不同边界层参数化方案对台风“利奇马”模拟的影响研究

基于中尺度数值模式WRF,对比分析了六种大气边界层物理过程参数化方案（BouLac、MYJ、UW、YSU、ACM2、SH）对台风“利奇马”模拟结果的影响。结果表明,不同边界层方案对“利奇马”路径的模拟结果影响较小,但对其强度和结构演变的模拟结果影响显著。其中,局地闭合方案UW方案模拟的结果最强,局地闭合方案BouLac次之,而局地闭合方案MYJ和三种非局地闭合方案YSU、ACM2和SH的模拟强度都较弱。这些方案中,BouLac模拟的海平面最低气压与实况最为接近。通过对比这些边界层方案的模拟结果发现,由于台风强度的差异受到热力和动力的共同影响,边界层方案如模拟得到的地表潜热通量和边界层中湍流扩散系数较大,将导致较大的径向风和低层辐合,从而模拟得到较强的台风强度;反之,则台风强度较弱。     

WRF模式中微物理和积云对流参数化方案对台风“莫拉克”模拟敏感性分析

基于WRF模式,研究了不同微物理和积云对流参数化方案对0908号台风"莫拉克"的路径移动、强度变化和降水过程模拟的敏感性。结果显示,积云对流参数化方案对台风"莫拉克"的路径和强度模拟起主导作用,采用Kain-Fritsch积云对流方案模拟的72 h平均路径误差较小;降水量的模拟主要取决于微物理参数化方案,而降水分布的好坏更依赖于积云对流参数化方案,而采用Thompson微物理和Grell-Devenyi积云对流方案的试验导致累积降水极值的偏干误差较大。积云对流方案对环境场和潜热释放模拟存在差异,导致路径和强度、温度廓线和垂直运动的模拟结果不同,而微物理方案对不同相态降水粒子的垂直分布结构模拟存在差异,从而导致降水模拟的差别。此外,由不同试验构造的集合平均能减少单个成员模拟路径和降水的不确定性,特别在强降水方面能减小空报数和漏报数,提高TS评分,改善模拟效果。     

成熟台风边界层作用的数值研究

利用ＴＬ６模式，在对一次台风过程成熟阶段进行成功模拟的基础上，通过各种对比试验，研究了成熟台风边界层的作用。结果表明：在２４小时内，台风边界层内各种通量的垂直输送对其路径影响很小而对成熟台风的维持却有非常重要的作用。其中，潜热输送成为成熟台风的主要能源，其影响最为重要。感热输送对成熟台风几乎无影响。边界层的动量垂直输送具有双重作用，摩擦辐合使上升运动增大，但明显对下层涡旋有削弱作用，这近似于在台风     

积云参数化和微物理方案不同组合应用对台风路径模拟效果的影响

利用美国国家环境预测中心(National Centers for Environmental Prediction,NCEP)和国家大气研究中心(NCAR)联合研发的天气研究和预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model,WRF),研究了不同积云对流参数化方案和微物理过程方案对0514号台风彩蝶路径的影响.结果表明,积云对流参数化方案对台风路径影响较大,KF方案比BM方案能更好地模拟出台风路径;使用KF方案时,选择微物理方案比不选微物理方案对于台风路径有更好的模拟结果,其中,Ferrier、WSM6和Lin非常接近于实况;KF方案较好地模拟出副热带高压(简称副高)的西伸和东退的变化以及台风环流的风场分布和强度.     

初始场结构对台风路径影响的数值试验

设计了一个套网格的准地转正压模式，对模式的可用性进行了检验。用该模式实施了两组不同初始场的试验，分析了初始场结构对台风路径的影响，指出台风移动具有内在随机性的特征。     

边界层参数化方案对南海秋季台风“莎莉嘉”(2016)模拟的影响

利用美国中尺度数值模式WRF,选取两个局地(QNSE、MYJ)闭合和两个非局地(YSU、ACM2)闭合的边界层参数化方案对台风“莎莉嘉”(2016)进行了4组模拟试验,结果表明,不同边界层方案对台风路径影响较小,但对台风强度和结构有明显的影响,就本个例研究而言,非局地闭合边界层方案明显优于局地闭合边界层方案。台风强度的差异是热力和动力共同作用的影响。局地闭合方案模拟的地表焓通量、水汽通量和动量通量更大,台风偏强;局地闭合方案模拟的边界层高度更高、边界层顶的夹卷过程更强、垂直混合更强、台风暖心结构更强,从而台风也更强。台风强度的差异和台风结构的变化密切相关。      

不同初始场及侧边界对台风路径数值预报的影响

利用T213L31及T106L19所提供的初始场及侧边界就不同初始场及侧边界对台风路径数值预报的影响进行了敏感性试验。试验结果表明，从总体平均距离误差来看，初始场及侧边界的改进可以明显提高台风路径数值预报能力。通过不同的初始场及侧边界的相互组合(T106L19的初始场及侧边界；T106L19的初始场、T213L31的侧边界；T213L31的初始场、T106L19的侧边界；T213L31的初始场及侧边界)，对不同类型的台风路径预报、对初始场及侧边界的敏感性进行了初步试验。结果表明：非转向阶段的台风对初始场较为敏感，而转向阶段的台风对侧边界及初始场都很敏感。     

近中性条件下青藏高原行星边界层厚度及其特征分析

本文利用1979年5—8月常规气象资料,采用三种不同定义的确定边界层厚度的方法,得到近中性弱稳定条件下夏季青藏高原平均边界层厚度为600m左右。     

多时刻台风Bogus资料同化对台风"天鹅"的影响

基于GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Predition System)三维变分同化系统,设计在6小时内分别应用三小时一次和逐小时的台风定位和定强信息对台风进行多次BDA(Bogus Data Assimilation)同化,在多次BDA中只同化近似程度高的涡旋风分量而近似...     

2001年台风“榴莲”生成前期对流“热塔”的数值模拟

积云对流热塔(hot tower)对台风生成具有重要意义,但以往对热塔的认识一直停留在概念性语言描述上。采用PSU-NCAR MM5模式对2001年台风“榴莲”在正压环境条件下的生成过程,进行了成功的高分辨率(6 km)显式数值模拟。利用模式输出的高时空分辨率资料,对与台风“榴莲”生成相关的对流热塔进行了比较细致的考察,分析了成熟热塔的结构图像,并通过实例证实了Montgomery(2006)提出的热塔偶极涡度对概念模型。其主要特征包括：(1) 热塔内部垂直上升运动强烈,从边界层开始,直达甚至穿透对流层顶,最大上升速度中心位于对流层中上层;(2) 在地面到200 hPa之间,具有强雷达回波特征的对流云塔垂直耸立,边界光滑;(3) 热塔的侧边界相当位温面十分陡立,基本呈中心对称分布;(4) 热塔远比周围环境空气温度高,高温扰动中心可达4 K以上,位于最大上升速度中心上方附近;(5) 所有热塔都伴随有偶极涡度对,在垂直剖面图上偶极涡度对呈现多样性,以单偶极和双偶极为主要形式,有时也存在三偶极的形式;(6) 偶极涡度对进一步与偶极涡旋对对应;(7) 垂直速度和正涡度柱在对流层中上层基本不重合;(8) 热塔内水平风速剧烈地向垂直方向扭转。另外,初步分析了偶极涡度对的形成机制,偶极涡度对的产生归因于水平涡管向垂直涡管的剧烈扭转。     

8805号登陆台风特大暴雨的数值模拟

应用中尺度模式ＭＭ４,使用了一种简单的模式台风处理方法,成功地模拟了８８０５号台风登陆前后的演变及其伴随的特五暴雨过程,即对分析的台风中心物理量场进行修正而形成与实况极为一致的初值,以期能更好地模拟台风过程。从模拟结果可以看出,台风降水强度中心基本上是随台风登陆移动而变化的,每一时期的降水中心基本上与台风移动的路径一致或略偏前方,在登陆时的降水最大,这种降水变化与台风上升运动的烛一致的,上升运动越     

BOUNDARY LAYER STRUCTURE IN TYPHOON SAOMAI (2006): UNDERSTANDING THE EFFECTS OF EXCHANGE COEFFICIENT

Recent studies have shown that surface fluxes and exchange coefficients are particularly important to models attempting to simulate the evolution and maintenance of hurricanes or typhoons.By using an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(ARW)modeling system,this work aims to study the impact of modified exchange coefficient on the intensity and structures of typhoon Saomai(2006)over the western North Pacific.Numerical experiments with the modified and unmodified exchange coefficients are used to investigate the intensity and structure of the storm,especially the structures of the boundary layer within the storm.Results show that,compared to the unmodified experiment,the simulated typhoon in the modified experiment has a bigger deepening rate after 30-h and is the same as the observation in the last 12-h.The roughness is leveled off when wind speed is greater than 30 m/s.The momentum exchange coefficient(CD)and enthalpy exchange coefficient(CK)are leveled off too,and CD is decreased more than CK when wind speed is greater than 30 m/s.More sensible heat flux and less latent heat flux are produced.In the lower level,the modified experiment has slightly stronger outflow,stronger vertical gradient of equivalent potential temperature and substantially higher maximum tangential winds than the unmodified experiment has.The modified experiment generates larger wind speed and water vapor tendencies and transports more air of high equivalent potential temperature to the eyewall in the boundary layer.It induces more and strong convection in the eyewall,thereby leading to a stronger storm.     

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS ON THE INTENSITY AND STRUCTURE OF TYPHOON MORAKOT (2009) DURING ITS LANDING PROCESS

NCEP GFS(Global Forecast System)analytical data(available 4 times per day),satellite cloud image data and real-time observations of path and intensity of Typhoon Morakot are employed to investigate the variation of synoptic dynamics in its intensity and structure before and after the landing.This study intends to offer some hints for the forecast of intensity and structure of typhoons.Results show that in the tangential direction,the averaged asymmetry amplitude of wind on the radius of a large-value center of the low-level wind can be used as an important parameter for diagnosing the intensity of typhoons.Besides,the maximum of the upper dry potential vorticity in Morakot’s center tends to extend downward along the intensive gradient of tangential wind situated on the inner side of a large-value center of the low-level tangential wind.Additionally,the radial advection of the tangential wind determines the variation of tangential wind in conjunction with the vertical transmission of the tangential wind,the inertial centrifugal force and the Coriolis force.These four items are dominant in the motion equation of tangential wind based on a cylindrical coordinate without the effects of friction and turbulence.Moreover,the low-level convergence center of the typhoon has a tendency of shifting and developing along the intensive gradient of the tangential wind in the tangential direction.     

IMPROVED SCHEME OF AXISYMMETRIC TYPHOON BOGUS MODEL AND ITS IMPACT ON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF TYPHOON NOCKTEN （NO.0405）

There is distinct difference in the tangential wind profile between different typhoons in the western North Pacific. At present, only two parameters, maximum wind and radius of maximum wind, are used in NCAR-AFWA bogus for MM5 mesoscale numerical model. As a result, sometimes the outer structure of typhoon cannot be described accurately. The tangential wind profile of NCAR-AFWA bogus is improved by introducing radii of 25.7 m/s and 15.4 m/s, and then the track and intensity of Typhoon Nockten (No.0425) are simulated. The results show that the simulations of track and intensity of typhoon both have been improved by simultaneously introducing the radii in the tangential wind profile of typhoon bogus. At the same time, there is improvement in the gale wind range of the typhoon simulated.     

EFFECT OF DRY COLD AIR ACTIVITY ON THE OFFSHORE RAPID INTENSIFICATION OF SUPER TYPHOON SAOMAI (2006): A NUMERICAL SIMULATION RESEARCH

Employing the mesoscale WRF (Weather Research and Forecast) model, Super Typhoon Saomai (2006) is simulated. The variation of track and intensity and its offshore rapid intensification process are well demonstrated by the model, and the temperature and humidity patterns associated with the dry cold air activity and their impact on and mechanism of the offshore rapid intensification of Saomai are mainly studied in this paper. The results indicate that high-resolution water vapor imagery can visually reveal the development, evolution, interaction as well as the mutual complementation of the dry cold air activity accompanied with the development of Saomai. The offshore rapid intensification phenomenon of Saomai is closely related to the dry cold air which originates from the upper- and mid- troposphere. Besides, the dry cold air from the upper troposphere is stronger than that from the mid-troposphere. Saomai intensifies as the dry cold air from the northwest moves toward its circulation but weakens when the dry cold air from the southwest is drawn into the storm. Dry cold airflows and their cold advection effect caused by the downward motion across the isentropic surface are favorable to the development of Saomai. The dry cold air always moves along an isentropic surface from the upper troposphere to the mid-troposphere around the typhoon circulation and contributes to Saomai’s abrupt intensity change.     

SATELLITE-BASED ANALYSIS ON THE CONCENTRIC EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLES OF SUPER TYPHOON MUIFA (1109)

Multisatellite data is used to analyze the characteristics of three eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) during the lifetime of Typhoon Muifa (1109). Spiral rainbands evolutions, concentric eyewall (CE) structure modes, CE durations, and intensity changes are discussed in detail. In addition, an ERC evolution model of Typhoon Muifa is given. There are four main findings. (1) The outer spiral rainband joins end to end to form the outer eyewall after it disconnects from the original (inner) eyewall. The inner eyewall weakens as the outer eyewall becomes axisymmetric and is intensified. The contraction of the outer eyewall causes the inner eyewall to dissipate rapidly. Finally, the ERC ends with an annular eyewall or spiral rainbands. (2) Although the CE duration times of Typhoon Muifa’s three ERCs covered a large range, the CE structures were all maintained for approximately 5 h from the formation of the axisymmetric outer eyewall to the end of the cycle. (3) There is no obvious precipitation reflectivity in the eye or moat region for the subsidence flow. The convection within the two eyewalls is organized as a radially outward slope with increasing height. (4) Typhoon intensity estimation results based on ADT may not explain the intensity variations associated with ERC correctly, while the typhoon’s warm core data retrieved from AMSU-A works well.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION STUDY ON THE RAPID INTENSIFICATION OF TYPHOON HAIKUI (1211) OFF THE SHORE OF CHINA

Forecasting the rapid intensification of tropical cyclones over offshore areas remains difficult. In this article, the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model was used to study the rapid intensification of Typhoon Haikui (1211) off the shore of China. After successful simulation of the intensity change and track of the typhoon, the model output was further analyzed to determine the mechanism of the rapid change in intensity. The results indicated that a remarkable increase in low-level moisture transportation toward the inner core, favorable large-scale background field with low-level convergence, and high-level divergence played key roles in the rapid intensification of Typhoon Haikui in which high-level divergence could be used as an indicator for the rapid intensity change of Typhoon Haikui approximately 6 h in advance. An analysis of the typhoon structure revealed that Typhoon Haikui was structurally symmetric during the rapid intensification and the range of the eyewall was small in the low level but extended outward in the high level. In addition, the vertically ascending motion, the radial and tangential along wind speeds increased with increasing typhoon intensity, especially during the process of rapid intensification. Furthermore, the intensity of the warm core of the typhoon increased during the intensification process with the warm core extending outward and toward the lower layer. All of the above structural changes contributed to the maintenance and development of typhoon intensity.     

A NUMERICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF TAIWAN ISLAND TERRAIN ON TYPHOON HAITANG （0505） TRACK

The track of Typhoon Haitang (0505), which passed through the Taiwan Island and landed again,has been successfully simulated by using the non-hydrostatic mesoscale atmospheric model MM5. Itsstructure is analyzed on the landing stage, and it is found that there exist good relationships between thetyphoon abnormal moving track and its asymmetry structure. The effect of terrain of Taiwan Island on thetyphoon Haitang, which made it rotate before landing and present a "V" type abnormal moving track inTaiwan straits, has also been simulated. Further analysis shows that the terrain of Taiwan Island not onlydirectly affects the typhoon moving track, but also changes the typhoon track by affecting its asymmetricstructure. Therefore, the typhoon asymmetric structure and the effect of terrain of Taiwan Island togetherresults in the abnormal rotating track. The terrain of Taiwan Island tends to increase the SW-NEasymmetric structure of the typhoon and has different effect on SE-NW asymmetric structure during thelandfall process of typhoon Haitang before entering and moving out of the Taiwan straits.     

台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”(0505)移动路径影响的数值试验研究

利用非静力模式MM5模拟台风“海棠”（0505）穿过台湾岛再次登陆的移动路径，分析了“海棠”登陆台湾岛前后结构特征变化。结果表明：台风自身的非对称结构与台风异常移动路径密切相关。另外，就台湾岛地形对台风“海棠”登陆台湾前打转和在台湾海峡出现“V”型移动异常路径影响进行数值试验表明：台湾岛地形不但可以直接影响台风移动路径，而且通过影响台风非对称结构来改变台风移动路径，因此，登陆台湾前逆时针打转异常路径是在弱引导气流中台风自身非对称结构和台湾岛地形共同作用的结果；台湾岛地形有使台风东北-西南向非对称增大趋势，而在台风进入台湾海峡前后对东南。西北向非对称有明显不同影响。