纳米比亚欢乐谷地区白岗岩型铀矿矿物特征研究

本文通过系统的岩矿鉴定和电子探针分析,对纳米比亚欢乐谷地区白岗岩型铀矿的矿物特征进行了详细的研究.该地区铀的赋存形式以独立铀矿物为主,少量以类质同像形式存在于钍矿物中.铀矿物的主要种类有:晶质铀矿、钍铀矿、铀石、铀钍石、钛铀矿、沥青铀矿、硅钙铀矿和钒钾铀矿等,其中,晶质铀矿、钍铀矿和钛铀矿等原生铀矿物约占69％,而反应边状铀石、铀钍石、沥青铀矿、钒钾铀矿和硅钙铀矿等次生铀矿物约占31％.由此可见,该区铀矿化主要表现为原始岩浆的分异作用与后期热液改造作用的相互叠加,其热液改造程度不大,仅使铀发生内部再分配.     

粤北青嶂山岩体江头矿区铀矿微区矿物学、年代学特征及其成矿动力背景制约

粤北诸广和贵东是华南最重要的两个花岗型铀矿密集区,青嶂山(龙源坝)岩体位于两者之间,是华南花岗岩型铀矿研究薄弱地区。江头铀矿区地处青嶂山岩体北部与南雄断陷盆地的结合部位,该矿区的铀成矿年代学研究几为空白。本文通过电子探针方法研究了青嶂山岩体、及与该岩体密切相关的江头矿区中的铀矿物微区矿物学特征,获得岩浆成因的晶质铀矿与热液成因的沥青铀矿的U-Th-Pb化学年龄,探讨了华南铀成矿作用动力学背景及成矿地质体。研究表明:青嶂山岩体粗粒斑状黑云母花岗岩和中粒斑状黑云母花岗岩中的铀矿物主要有晶质铀矿、铀石,部分晶质铀矿存在明显铀释放的特征,其晶质铀矿化学年龄分别为246.8±8.8Ma、161.5±8.0Ma,与前人获得的锆石U-Pb年龄结果在误差范围内一致,分别代表了区内印支期与燕山期花岗岩体的成岩年龄,表明在南雄断陷盆地形成之前,青嶂山岩体与诸广岩体可能为一有机整体,有着相同的成岩、成矿环境。江头矿区矿石中铀矿物主要为沥青铀矿,伴有少量钛铀矿、铀石等,沥青铀矿化学年龄分别为121.3±9.8Ma、98.8±8.0Ma、73.2±8.8Ma,分别代表区内3期铀成矿作用的时代,结合华南中生代以来...     

电子探针化学测年在攀枝花大田晶质铀矿中的应用及其意义

晶质铀矿和沥青铀矿是热液铀矿床的主要工业铀矿物,在研究热液铀矿床成因及成矿规律方面具有重要的意义。攀枝花大田地区是我国混合岩型热液铀矿分布区,已发现粗粒特富铀矿滚石(铀含量10%)及较富基岩矿石(铀含量为0.1%~2%),主要铀矿物为晶质铀矿,对两种晶质铀矿成分及形成时代的研究对该区混合岩型热液铀矿成矿规律研究具有重要的价值。本文通过对大田地区滚石中的晶质铀矿和基岩矿石中的晶质铀矿进行矿物学及电子探针分析,研究了晶质铀矿的成分及形成时代。结果表明:(1)大田地区滚石和基岩矿石中的晶质铀矿除铅之外化学成分较为相似,两类矿石晶质铀矿中UO_2含量为77.36%~84.04%,ThO_2含量为0.98%~5.59%,PbO含量为1.79%~8.8%,其中滚石晶质铀矿中的铅含量低于基岩晶质铀矿,钍含量高于基岩晶质铀矿;(2)电子探针化学定年结果表明,基岩矿石晶质铀矿的形成时代为774.9~785.5 Ma,滚石晶质铀矿的形成时代为783.7 Ma,与传统同位素测年结果(775~777.6 Ma)非常一致,一方面说明滚石晶质铀矿和基岩晶质铀矿为同一时代的产物,另一方面说明电子探针原位测年方法是可靠的;(3)在后期的热液蚀变中,晶质铀矿先后发生了硅化、碳酸盐化及赤铁矿化,蚀变发生的时间分别为730.6Ma、699.8 Ma和664.0 Ma。此结论对研究攀枝花大田地区热液铀矿成矿时代及成矿作用过程提供了依据。     

华南混合岩中的铀矿化

以浸染扶晶质铀矿形式产于混合岩中的铀矿化是华南一种新的铀矿化类型。根据晶质铀矿在矿体中的存在形式,可划分为原生型和改造型。原生型矿床中主要铀矿物是晶质铀矿,改造型矿床中的主要铀矿物是沥青铀矿和残余的晶质铀矿。此类型矿床是富铀地层选择性熔融,并在此过程中导致铀的活化、转移和局部富集的结果。     

电子探针测年方法应用于粤北长江岩体的铀矿物年龄研究

晶质铀矿被认为是花岗岩型铀矿成矿的主要矿源提供者,在评价岩体的含矿性和确定成岩成矿年龄方面有重要意义。长江岩体属于诸广山复式岩体的一部分,是粤北地区重要的产铀花岗岩体,本文利用电子探针对该岩体中的铀矿物进行研究。结果表明:长江岩体中的铀矿物多以充填或被黄铁矿包围的形式存在,或者分布于石英、黑云母、绿泥石等矿物中;铀矿物类型主要有晶质铀矿、沥青铀矿、铀石、铀钍石四种。晶质铀矿/沥青油矿的化学年龄值可分为三组:~155 Ma、~106 Ma和~74 Ma。第一组年龄代表岩体的形成时代,后两组年龄代表铀矿的多期次成矿作用年龄。铀矿物从成岩后到~106 Ma,成分没有发生明显变化,直到~74 Ma后才发生明显的U元素活化、迁移。因此,可以推测长江岩体地区主要的铀矿成矿期应发生在~74 Ma及之后。     

桂北沙子江铀矿床沥青铀矿原位微区年代学和元素分析:对铀成矿作用的启示

微区原位分析是地球科学研究的重要手段,但这些分析技术在华南热液铀矿床中的应用相对较少,限制了对铀矿床成矿机理的深入认识。沙子江铀矿床是华南著名的花岗岩型热液铀矿床。本文利用电子探针(EMPA)、激光电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICPMS)以及二次离子探针(SIMS)等微区原位分析技术,对沙子江铀矿床中的沥青铀矿开展了U-Pb同位素年代学及元素组成研究,确定了沥青铀矿的形成时代及成分特征,并探讨了蚀变作用对沥青铀矿成分及其表面年龄或化学年龄的影响。电子探针分析结果显示,该沥青铀矿以富铀和钙、极低含量的ThO_2和稀土元素为特征,揭示其为低温热液成因,成矿热液富含Ca。LA-ICP-MS分析结果显示,沥青铀矿的稀土元素总量较低,其配分模式呈轻稀土富集型,具有明显的负Eu异常,与赋矿围岩豆乍山花岗岩的稀土元素组成相似,暗示其铀源可能与豆乍山岩体有密切的关系。蚀变和未蚀变沥青铀矿成分的对比研究显示,蚀变作用会导致硅元素大量进入沥青铀矿晶格,造成铀和铅的丢失,从而影响沥青铀矿的表观年龄或化学年龄,但沥青铀矿的稀土元素配分模式不会受到蚀变的影响。未蚀变沥青铀矿的SIMS微区原位分析获得的U-Pb年龄为101. 3±4. 5Ma,表明沙子江铀矿床存在100Ma左右的铀成矿事件。受岩石圈伸展控制形成的富CO流体与富铀花岗岩相互作用浸取出花岗岩中的铀,并在合适的构造部位沉淀形成了沙子江铀矿床。     

鄂尔多斯盆地北部铀矿床铀矿物赋存状态及富集机理

为了进一步深化铀矿物的富集机理.利用α径迹放射性照相、扫描电镜、电子探针等方法对鄂尔多斯盆地北部铀矿床中铀矿物的赋存状态进行了系统研究.发现该区铀矿物主要为铀石，少量沥青铀矿和含铀钛矿物.沉积-成岩期碎屑铀矿物赋存在碎屑颗粒内部，吸附在锐钛矿周围，为铀储层中预富集的铀.成矿期铀矿物大部分赋存在碎屑颗粒填隙部位，与黄铁矿、碳质碎屑相伴生，与石英颗粒及方解石胶结关系密切；部分吸附在包裹碎屑颗粒的蒙脱石薄膜上.另外发现了，沥青铀矿-赤铁矿-黄铁矿的矿物组合，以及硒铅矿（PbSe）和白硒铁矿（FeSe₂）与铀矿物相伴生，并伴有REE含量明显升高.分析得出，沥青铀矿形成于成矿早期，氧化酸性流体与还原碱性流体的过渡界面，偏向于氧化酸性一侧；而铀石主要形成于成矿晚期的还原碱性环境.双重铀源供给、丰富的还原介质、多源流体的耦合，局部的热液流体叠加改造，共同造就了鄂尔多斯盆地北部大矿、富矿的形成.      

含铀副矿物的热液蚀变：来自华南鹿井矿田碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿床的矿物学研究

花岗岩型铀矿中铀的来源问题,长期以来是铀矿床学研究的热点问题之一。大多数学者认为其成矿物质主要来源于花岗岩本身的含铀副矿物,然而对于含铀副矿物热液蚀变行为研究较少。鹿井铀矿田位于诸广山复式岩体的中部,是华南最主要花岗岩型铀矿田之一,碎裂蚀变岩型铀矿化在该矿田内占主导地位。小山铀矿床位于鹿井矿田中部,是近些年新发现的碎裂蚀变岩型矿床。本文以钻孔ZK1-1为研究对象,对热液蚀变带开展了精细矿物学研究。研究表明：蚀变带中发育有晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石、独居石、磷钇矿、锆石、磷灰石、金红石等含铀副矿物。晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石中铀含量高,热液蚀变条件不稳定,铀容易释放;独居石蚀变为直氟碳钙铈矿和磷钇矿蚀变为次生磷灰石过程中容易释放出铀;锆石因结构稳定,铀难以释放;磷灰石、金红石中铀含量较低,供铀能力差。综合分析认为花岗岩中晶质铀矿、铀石—钍石是主要铀源矿物,独居石、磷钇矿为次要铀源矿物。     

Mineral chemical study of U-bearing minerals from the Dominion Reefs,South Africa

The Neo-Archean Dominion Reefs (~3.06 Ga) are thin meta-conglomerate layers with concentrations of U- and Th-bearing heavy minerals higher than in the overlying Witwatersrand Reefs. Ore samples from Uranium One Africa’s Rietkuil and Dominion exploration areas near Klerksdorp, South Africa, were investigated for their mineral paragenesis, texture and mineral chemical composition. The ore and heavy mineral assemblages consist of uraninite, other uraniferous minerals, Fe sulphides, Ni–Co sulfarsenides, garnet, pyrite, pyrrhotite, monazite, zircon, chromite, magnetite and minor gold. Sub-rounded uraninite grains occur associated with the primary detrital heavy mineral paragenesis. U–Ti, U–Th minerals, pitchblende (colloform uraninite) and coffinite are of secondary, re-mobilised origin as evidenced by crystal shape and texture. Most of the uranium mineralisation is represented by detrital uraninite with up to 70.2 wt.% UO₂ and up to 9.3 wt.% ThO₂. Re-crystallised phases such as secondary pitchblende (without Th), coffinite, U–Ti and U–Th phases are related to hydrothermal overprint during low-grade metamorphism and are of minor abundance.     

西准噶尔白杨河铀矿床沥青铀矿矿物特征及形成环境

白杨河铀矿是我国新疆地区典型的铀-多金属矿床,为查明该矿原生铀矿物特征,进一步探究沥青铀矿的形成与保存环境,本文利用偏光显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针等多种研究手段对该矿床中的沥青铀矿开展了矿物学研究工作,并利用激光拉曼和碳硫仪对与原生矿体空间关系极为密切的黑色断层泥开展了研究。结果表明,本矿床形成的原生沥青铀矿主要赋存在热液脉中,矿石组构包括:碎裂结构、花岗状压碎结构、斑状压碎结构、交代反应边结构;黑色断层泥含有一定量的有机碳(TOC为0.24%～1.07%),拉曼测试结果显示出较强烈的碳质峰。沥青铀矿不同程度地遭受流体改造作用,使得矿物化学成分极其复杂。随着流体改造程度的增加,UO_2、PbO呈现降低的趋势,Nb_2O_5及ZrO_2含量则表现出升高的趋势,显示在后期的流体改造作用过程中,铀被活化迁移的同时,流体还带来了丰富的Nb和Zr等元素。进一步分析认为富有机碳的断层泥在成矿过程中可能为U~(6+)的易溶络合物还原为沥青铀矿沉淀提供了有利条件,并且在沥青铀矿形成后起到了一定程度的保护作用。     

康滇地轴中南段牟定1101铀矿区沥青铀矿成矿时代及成因

牟定1101铀矿区是康滇地轴中南段发现高品位、巨粒晶质铀矿代表性产地之一.为了解铀矿物的形成时代及成因,利用微区、原位分析技术（EPMA、SEM、LA-ICP-MS）对该区3件沥青铀矿样品开展了主量化学成分、稀土元素分析及年龄测定.沥青铀矿电子探针（EPMA）化学成分具有高PbO、ThO₂、Y₂O₃,低SiO₂,Na₂O,CaO,K₂O,ZrO₂含量特征,反映沥青铀矿形成之后遭受后期的蚀变、改造作用较弱.沥青铀矿的稀土元素ΣREE-（U/Th）、ΣREE-（ΣREE/ΣREE）_N图解表明其为岩浆作用相关成因、形成于高温环境（T>450℃）.3件沥青铀矿的U-Pb同位素年龄在（950±5 Ma、MSWD=0.025,953±9 Ma、MSWD=0.051,954±8 Ma、MSWD=0.085）之间,表明它们具有相近的形成时代（新元古界晚期）.对比国外不同类型铀矿床,该区的铀成矿作用具有岩浆成因特征.新元古界晚期,Rodinia超大陆由聚合转化为裂解阶段,广泛引起了Pt₁j苴林群发生区域变质、混合岩化、铀成矿作用.牟定1101铀矿区的成矿作用与~960 Ma Rodinia超大陆裂解地质事件所对应的晋宁构造运动有关.      

Transport and deposition of uranium in hydrothermal ore fluids as exemplified by Uranium Deposit 302

Uranium Deposit 302 is a large hydrothermal uranium deposit occurring in fault zones within a granite. Pitchblende is the only primary uranium mineral found in the ore. The associated minerals include quartz, fluorite, hematite and pyrite. This paper focusses on the mechanism of transport and deposition of uranium in hydrothermal oreforming solutions responsible for the deposit. It is concluded that uranium might be not only oxidized in a relatively reducing environment, but also reduced in a relatively oxidizing environment, depending on the speciation of uranium in the solutions. The formation of pitchblende is closely related to uranium reduction at the stage of uranium mineralization.     

广东长排铀矿床成矿流体特征

长排铀矿床位于广东长江铀矿田内,矿体主要赋存在北北西向硅化断裂带内及其两侧的蚀变花岗岩中。流体包裹体显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析表明,成矿流体为中低温、中低盐度的含CO2、CH4和H2的流体。铀成矿期流体包裹体均一温度多集中于120~250 ℃,盐度为04%~102%。氢、氧同位素分析表明,成矿流体可能来源于深部,后期有大气降水的加入。成矿期方解石的δ13C值大多数集中于-91‰~-82‰,以深源碳为主。综合分析认为,长排铀矿床属于中低温热液脉型铀矿床。成矿流体经历了沸腾作用,使CO2等挥发分逃逸,这可能是长排铀矿床铀矿沉淀、富集的主要原因。     

Uranium (-nickel-cobalt-molybdenum) mineralization along the Singhbhum copper belt,India, and the problem of ore genesis

Uranium mineralization is present at many places along the 200 km long Singhbhum copper belt, but the mineralization is relatively concentrated at the central part of it. The belt is characterized by many shear zone features, such as mylonites, phyllonites, and L-S type of structures and of course, copious metasomatism. Country rocks are basic schists, metapelites, quartzose rocks and albite schist/gneiss (Soda Granite). Orebodies are sheet-like, conformable with the pervasive planar structures in the host rocks. No pronounced wall rock alteration accompanied the mineralization. Grade of the ore is low (<0.1% U₃O₈). The principal uraniferous mineral uraninite occurs as dissemination. Other uranium-bearing minerals include pitchblende, allanite, xenotime, davidite, clarkeite, autunite (-metaautunite), torbernite, schoepite (-metaschoepite) and uranophane. Uranium is also present in a number of refractory phases either as inclusion of uraninite or in the crystal structure. Additionally, nickel, cobalt and molybdenum are present at Jaduguda-Bhatin in the form of millerite, gersdorffite, melonite, nickel-bearing pyrite, molybdenite etc. Dominance of uraninite over pitchblende and the larger cell-edge of uraninite, development of hematite-bearing quartz and Na-oligoclase at places in the ore zone, association of uranium mineralization with Ni-Co-Mo(-S-As) mineralization at Jaduguda-Bhatin and continuation of the orebodies to considerable depths, suggest that the uranium mineralization along the Singhbhum belt belongs to moderate to high temperature vein type. The age obtained by Pb²⁰⁷/Pb²⁰⁶ ratio and the concordia method suggest that the uranium mineralization in Singhbhum took place 1500–1600 Ma ago and this age is not far different from the age of formation of uranium-vein deposits in many other Precambrian shields of the world. The following two mechanisms of the formation of the deposits are discussed: 1) uranium precipitated in the Dhanjori basal sediments was mobilized during deformation and metamorphism into ore deposits, 2) the hydrodynamic system that leached out copper from the metabasic rocks to form the copper deposits at an earlier stage, could, in one of the oxidised pulses leach out uranium from the basal sediments and precipitate it in the favourable situations. Subsequent small-scale redistribution is possible. Constituents of the Ni-Co-(-S-As) mineralization appear to have been contributed by the volcanic-sedimentary pile.     

New Evidence for Genesis of the Zoige Carbonate-Siliceous-Pelitic Rock Type Uranium Deposit in Southern Qinling: Discovery and Significance of the 64 Ma Intrusions

The carbonaceous-siliceous-argillitic rock type uranium deposit in the Zoige area is located in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, and has gained much attention of many geologists and ore deposit experts due to its scale, high grade and abundant associated ores. Because of the insufficient reliable dating of intrusive rocks, the relationship between mineralization and the magmatic activities is still unknown. In order to study this key scientific issue and the ore-forming processes of the Zoige uranium ore field, the LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of magmatic rocks was obtained:64.08±0.59 Ma for the granite-prophyry and ~200 Ma for the dolerite. U-Pb dating results of uraninite from the Zoige uranium ore field are mainly concentrated on ~90 Ma and ~60 Ma. According to LA-ICP-MS U-Pb zircon dating, the ages for the dolerite, porphyry granite and granodiorite are 200 Ma, 64.08 Ma approximately and 226.5-200.88 Ma, respectively. This indicates that the mineralization has close relationship with activities of the intermediate-acidic magma. The ages of the granite porphyry are consistent with those uraninite U-Pb dating results achieved by previous studies, which reflects the magmatic and ore-forming event during the later Yanshanian. Based on the data from previous researches, the ore bodies in the Zoige uranium ore field can be divided into two categories:the single uranium type and the uranium with polymetal mineralization type. The former formed at late Cretaceous(about 90 Ma), while the latter, closely related to the granite porphyry, formed at early Paleogene(about 60 Ma). And apart from ore forming elemental uranium, the latter is often associated with polymetallic elements, such as molybdenum, nickel, zinc, etc.     

甘肃红石泉伟晶岩型铀矿床地质、地球化学特征及成因探讨

红石泉矿床位于龙首山铀成矿带的西段,是我国发现的最为典型的伟晶岩型铀矿床,具有岩体型矿化的特点,铀矿化发育于伟晶岩体内部和接触混染带内。通过对含矿主岩伟晶岩进行系统研究表明,红石泉矿床中铀以晶质铀矿、沥青铀矿和铀黑形式存在。在中条造山运动晚期(1 735±67) Ma形成初始铀矿化,并在海西期(356±46) Ma部分矿石发生了热液叠加改造。早期岩浆成矿阶段主要形成晶质铀矿,晚期热液叠加改造阶段主要形成沥青铀矿,并发育了与芨岭钠交代型铀矿床相似的"四位一体"蚀变组合,热液改造过程是一个去K、增Na的过程。     

北祁连中段北缘铀成矿带钠交代与铀成矿关系探讨

北祁连中段北缘冷龙岭铀矿带处于祁连-龙首山NW向海西碱交代热液型铀成矿带,是典型的钠交代型铀矿带。铀成矿与钠交代有着十分密切的关系,矿体几乎都产在钠交代岩内。矿床内钠交代岩矿物组成上的最大特点是原岩矿物大多消失,代之以红色的钠长石。钠交代使岩石有效孔隙度增大,并且降低了抗压强度,从而成为构造活动的薄弱环节。钠交代促使原岩中铀的赋存状态发生改变,使铀发生活化转移。在钠质交代过程中,许多铀元素的载体矿物被钠长石交代,也是使铀发生活化转移的重要因素。以上事实充分说明,钠交代不仅为铀沉淀提供了良好的空间,而且为铀成矿奠定了物质基础。     

东昆仑造山带海德乌拉铀矿床沥青铀矿年代学特征及成因

海德乌拉铀矿床位于东昆仑造山带东段,是西北地区最近发现的与火山岩有关的独立铀矿床,对其研究有助于揭示青藏高原热液铀成矿机制. 利用扫描电镜、电子探针和激光原位分析等对海德乌拉铀矿床沥青铀矿开展了化学成分分析和同位素定年等工作. 结果显示海德乌拉铀矿床沥青铀矿具有较高的Ca和REE含量,较低的LREE/HREE比值. 沥青铀矿电子探针U?Th?Pb化学年龄为226~350 Ma,峰值为289 Ma;U?Pb同位素年龄为234.6±1.2 Ma（MSWD=0.99,n=17）. 两组年龄的差异可能与海德乌拉铀矿床沥青铀矿中存在普通铅而导致电子探针U?Th?Pb化学定年失准有关. 研究认为海德乌拉铀矿床沥青铀矿形成于岩浆期后富Ca的中温热液,矿床的形成可能与古特提斯构造域布青山-阿尼玛卿洋北向俯冲-碰撞后的伸展环境有关.      

相山铀矿田6122矿床凝灰岩铀矿石成因探讨

在相山铀矿田6122矿床4号带的主要含矿岩石英安岩和“碎斑熔岩”之外发现了新的含矿岩石凝灰岩。铀矿石中绿泥石含量较高．并且含铀达7．13％。经过对舍矿凝灰岩特征、矿化与构造的关系、与铀矿物共生矿物的特征进行研究，笔者认为成矿熟液来自于地壳深部，曾经经历过高温阶段。在矿化蚀变过程中形成大量绿泥石、水云母等粘土矿物．它们使铀酰络离子稳定性、溶解度降低而解体．使铀还原沉淀并被绿泥石、水云母等吸附。