋势, 且以最低气温上升最为明显, 导致年平均日较差呈现明显下降。就城市化影响而言, 平均气温、 最低气温变化趋势中城市热岛效应加强因素的影响明显, 但城市化对最高气温趋势影响微弱, 个别台站和季节甚至可能造成降温。在国家基本、 基准站观测的年平均气温和年平均最低气温上升趋势中, 城市化造成的增温分别为0.11℃·(10a)-1和0.20℃·(10a)-1, 对全部增温的贡献率分别达39.3%和52.6%。各类台站的四季平均气温和最低气温序列中城市化影响均造成增温。城市化增温以冬季为最大, 夏季最小。城市化还导致乡村站以外的各类台站日较差减小, 近40年华北地区国家基本、 基准站年平均和秋、 冬季平均气温日较差明显下降均由城市化影响造成的。     

1951～2002年中国平均最高、最低气温及日较差变化

利用1951～2002年全国733个台站的月平均最高、最低气温资料,对我国年、季平均最高、最低气温变化趋势的空间分布状况和时间变化特征进行了分析.结果表明:近52年来,我国平均最高气温的变化特征呈现北方增暖明显、南方变化不明显或呈弱降温趋势;年平均最低气温全国各地基本一致,呈明显的变暖趋势;无论是年还是季,平均最低气温的增暖幅度明显大于平均最高气温的增幅;我国年平均日较差多呈下降趋势,并在我国北方地区尤为明显,各季平均日较差亦均呈下降趋势,并以冬季的下降幅度为最大;年平均最高气温和最低气温的变化在年代际变化上基本呈现较为一致的步伐,即52年来主要的变暖均是从20世纪80年代中期开始,均在90年代后期达到了近52年来的历史新高,近年来又略有回落.     

20th-CENTURY CHANGES OF TEMPERATURE IN THE MOUNTAIN REGIONS OF CENTRAL EUROPE

Daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 29 low-lying and mountain stations of 7 countries in Central Europe were analyzed. The analysis of the annual variation of diurnal temperature range helps to distinguish unique climatic characteristics of high and low altitude stations. A comparison of the time series of extreme daily temperatures as well as mean temperature shows a good agreement between the low-lying stations and the mountain stations. Many of the pronounced warm and cold periods are present in all time series and are therefore representative for the whole region. A linear trend analysis of the station data for the period 1901–1990 (19 stations) and 1951–1990 (all 29 stations) shows spatial patterns of similar changes in maximum and minimum daily temperatures and diurnal temperature range. Mountain stations show only small changes of the diurnal temperature range over the 1901–1990 period, whereas the low-lying stations in the western part of the Alps show a significant decrease of diurnal temperature range, caused by strong increase of the minimum temperature. For the shorter period 1951–1990, the diurnal temperature range decreases at the western low-lying stations, mainly in spring, whereas it remains roughly constant at the mountain stations. The decrease of diurnal temperature range is stronger in the western part than in the eastern part of the Alps.     

1978—2008年城市化对北京地区气温变化影响的初步分析

应用北京地区20个常规站1978-2008年经均一性序列多元分析方法均一化处理的气温数据,初步分析了北京地区城市化对年平均和不同季节日最高、最低以及平均气温的影响。结果表明,1978—2008年,年平均日最低、平均气温空间分布自北向南、自西向东,温度逐渐升高,在城区达到最高,日最高气温表现为从西向东南逐步升高,在城区形成较为明显的热岛。温度变化趋势表明,各站日最低气温、平均气温、最高气温均呈升温趋势。城市化对北京地区城区及近郊区站点日平均气温和最低气温影响最大,对自北部佛爷顶至昌平到城区一带站点的最高气温影响最大。城市化对北京(观象台)站的增温影响最为明显,对城区站点温度平均的增温影响次之,对全市站点温度平均的增温影响最小。城市化对观象台站、城区站点平均、全市站点平均日平均气温、最低气温的年平均、各季节均非常显著,其中在秋季影响最大,对日最高气温的影响则是在夏季最大。     

西南地区东部大官山温湿梯度变化特征分析

采用西南地区巫溪大官山同一坡面10个不同海拔高度梯度观测站2019~2020年逐小时温湿观测资料,分析了气温、气温直减率、日较差和相对湿度的梯度变化特征。结果表明:观测期间,气温随海拔升高而降低,海拔2000 m以上区域秋、冬季常出现逆温或同温现象;年平均气温递减率为0.57℃/100 m,最大值出现在3月和9月,分别为0.63℃/100 m和0.62℃/100 m,2月最低为0.49℃/100 m;日较差总体随海拔升高而减小,但在海拔1065~1222 m,出现了日较差随海拔升高而快速下降的突变区;年、春季在海拔1222~2180 m,秋季在海拔1222~2550 m,出现了日较差相对稳定层,其它季节不太明显。在海拔1670 m以下区域,年相对湿度为78.5%,夏季最大（85.3%）,秋季次之（82%）,冬季再次（74.3%）,春季最低（72.3%）;随着海拔升高云雾出现频率增大,年和各季相对湿度均随之增大;海拔1670~1930 m为突变区间,相对湿度迅速增加,在海拔1930~2550 m,年、春、夏、秋季处于云中的时间较多,相对湿度变化不大;冬季由于云层低,海拔较高的区域常处于云的上方,相对湿度随海拔升高反而有所减小。      

探测环境对北京气象站气温观测值的影响分析

为深入了解气象探测环境对气温观测数据的影响,利用2017年北京市观象台（54511）与南海子站（A1274）逐小时地面气象要素数据,分析两站气温差异以及因站点探测环境导致的日照、风速和降水对两站气温差异的影响。结果表明：2017年两站气温差异较明显,年平均气温54511站比A1274站高0.75℃;两站逐月平均气温54511站全年高于A1274站,两站差值7月最低为0.60℃,9月最高为1.09℃;两站平均日最高气温较接近,平均日最低气温差异较大,54511站较A1274站高1.24℃;两站气温的日变化特征相似,呈单峰分布,54511站气温日较差低于A1274站。两站小时气温差值随着日照时长和强度的增加而增加,短波辐射效应最强的10-14时和长波辐射效应最强的19-23时两站气温差值与当日白天直接辐射曝辐量的相关系数分别为0.459和0.601;水平风速对两站气温差值的影响较大。水平风速超过5 m·s^-1时,两站气温差小于0.1℃;当水平风速不超过1 m·s^-1时,两站观测气温差值达到1.28℃;降水天气下两站的气温差值小于非降水天气,出现降水时次54511站平均气温仅比A1274站高0.2℃。两站相距4.3 km,气候均一,测站周边2 km范围内建设用地占比54511站比A1274站高约30%,植被占比低28%,水体占比相差不大。另外,54511站附近的五环路具有低反射率和高热容的特征,白天能够吸收太阳辐射储存较多的热量,这些热量在夜间释放,可能是两站探测环境对太阳辐射吸收的差异决定了两站温差受太阳辐射和风速的影响较大,而受降水影响较小。     

Air temperatures in a power line corridor over 10?years following afforestation with Eucalyptus globulus

Over the 10?years following the planting of Eucalyptus globulus on an area of 320?ha in 1998, air temperature was measured in the middle of a power line corridor and compared with temperatures recorded at meteorological stations located 11.2 and 35.7?km away. At these reference stations, the annual means of both daily minimum and daily maximum temperature remained approximately constant. In the power line corridor, annual mean daily minimum temperature also remained approximately constant, but annual mean daily maximum temperature fell by about 3.6°C; in particular, between years 4 and 7 the cooling rate was on average about 0.7°C per year. The resulting sigmoid time course of annual mean daily temperature range may partly reflect the evolution of evapotranspiration from the plantation, but seems to be mainly attributable to the shading of the power line corridor by the growing trees, being closely correlated with solar irradiance at the center of the corridor as estimated from tree growth data using sun charts and standard formulae for clear-sky solar irradiance.     

1960～2010年四川最高、最低气温的非对称性变化特征

本文利用四川138个气象站点1960~2010年的气温资料,分析了四川地区年均最高、最低气温及日较差的时空变化特征。结果表明:1960~2010年四川年均最高、最低气温在时间变化上呈非对称性升温,年均最高气温和最低气温的气候倾向率分别为0.131℃/10a和0.185℃/10a,后者增温幅度约为前者的1.4倍。年均最高、最低气温气候倾向率在空间分布上多数地区也呈非对称现象,年均最高、最低气温在西部高原地区升温较快,但最低气温的升温速率明显高于最高气温,这导致气温日较差在高原西部地区下降幅度较大。年均最高气温在1980年代最低,2000年代达到最高;年均最低气温在1960年代最低,2000年代最高;年均气温日较差在1960年代最大,1980年代最小。年均最高、最低气温分别在1996年和1993年发生转变,年均气温日较差分别在1973年和2005年发生了转变,年均最高、最低气温气候倾向率的不同及转变年的不一致导致气温日较差在转变年上的不一致。      

基于卫星遥感揭示长三角台站周边城市土地利用扩张及其对气温记录的影响

台站温度记录中的城市化信号对于气候变化研究影响重大并仍存在很大争议,尤其是在经历快速城市化的区域。本研究利用遥感影像分类的方法,提取了1980~2009年期间长江三角洲城市群93个气象台站周边10 km×10 km范围的城市土地利用信息,并按照城市土地利用扩张速率对站点进行分类,研究了1980~2009年期间快速城市化站点、中速城市化站点和慢速城市化站点的年和季节平均温度、最低温度和最高温度变化特征,并分析了快速和中速城市化站点城市化影响和城市化影响贡献率。结果表明:全部93个气象站点周边自20世纪80年代起均经历了城市土地利用扩张过程,全部站点周边的平均城市土地利用扩张速率为1.00% a-1;近30年来,各类型站点年和各季节的平均温度、最低温度和最高温度均表现出增加趋势;城市化效应增强因素对快速城市化站点年平均温度贡献率为35.06%,对年平均最低温度的增温贡献率为34.67%,对年平均最高温度增温贡献率最小,仅为18.42%;城市化效应增强因素对中速城市化站点的影响程度小于快速城市化站点,对平均温度、最低温度和最高温度的贡献率分别为19.35%,22.22%和3.13%。在季节变异方面,长江三角洲区域各类型站点冬季的城市化影响贡献率在平均温度、最低温度和最高温度均表现为最低值。     

内蒙古大兴安岭原始林区气温和相对湿度变化分析

文章利用内蒙古大兴安岭原始林区2006年气温和相对湿度数据,分析了该林区的气温和相对湿度变化情况。结果表明:2006年内蒙古大兴安岭林区气温的日、年变化曲线呈余弦曲线型,各高度气温的日年变化极值不同,月平均气温最高值出现在7月份,最低值出现在1月份,日、年较差随高度的增加而减小;林区相对湿度的日年变化曲线呈正弦曲线型,日相对湿度最高值出现在04时,为79%,最低值出现在14时,为10%。年相对湿度最高值出现在6月,为81%,最低值出现在5月,为53%。     

Retrieving air humidity,global solar radiation,and reference evapotranspiration from daily temperatures: development and validation of new methods for Mexico. Part III: reference evapotranspiration

We evaluated two methods to estimate evapotranspiration (ETo) from minimal weather records (daily maximum and minimum temperatures) in Mexico: a modified reduced set FAO-Penman-Monteith method (Allen et al. 1998, Rome, Italy) and the Hargreaves and Samani (Appl Eng Agric 1(2): 96–99, 1985) method. In the reduced set method, the FAO-Penman-Monteith equation was applied with vapor pressure and radiation estimated from temperature data using two new models (see first and second articles in this series): mean temperature as the average of maximum and minimum temperature corrected for a constant bias and constant wind speed. The Hargreaves-Samani method combines two empirical relationships: one between diurnal temperature range ΔT and shortwave radiation Rs, and another one between average temperature and the ratio ETo/Rs: both relationships were evaluated and calibrated for Mexico. After performing a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of different approximations on the estimation of Rs and ETo, several model combinations were tested to predict ETo from daily maximum and minimum temperature alone. The quality of fit of these models was evaluated on 786 weather stations covering most of the territory of Mexico. The best method was found to be a combination of the FAO-Penman-Monteith reduced set equation with the new radiation estimation and vapor pressure model. As an alternative, a recalibration of the Hargreaves-Samani equation is proposed.     

Effect of Urbanization on Land-Surface Temperature at an Urban Climate Station in North China

While the land-surface temperature (LST) observed at meteorological stations has significantly increased over the previous few decades, it is still unclear to what extent urbanization has affected these positive trends. Based on the LST data recorded at an urban station in Shijiazhuang in North China, and two rural meteorological stations, the effect of urbanization at the Shijiazhuang station for the period 1965–2012 is examined. We find, (1) a statistically-significant linear trend in annual mean urban–rural LST difference of \(0.27\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) \(\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 100% indicating that the increase in the annual mean LST at the urban station is entirely caused by urbanization. The urbanization effects in spring, summer and autumn on the trends of mean LST are also significant; (2) the urbanization effect is small for time series of the annual mean minimum LST, and statistically marginal for the trend in annual mean maximum LST [\(0.19\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\,\hbox {(10 year)}^{-1}\)]; (3) the urbanization effect on the annual mean diurnal LST range (\(\Delta {LST}\)) at the urban station is a strongly significant trend of \(0.23\,^{\circ }\hbox {C (10\,year)}^{-1}\), with an urbanization contribution of 21%. The urbanization effects on trends in the spring and autumn mean \(\Delta {LST}\) are also larger and more significant than for the other seasons; (4) the urbanization effects on the long-term LST trends are remarkably different from those on the near-surface air temperature at the same urban station. Nonetheless, the significant warming of the urban boundary layer is expected to affect the urban environment and ecosystems. However, the problem of data representativeness at an urban station for the monitoring and investigation of large-scale climate change remains.     

城市化对固原气温变化趋势的影响

使用宁夏固原与六盘山气象站1971—2010年逐月平均气温、最高气温、最低气温资料以及固原1981年以来的GDP与人口数据,以六盘山为背景分析了城市化对固原气温变化趋势的影响。结果表明：40a来六盘山和固原年与四季平均气温、最低、最高气温均呈显著上升趋势,20世纪80年代比70年代偏高幅度较小,21世纪00年代比前10a偏高幅度最大,最低气温比最高气温、冬季气温比夏季气温、固原比六盘山气温偏高更显著;固原与六盘山气温存在明显的非对称性,且固原的非对称性明显大于六盘山的,冬夏季更突出;城市化影响加速了固原年与四季平均气温、最低气温、年和冬春最高气温的升温,对于气温非对称性变化的形成起主导作用。     

海南岛近42年气候变化特征

利用 1 96 1～ 2 0 0 2年海南岛 1 1个气象站各季和年的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温、降雨量等资料 ,对海南岛近 4 2年的气候变化作了较全面的分析。线性倾向估计表明 :季和年的平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温具有显著增温趋势 ,特别是平均最低气温尤其显著。从全岛平均情况看 ,降雨量除了冬季有明显增加趋势外 ,其余各季和年的降雨量仅有弱的增加趋势 ;从各地区看 ,仅南部地区降雨量有显著增多趋势 ,其余地区各季呈弱的增加或减少趋势。Mann Kendall检验表明 :从2 0世纪 70年代末到 80年代末 ,各季和年的气温要素几乎先后发生了突变 ,80年代至今海南省进入明显的暖期。周期分析显示 ,各研究要素基本具有准 2～ 5年和准 7～ 1 1年的周期。     

以高山站为背景研究城市化对气温变化趋势的影响

本文基于1957~2005年的逐日气象资料,对比分析了中国东部7组高山气象站和山下附近的城市气象站年 与四季气温变化趋势.在此基础上,利用高山站作为气候变化背景场来分析城市化对平均气温、最高气温、最低气温变化趋势影响的性质和程度,及其对气温变化非对称性的影响.结果表明:平均气温和最低气温变化趋势城市站多比高山站大,而最高气温变化趋势高山站多比城市站大;城市站最低气温变化趋势均大于最高气温变化趋势,具有明显的非对称性现象,而高山站这种表现十分微弱.城市站气温变化受到明显的城市化影响,对于平均气温和最低气温以正影响为主,而对于最高气温为负影响为主,说明城市化对气温变化的影响也存在非对称性.城市化影响的非对称性是气温变化非对称性形成的主要因素.     

黑龙江省草地螟第三暴发周期气候特征及风险概率

1996年以来,黑龙江省草地螟第三暴发周期持续至今,危害日益加重。以1959—2008年黑龙江省28个国家基本站气象资料以及草地螟暴发期等资料为基础,分析了黑龙江省草地第三暴发周期的气候特征及风险概率。结果表明：近50 a来,黑龙江省年平均气温、年平均最低气温呈显著的上升趋势,通过0.001显著性检验,气温在1988年前后出现突变。其他要素如降水量、降水日数、风速和日照时数均呈减少趋势,但只有年日照时数和年平均风速的减少趋势通过了显著性检验。哈尔滨草地螟始发日期与同期平均气温、日最高气温、最低气温、最小相对湿度关系密切,本地越冬虫源春季羽化对气温、相对湿度敏感性较高;同时,始见日期与最大风速的风向相关较为密切,可能是由于外地虫源对风向敏感性较高。通过对黑龙江省草地螟高峰期首日的风险概率分析,得出草地螟高峰期出现在5月最后一个候的风险概率为23.6%;出现在6月上旬的风险概率为36.6%;出现在6月中旬的风险概率为24.0%;出现在6月下旬的风险概率为14.4%。     

阿勒泰地区气温日较差的气候变化特征

利用线性趋势法对1961-2008年阿勒泰地区7个气象站点气温日较差进行趋势研究,并根据各因子趋势值,应用相关统计法分析了影响气温日较差呈减小趋势的因子。结果表明：阿勒泰地区四季日较差呈现显著减小趋势,其中冬季最显著,秋季变化最弱。各季节最低气温上升趋势最明显,而最高气温上升趋势较弱。阿勒泰地区与月平均气温日较差相关性最强的因子是日照时数,呈正相关;其次分别为总云量、降水量和水汽压,都呈负相关。年气温日较差与降水量和水汽压相关性最大。