海洋溢油生态损害评估程序及方法探讨

海洋溢油会对所在海域的海洋环境、海洋生物造成严重损害。近年来,我国海洋溢油事故频发,对海洋环境和人民财产造成相应损害,但往往由于赔偿不充分导致费用支付困难,使得溢油损害得不到及时清除。根据溢油量、油膜覆盖范围、岸滩、水质、沉积物质量、生物质量、潮间带及海洋生物等受损情况,可从六大方面评估溢油对海洋生态造成的价值损失,即海洋生态服务功能损害价值、海洋环境容量损失价值、油污清除费用、海洋生境修复费用、海洋生物修复费用及监测评估费用,从而建立一套相对科学、完整的海洋溢油生态损害评估程序及方法,为我国海洋溢油生态索赔提供一定的科学依据和理论支持。     

海洋生态系统服务的内涵和损失评估的进展及争议

为实现充分补偿污染事故造成的海洋生态环境损害的目的,应当合理地评估生态环境损害的程度并将损失货币化.其中,海洋生态系统服务价值的损失评估是至关重要的组成部分.本文首先回顾了国内外学者对海洋生态系统服务的定义、分类指标体系和价值的研究进展,然后提出目前评估海洋生态系统服务的损害程度和货币化损害方法中存在的争议和问题,包括...     

海洋溢油生态损害简易评估方法研究

海洋溢油事故多以小型溢油为主,采用简易评估方法对小型溢油事故生态损害快速、高效的评估,对及时进行海洋生态损害赔偿、补偿和修复具有重要意义.通过对溢油生态损害概念及补偿适用范围的分析,明确了简易评估法的适用范围,提出了一些衡量简易评估方法有效性的指标标准,并分别对华盛顿州“索赔公式法”、佛罗里达州“直接计算法”和溢油生态损害快速预评估模式3种典型的简易生态损害评估方法进行分析比较.为了使简易评估法在实践中发挥更好的作用,提出应在溢油专项基金的建立,预警系统及应急体系的建立和完善,损害评估方法的改进和发展,基础数据库的建设、损害评估信息系统功能完善5个方面加强建设.     

进一步完善我国的海洋和渔业法规

《渔业法》颁布实施20年来,我国海洋和渔业法治建设已取得很大成就,但这一法规体系尚存在多方面问题。文章从海洋环境保护和渔业资源养护立法、海洋与渔业自然保护区立法、渔业保险立法、渔船管理立法、《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》配套法规等五个方面,提出了进一步完善我国海洋和渔业法规的建议。     

海洋溢油生态损害快速预评估模式研究

海洋作为石油资源的主要产地和运输路线,海上溢油事故对海洋生态系统的损害十分巨大.为了评估溢油对海洋生态系统的损害,研制一套海洋溢油生态损害的快速预评估方法和模式非常必要,且对于海洋管理和生态索赔具有重要意义.本文建立了一套适用于渤海海域的海洋溢油生态损害快速预评估模式,该模式将海洋溢油生态损失分为两部分,即海洋环境容量...     

海洋工程污染分类研究

给出海洋工程的概念和定义,对海洋工程污染的分类和研究现状进行了讨论。从海洋工程污染的工程特征要素、污染特征要素、程度要素和管理要素进行了分类研究,认为海洋工程污染的分类,可按其工程特征要素,对其进行离海岸的远近、离海底的高度、使用材质、移动与否等分类;可按其工程污染要素,对其进行化学污染、物理污染、生物损害、地质损害与污染等分类;可按其工程污染影响的深度特征要素,对其进行重度影响、中度影响和轻度影响分类;可按其工程污染的管理角度,对其进行海洋工程和海岸工程的分类。     

海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价特点浅析

相比陆上油气开发工程和其他海洋工程而言,海洋油气开发工程有其自身的特点,海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价应关注的内容与其他工程有所不同。文章通过分析海洋油气开发工程的特点以及对环境影响的特点,提出海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价要点,即包括施工期悬浮泥沙及钻井液钻屑排放对海洋生态环境的影响、运营期含油生产水排放对海洋生态环境的影响、工程建设对海洋环境敏感目标的影响、溢油事故环境风险分析、污染防治及生态保护措施,并针对目前海洋油气开发工程环境影响评价存在的问题提出改进建议。     

强化海洋工程建设项目监管的几点思考

随着我国海洋开发战略的深入实施,海洋经济已经成为国民经济新的增长点。数据显示,2001-2009年海洋生产总值年均增长率为16.12%,远高出同期GDP增速。2011年是十二五开局之年,十二五规划纲要提出了发展海洋经济的百字方针,特别强调要提高海洋开发、控制和综合管理能力。可以预见,海洋开发热潮的到来,将使海洋工程建设的规模和数量迅猛扩大和上升,无疑会给海洋环境带来巨大的压力,同时也为加快转变海洋管理方式提供了广阔的践行空间。2006年,为加强对海洋工程建设项目的管理,国务院颁布实施了《防治海洋工程建设项目污染损害海洋环境管理条例》,进一步明确了在海洋工程开发建设中海洋行政主管部门的职责、任务和要求。如何实现十二五规划纲要的要求,切实履行好法律赋予的职责,保持海洋资源和环境的可持续发展,是摆在海洋行政主管部门面前的重要课题。     

防治海洋工程建设项目对海洋环境的污染损害法律问题研究

近年来海洋工程建设项目随着海洋经济的繁荣日益增多,在带动海洋经济发展的同时也增加了危害海洋环境的可能性,过度的海洋开发活动加重了对海洋环境的污染及生态系统的破坏程度。我国虽在立法上制定了一系列法规政策、专门条例为海洋工程污染防治保驾护航,但是目前海洋工程污染防治并未引起法学界的过多关注和深入研究。在我国海洋工程污染防治中仍然存在如下问题亟待解决：海洋工程环境影响评价制度的程序及责任设定问题、海洋工程听证制度公众参与度不足、海洋工程环境高风险领域责任保险制度不够完善、监管力度不足、公民对海洋工程污染防治知情权的缺失等。通过对以上问题进行法律分析及原因分析,对相关条例、法律及政策进行总结评析,提出解决对策。通过完善环境影响评价制度,健全听证制度相关规定,加强环境污染责任保险制度建设,提升对海洋工程污染防治的监管力度,明确公民知情权等方式来解决所提出的问题,为海洋工程污染防治提供更多的法律助推力量。     

论建立溢油对海洋生态环境污染预警机制的必要性

溢油是严重的海洋灾害。我国是海洋大国,港口和海上石油钻井平台众多,海上航线复杂,运输繁忙,发生海上溢油事故的风险较大。文章就海上溢油污染风险分析、溢油污染物对生态环境的损害和建立海洋生态环境污染预警机制的必要性及原则与基础工作进行了探讨并提出对策措施。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.