INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF THE INTENSITY OF SOUTH ASIAN HIGH

The characteristics and possible physical mechanism of interdecadal variation of the intensity of the South Asian High (SAH) in summer are analyzed using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and NOAA extended reconstructed sea surface temperature (SST) data. The results indicate that a remarkable interdecadal transition occurred in the late 1970s that increased the intensity of SAH, or, an abrupt climate change was around 1978. A comparative analysis between the weak and strong period of the SAH intensity shows that the related anomalous patterns of the atmospheric circulation (including wind field, air temperature field and vertical velocity field) are nearly opposite to each other. The surface latent heat flux anomalies over the plateau (especially in the northwest of the plateau) in summer exert great influence on the interdecadal variation of the SAH intensity and the surface sensible heat flux anomalies play a more important role. Consistent with the interdecadal variation of the SAH intensity, the monopole mode of the tropical Indian Ocean SST in summer also experienced a low to high transition in the late 1970s. To some extent, this can reveal the impact of the anomalous monopole mode of the tropical Indian Ocean SST in summer on interdecadal variation of the SAH.     

南亚高压强度的年代际变化及可能原因分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA ERSST海温资料,对夏季南亚高压的年代际变化特征及其可能机制进行了分析。结果表明,南亚高压由弱到强的年代际转折发生在1970年代末,或者说南亚高压强度在1978年前后发生了年代际突变。对南亚高压偏弱和偏强两个阶段的对比分析表明,大气环流(包括风场、温度场和垂直运动场等)的异常形势和特征显著不同,几乎是相反的。夏季地表潜热通量异常的分析说明,夏季高原(特别是高原西北部)的地表热通量异常对南亚高压强度的年代际变化有重要影响;相对而言,地表感热通量异常可能对南亚高压强度的年代际变化起更重要作用。夏季热带印度洋海温的全区一致型模态在1970年代末也发生了明显的年代际变化,与南亚高压强度的年代际异常有很好的一致性,表明夏季热带印度洋海温一致型模态异常对南亚高压年代际变化有影响。      

南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系

利用1979—2016年NCEP再分析资料, 分析了南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系。结果表明:南海夏季风爆发时间在1993/1994年出现年代际转变, 1979—1993年爆发时间相对偏晚, 夏季华南降水偏少, 长江中下游至日本南部降水偏多; 1994—2016年爆发时间偏早, 夏季华南降水偏多, 长江中下游到日本南部降水偏少。南海季风爆发时间年代际转折与夏季东亚副热带降水关系可能受到菲律宾越赤道气流强度的调控, 季风爆发时间与菲律宾越赤道气流有显著正相关, 且均在1993/1994年间存在年代际转变。在1994—2016(1979—1993)年南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚), 菲律宾越赤道气流偏弱(强), 澳大利亚北部有偏北(南)风异常, 将暖池的热量往赤道输送, 使得赤道对流增强(减弱), 产生异常上升(下沉)运动汇入Hadley环流上升支, 增强(减弱)的Hadley环流导致下沉主体偏北(南), 促使副高脊线偏北(南), 从西北太平洋(孟加拉湾)往华南地区(江淮到日本南部)输送水汽增强, 所以华南(江淮到日本南部)夏季降水偏多。      

TYPICAL STRONG AND WEAK SOUTH ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON YEARS AND SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE OF ARABIAN SEA

1 INTRODUCTIONThe South Asian Summer Monsoon (SASM) is animportant member of the monsoon system for Asia. It ismade up of low-level subsystems of the Mascarenehigh in the Southern Hemisphere, cross-equatorialSomali jet stream, 850-hPa westerly jet over theArabian Sea,Indian monsoon trough north of the Bayof Bengal through west India and upper-level tropicaleasterly jet centered at 5°N and South Asia highcentered at 30°N[1]. During the summer monsoon,convection is intense in Sou…     

影响我国热带气旋活动的气候特征及其与太平洋海温的关系

基于小波包分解重构方法，利用NCEP／NCAR逐丑再分析资料，讨论了南亚夏季风与季内西太平洋副高活动的关系，提出和定义了用以诊断副高活动的夏季风频域能量判据。诊断结果除佐证了副高已有的一些研究结果和变化规律外，还揭示出副高与季风间一些新的关系特征。     

南亚夏季风典型强弱年与阿拉伯海海温

利用NCEP／NCAR 1958～1997年全球SST、850hPa与200hPa风场再分析资料,以及1958-1997年全印度降水指数资料,从环流与降水两方面定义出南亚夏季风典型强年为1961、1970年,典型弱年为1965、1979、1987年。并针对所定义的强弱年采用合成分析与相关分析方法,分析了南亚夏季风强弱年前期与同期的阿拉伯海海温变化特征,发现：4月阿拉伯海海温越高（低）,南亚夏季风越强（弱）,而7月相反,海温越高（低）,季风越弱（强）;在南亚夏季风典型强年,阿拉伯海海温年变幅较大;沿赤道的Yoshida-Wyrtki Jet较强,并且在南亚夏季风强年的前期4月,南北半球哈德莱环流较弱,而弱年较强。7月,不论强弱年,热带印度洋上空的经圈环流以南亚夏季风经圈环流为主。     

热带太平洋-印度洋相互关系的年代际改变

用Nino3指数、印度洋单极指数、偶极子指数表示热带太平洋．印度洋SST的年际异常,发现1978年以后ENSO在热带印度洋的信号减弱了,可以解释如下：1978年之前,印度洋和太平洋纬向垂直环流的异常在海洋性大陆附近作齿轮式耦合;1978年以后,由于热带太平洋的上升支的东移,导致两洋的纬向垂直环流异常的耦合减弱。     

PECULIARITIES OF LONG TERM VARIATION OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN TROPICAL WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN

It is necessary to study the tropical western Pacific SST in association with variations of other parts of the globe. Two basic compositions are revealed of long-term variation in SST over three major tropical oceans since the 1950's (linear warming and El Nino-La Nina oscillations) and typical patterns with which they are displayed over the oceans are compared. On the basis of it, difference in long-term variation of SST over western, central and eastern tropical Pacific is analyzed in details. It is pointed out that the El Nino-La Nina oscillations are relatively weak in the long-term variation of SST in the tropical western Pacific and linear warming trend there is replaced by interdecadal oscillations. Further understanding of the peculiarity over the region helps improve short-term climatic predictions in China.     

东亚副热带夏季风槽的气候特征及其与南海夏季风槽的比较

利用NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,从气候特征角度研究了东亚副热带夏季风槽的结构和演变特征及其与南海夏季风槽的区别.结果表明,无论是辐合还是对流,南海夏季风槽都强于副热带夏季风槽.南海夏季风槽伸展高度较低,位置少变;而副热带夏季风槽伸展高度较高,并且随高度向北倾斜.南海夏季风槽建立早且突然,表现为对流层低层正相对涡度突然出现,其撤退缓慢;副热带夏季风槽则是渐进式建立,表现为低层云贵高原、广西地区的正相对涡度逐步向东北方向扩展,其撤退较快.南海夏季风槽建立过程中东西风向逆转是一个很明显的指示因子,而副热带夏季风建立过程没有伴随明显的风向逆转,主要特征是西风增强.南海夏季风槽不具备锋面性质,副热带夏季风槽则具备明显的锋面性质.     

SUBTROPICAL HIGH, LATENT HEATING BY CONVECTION AND ASSOCIATION WITH DISSIPATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA TYPHOONSI

Numerical modeling and experiments are conducted for the South China Sea typhoons Helen (1995) and Willie (1996) with an auto-adaptive mesh model. It is shown that durating the stage of dissipation the typhoons are mainly related with the subtropical high rather than the topography. The high is sensitive to the intensity change of the typhoon so that the former weakens as the latter strengthens and vice versa. Maintaining the typhoon as a main factor, the release of latent heat is in reversed proportion with the subtropical high in terms of the intensity. It is found that the storm tends to be maintained if it moves close to the westerly trough after landfall.     

1998年7月南亚高压影响西太平洋副热带高压短期变异的过程和机制

利用逐日NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对1998年7月二度梅期间南亚高压影响西太平洋副热带高压短期变异的过程和作用机制进行了诊断.结果发现,梅雨间歇期副高单体异常向西、向北发展期间,高层南亚高压曾离开高原上空东移(伸)至120°E以东;南亚高压返回高原上空时,中层副热带高压减弱南落,两者有相向然后相背移动的趋势.进一步研究这两个高压系统密切关联的原因又发现,南亚高压通过两种作用机制影响中层副高的短期变异南亚高压在东移过程中,高空负涡度平流动力强迫的下沉运动在中层副高区域产生辐散,从动力上影响副高内的负涡度发展;另一方面,强烈下沉运动伴随的绝热加热效应又有利于纬向温度梯度维持,有利于南北风发展,从热力上间接影响西太副高的发展.最后,利用R42L9/LASG大气环流模式进行敏感性数值试验,通过改变高空南亚高压东移产生的负涡度效应,发现中层副热带高压区确有强迫产生的动力辐散和绝热加热出现,并对应副高的异常加强,成功地验证了诊断所揭示的1998年夏季副高短期变异过程的两种机制.     

国内东亚热带-副热带季风的研究进展

简要回顾了近年来国内在东亚热带-副热带季风方面的研究进展。涉及亚洲热带季风爆发特征、爆发机制、季风指数设计、东亚季风环流系统、低频振荡活动以及东亚季风年际和年代际变化等问题,并讨论了东亚热带-副热带季风研究中存在的问题及未来的研究前景。     

THE POSITION VARIATION OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM

Using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data and SCSMEX data, an investigation is carried out of the relationship between the position variation of the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the apparent heating in June 1998 based on the complete vertical vorticity equation. It is found that the non-adiabatic heating plays an important role in the position variation of WPSH. In comparison with climatic mean status, the vertical change of non-adiabatic heating is stronger in the north side of WPSH in June 1998, but weaker in the south side of WPSH. The anomalous non-uniform heating induces anomalous cyclonic vorticity in South China, areas to the south of the Yangtze and its mid-lower valleys, but anomalous anticyclonic vorticity in the Indo-China Peninsula and South China Sea areas lead to the more southward position of WPSH than the mean.     

热带和热带外海表温度异常与低空环流特征比较

利用旋转主分量方法（ＲＰＣ），在对西太平洋和印度洋１９８０年１月至１９８８年９月共１０５个月的月平均海表温度（ＳＳＴ）进行分析的基础上，提取热带模及高纬模两种ＳＳＴ异常（ＳＳＴＡ）分布。再通过分析同期８５０ｈＰａ，各气象要素在该两模上的投影，比较低层大气与不同纬度上ＳＳＴＡ相联系的异常特征。结果表明，无论是热带还是热带外地区，暖性ＳＳＴＡ上空均有正的水汽异常及平均流场对月平均水汽输送的异常辐合。两地区ＳＳＴＡ上空８５０ｈＰａ月平均异常的最重要差异表现在流场、高度场及温度场上。热带正ＳＳＴＡ上方８５０ｈＰａ位势高度及温度均为负距平，流场呈Ｇｉｌｌ型的气旋式异常环流。热带外正ＳＳＴＡ上方８５０ｈＰａ高度及温度均为正距平，流场则呈反气旋式异常环流。分析表明，高纬度的这种异常特征主要是由于中高纬度大气的地转性和斜压性较强所致。     

影响华南汛期持续性强降水年际变化的大气环流和海温异常

利用1961—2017年中国地面观测站日降水资料、全球大气多要素和海表温度月资料,分析华南区域持续性强降水过程的气候特征,诊断并比较与华南前汛期、后汛期区域持续性强降水年际变化相关的大气环流和海表温度异常特征。结果表明,3—12月华南都可能出现持续性强降水过程,其中汛期4—9月的占了94.4%。伴随着区域持续性强降水的年际变化,华南本地垂直上升运动显著异常是前汛期和后汛期的共同点,但前汛期、后汛期在华南及周边环流异常、水汽输送来源以及海温异常分布等方面都存在一定差异。在前汛期华南区域持续性强降水偏重年,赤道西太平洋区域海温偏低,由于大气罗斯贝波响应使西太平洋副热带高压偏强,热带西太平洋向华南区域水汽输送加强,从而有利于区域持续性强降水偏重。后汛期华南区域持续性强降水偏重年的海温异常分布是赤道中东太平洋区域正异常、东印度洋至西太平洋暖池区负异常,海温异常通过西北太平洋副热带高压、南海热带季风强度、水汽输送和垂直环流等多方面,导致后汛期区域持续性强降水偏重。      

THE DIRECT EFFECTS OF AEROSOLS AND DECADAL VARIATION OF GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON THE EAST ASIAN SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN CAM3.0

Using the CAM3.0 model, we investigated the respective effects of aerosol concentration increasing and decadal variation of global sea surface temperature(SST) around year 1976/77 on the East Asian precipitation in boreal summer. By doubling the concentration of the sulfate aerosol and black carbon aerosol separately and synchronously in East Asia(100-150 °E, 20-50 °N), the climate effects of these aerosols are specifically investigated. The results show that both the decadal SST changing and aerosol concentration increasing could lead to rainfall decreasing in the center of East Asia, but increasing in the regions along southeast coast areas of China. However, the different patterns of rainfall over ocean and lower wind field over Asian continent between aerosol experiments and SST experiments in CAM3.0 indicate the presence of different mechanisms. In the increased aerosol concentration experiments, scattering effect is the main climate effect for both sulfate and black carbon aerosols in the Eastern Asian summer. Especially in the increased sulfate aerosol concentration experiment, the climate scattering effect of aerosol leads to the most significant temperature decreasing, sinking convection anomalies and decreased rainfall in the troposphere over the central part of East Asia. However, in an increased black carbon aerosol concentration experiment, weakened sinking convection anomalies exist at the southerly position. This weakened sinking and its compensating rising convection anomalies in the south lead to the heavy rainfall over southeast coast areas of China. When concentrations of both sulfate and black carbon aerosols increase synchronously, the anomalous rainfall distribution is somewhat like that in the increased black carbon concentration aerosol experiment but with less intensity.     

夏季西北太平洋热带气旋生成频次与热带海温关系的年代际变化

探讨了夏季(6—8月)西北太平洋(Western North Pacific,WNP)热带气旋生成频次(Tropical Cyclone Genesis Frequency,TCGF)与热带海温关系的年代际变化,发现影响WNP TCGF的热带海温型在1991/1992年发生了年代际变化。在1990年代初之前,TCGF正异常对应的热带海温异常(Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly,SSTA)呈现东部型La Ni?a衰减位相,前冬至春季WNP局地暖SSTA在其西北侧激发气旋异常,夏季时由热带印度洋冷SSTA继续维持。在1990年代初之后,TCGF正异常对应的热带SSTA呈现东部型La Ni?a向中部型El Ni?o快速转换的位相,夏季中太平洋暖SSTA在其西北侧激发气旋异常,同时热带东印度洋至海洋性大陆以及热带大西洋的冷SSTA通过垂直环流圈加强中太平洋的辐合上升运动,进一步维持其西北侧气旋异常。由于激发气旋异常的暖SSTA在第二个年代相较第一个年代明显偏南偏东,气旋异常和TCGF正异常在第二个年代也整体偏南且向东扩展至更远的区域。WNP TCGF与热带海温关系的年代际变化与1990年代初之后厄尔尼诺-南方涛动演变速率加快有关。      

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.