理解大气资料同化的根本概念

本文阐明随机变量是大气资料同化的根本概念。其根本性可以体现在两个方面：(1) 原理上,大气资料同化的科学实质是建立在随机变量这个概念上。由于将资料同化的可用信息视为随机变量的数据,所以概率论与数理统计学成为资料同化的数学基础,使得资料同化有了基于估计理论的最优标准及其数学形式,成为一门科学。(2) 实施上,基于随机变量这个概念下的数据是理解大气资料同化发展史的钥匙。由于资料同化的具体实施表现为各种同化方法中可用信息的资料融合,将资料同化的可用信息视为随机变量的数据,可以清晰地揭示主流同化方法的发展进程对应着其可用信息在内涵和种类上的不断扩展,这个扩展具体地体现了同化发展史的一个循序渐进的内在发展逻辑。     

气溶胶元素碳的测量及其与虚折射率的相关性

大气气溶胶的虚折射率是大气气溶胶的一个重要物理参数,它表示气溶胶对光辐射的吸收特性。大气气溶胶中的元素碳是重要的吸光物质。因此,对大气气溶胶中元素碳的测量及与大气气溶胶虚折射率测量的相关性研究具有重要意义。 本文提供了利用240C元素分析仪测量大气气溶胶中元素碳含量的方法,并对大气气溶胶元素碳含量与大气气溶胶虚折射率的测量结果作了相关性分析。结果表明,两者之间存在明显的正相关。     

The impact of internal atmospheric variability on the North Pacific SST variability

The impact of internal atmospheric variability on North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability is examined based on three coupled general circulation model simulations. The three simulations differ only in the level of atmospheric noise occuring over the ocean at the air-sea interface. The amplitude of atmospheric noise is controlled by use of the interactive ensemble technique. This technique simultaneously couples multiple realizations of a single atmospheric model to a single realization of an ocean model. The atmospheric component models all experience the same SST, but the ocean component is forced by the ensemble averaged fluxes thereby reducing the impact of internal atmospheric dynamics at the air-sea interface. The ensemble averaging is only applied at the air-sea interface so that the internal atmospheric dynamics (i.e., transients) of each atmospheric ensemble member is unaffected. This interactive ensemble technique significantly reduces the SST variance throughout the North Pacific. The reduction in SST variance is proportional to the number of ensemble members indicating that most of the variability can simply be explained as the response to atmospheric stochastic forcing. In addition, the impact of the internal atmospheric dynamics at the air-sea interface masks out much of the tropical-midlatitude SST teleconnections on interannual time scales. Once this interference is reduced (i.e., applying the interactive ensemble technique), tropical-midlatitude SST teleconnections are easily detected.     

郑州市区环境空气污染趋势分析

以2003年郑州市环境空气污染的主要监测指标为依据,分析了郑州市空气污染现状,并根据1994~2003年10年来的监测数据,对空气污染特征和污染趋势进行了分析,结论是:郑州市空气污染在近10年呈下降趋势。     

声波在湍流大气中的散射衰减

文章推导出了改进的大气声散射截面σ(θ)表达式，确定了大气声散射系数αs的解析表达式，并得出改进的大气声折射指数脉动结构系数c2n表达式。实测结果表明，在潮湿大气中，湿度脉动和温湿相关脉动与温度脉动一样是影响声散射衰减的重要因子，而在干燥大气中，湿度脉动的影响可以忽略。     

利用多种再分析资料对比分析青藏高原夏季大气水汽含量变化情况

利用ERA-Interim、MERRA和NCEP/NCAR三套再分析资料,分析1979~2014年夏季青藏高原大气水汽含量的时空变化特征,同时对比了各套资料异同点,结果表明:(1) ERA-Interim和MERRA资料均显示出夏季青藏高原大气水汽含量呈现显著的上升趋势,在1994~1995年前后发生明显突变,大气水汽含量由偏低时期向偏高时期转变;而NCEP/NCAR资料并没有出现类似的显著上升趋势和突变年份;ERA-Interim资料与MERRA资料的夏季青藏高原湿池指数之间的相关性明显强于NCEP/NCAR资料与它们任何一个之间的相关性。(2)夏季青藏高原大气水汽含量呈现出自高原东南边缘地区向西北部递减的分布形式。其中,MERRA与ERA-Interim资料显示的水汽含量分布更为相似,而NCEP/NCAR资料反映的水汽含量在高原中部往北递减不明显,湿度中心较为分散。(3)从空间分布上,MERRA与ERA-Interim资料显示青藏高原大部分地区夏季水汽含量均呈显著的增加趋势,而NCEP/NCAR资料仅在高原东北部小部分区域存在显著的增加趋势。(4)从夏季青藏高原大气水汽含量的年际变化特征分析来看,ERA-Interim和MERRA资料相对于NCEP/NCAR资料也更为接近。      

Equilibria of the marine multiphase ammonia system

A lack of empirical data has made it difficult to ascertain whether ammonia is in equilibrium between the oceanic, atmospheric gas and atmospheric particle phases in the remote marine environment. Reported here are simultaneous measurements of the saturation concentration of ammonia relative to ammonia concentrations in ocean surface waters; total seawater ammonia; atmospheric gas phase ammonia; and atmospheric particulate-phase ammonium, non-seasalt sulfate, methanesulfonate, and nitrate. Sampling was performed in May of 1987 in the northeast Pacific Ocean environment and in April and May of 1988 in the central Pacific Ocean environment.These measurements were used to determine the degree to which ammonia approached equilibrium between the oceanic and atmospheric gas and aerosol particle phases. The experimental atmospheric gas phase ammonia concentrations were compared with calculated equilibrium concentrations assuming a Henry's law type of partitioning between the gas and condensed phases. Characteristic times of the processes controlling the fate of ammonia in the marine environment also were compared.The measured atmospheric gas phase and oceanic concentrations of ammonia indicate that ammonia is not in a Henry's law equilibrium across the air/sea interface. This disequilibrium is a result of the long air/sea exchange equilibration time relative to the lifetime of ammonia in the atmosphere. Comparison of the calculated equilibrium gas phase ammonia concentrations with the measured gas phase ammonia concentrations shows that attainment of equilibrium between the atmospheric gas and particle phases is a strong function of the chemical composition of the aerosol particles. The data suggest that fully neutralized aerosol particles are not in Henry's law equilibrium with the gas phase while equilibrium is observed for particles with an average ammonium to non-seasalt sulfate molar ratio less than 1.8.     

基于小波技术的地面大气电场数据处理

使用安装在南京信息工程大学实验场的法国电场仪AMEO340于2009年观测试验期间的观测资料,将大气电场仪采样序列数据经快速傅里叶变换,得到序列的功率谱。对晴天和伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行了小波函数为sym5的7层分解,大大降低了地面大气电场数据波形的重叠度。通过对伴有闪电天气的地面大气电场数据进行小波7层分解,地面大气电场信号的低频部分不仅突出显示了地面大气电场值的主要变化趋势,而且能清晰的分辨出闪电过程中较强的正负地闪次数。为利用地面大气电场强度值的变化特征进行闪电预警提供了更有效的信息。     

青藏高原大气水分循环特征

青藏高原对亚洲季风环流的形成有重要作用,同时作为"世界屋脊"拥有丰富的冰川、积雪、河流、湖泊和地下蓄水层。青藏高原特殊大地形动力和热力作用深刻地影响着亚洲与全球大气水分循环,也对全球气候与环境产生深远的影响。基于青藏高原在亚洲夏季风系统大气水分循环过程的重要地位,从青藏高原对全球大气水分循环重要作用的视角,综述了青藏高原大气水分循环过程中青藏高原局地热力对流、高原的"阶梯式"水汽流爬升"第二类条件不稳定(CISK)"物理模型、青藏高原视热源结构影响及多尺度水汽汇流通道、海洋-青藏高原"水汽源-汇"结构、青藏高原跨半球垂直环流圈水分循环结构、青藏高原大气水分循环综合模型等的相关研究进展,剖析了青藏高原大气水分循环综合模型的研究背景,探讨了青藏高原特殊大地形热力驱动机制及其云水效应,描述出与青藏高原热力驱动的亚洲区域和跨半球垂直环流圈水分循环结构,揭示了青藏高原热力强迫与海洋-大气-陆地水文过程特殊的相互反馈作用。青藏高原发源的亚洲河流水系是为人口众多的亚洲区域供给生活、农业和工业用水的重要水资源之一。因此,认识在全球变暖背景下青藏高原的水分循环及其对水资源变化影响至关重要,仍需深入地探讨青藏高原大气水分循环机制及其全球影响效应。     

国内大气科学发展状况及优先领域分析

依据对国内大气科学及相关机构进行广泛调研获取的数据, 重点从人才队伍、科研项目及科技论文产出几方面对国内大气科学发展状况进行了综述。 研究表明, 20世纪90年代以来我国大气科学不断发展, 大气科学与其他学科的交融日益增强。 大气科学队伍总量大, 人员分布广, 但高层次人才明显不足。 基于调研数据还从计量学角度对大气科学的研究现状, 国内、国际热点以及国内需求进行了比较研究, 列举4个判据, 从4种不同角度分析我国大气科学优先领域。 初步分析表明: 不论重视基础研究还是应用研究, 人工影响天气和大气物理领域应是优先资助领域; 重视科学热点和科技前沿, 应优先资助气候系统与全球变化和天气动力学理论与天气预报领域; 重视发展需求与科技前沿结合, 应优先资助大气化学和综合探测系统与外场科学试验领域。     

青藏高原大气热源及其影响的研究进展

青藏高原及其热源效应对东亚以及全球的天气气候起着举足轻重的作用。青藏高原大气热源及其影响的相关研究有助于进一步加深对青藏高原大气热源及其影响的认识,提高高原地区天气系统发生发展的预报能力,提升高原地区降水的预报水平。本文较为系统地梳理了青藏高原大气热源的相关研究,涉及青藏高原大气热源的获取与特征,包括青藏高原大气热源的计算和青藏高原大气热源的时空分布及演变特征;青藏高原大气热源对季风、对降水的影响;青藏高原大气热源对天气系统的影响和作用,包括青藏高原大气热源对南亚高压、西太平洋副热带高压、高原低涡以及高原切变线的影响。在总结已有研究进展和成果的基础上,对今后青藏高原大气热源研究做出一定展望,提出值得进一步加强研究的方面。     

Atmospheric Response to Mesoscale Ocean Eddies over the South China Sea

The South China Sea(SCS) is an eddy-active area. Composite analyses based on 438 mesoscale ocean eddies during 2000–2012 revealed the status of the atmospheric boundary layer is influenced remarkably by such eddies. The results showed cold-core cyclonic(warm-core anticyclonic) eddies tend to cool(warm) the overlying atmosphere and cause surface winds to decelerate(accelerate). More than 5% of the total variance of turbulent heat fluxes, surface wind speed and evaporation rate are induced by mesoscale eddies. Furthermore, mesoscale eddies locally affect the columnar water vapor, cloud liquid water, and rain rate. Dynamical analyses indicated that both variations of atmospheric boundary layer stability and sea level pressure are responsible for atmospheric anomalies over mesoscale eddies. To reveal further details about the mechanisms of atmospheric responses to mesoscale eddies, atmospheric manifestations over a pair of cold and warm eddies in the southwestern SCS were simulated. Eddy-induced heat flux anomalies lead to changes in atmospheric stability. Thus, anomalous turbulence kinetic energy and friction velocity arise over the eddy dipole, which reduce(enhance) the vertical momentum transport over the cold(warm) eddy, resulting in the decrease(increase) of sea surface wind. Diagnoses of the model's momentum balance suggested that wind speed anomalies directly over the eddy dipole are dominated by vertical mixing terms within the atmospheric boundary layer, while wind anomalies on the edges of eddies are produced by atmospheric pressure gradient forces and atmospheric horizontal advection terms.     

Responses of the East Asian Jet Stream to the North Pacific Subtropical Front in Spring

This study concerns atmospheric responses to the North Pacific subtropical front(NPSTF) in boreal spring over the period 1982–2014. Statistical results show that a strong NPSTF in spring can significantly enhance the East Asian jet stream(EAJS). Both transient eddy activity and the atmospheric heat source play important roles in this process. The enhanced atmospheric temperature gradient due to a strong NPSTF increases atmospheric baroclinicity, resulting in an intensification of transient eddy and convection activities. On the one hand, the enhanced transient eddy activities can excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation with a quasi-baraotropical structure in the troposphere to the north of the NPSTF. Accordingly, the related westerly wind anomalies around 30?N can intensify the component of the EAJS over the Northeast Pacific. On the other hand, an enhanced atmospheric heat source over the NPSTF, which is related to increased rainfall, acts to excite an anomalous cyclonic circulation system in the troposphere to the northwest of the NPSTF, which can explain the enhanced component of the EAJS over the Northwest Pacific. The two mechanisms may combine to enhance the EAJS.     

青藏高原大气热源年际变率及其驱动因子

青藏高原（以下简称高原）大气热源对亚洲夏季风爆发、演变、推进,乃至全球气候系统都有重要影响,因此近年来高原大气热源变异机理也日益受到关注。本文在回顾已有关于不同季节高原热源变异原因的研究基础上,利用1980～2018年日本气象厅再分析数据JRA55(Japanese 55-year Reanalysis),对逐月高原大气总热源的年际变率进行分类,并进一步探究了影响不同类别高原大气总热源的异常大尺度环流系统及海温驱动因子。除了传统上受关注的“冬季型”和“夏季型”以外,本文还提出了“早春型”和“过渡型”两种高原大气热源变率模态。总体而言,高原大气总热源年际变率以降水引起的凝结潜热异常为主,其中“冬季型”及“早春型”高原大气热源异常中心位于高原西部,主要受到中高纬遥相关波列的影响。此外,“冬季型”还受到厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO）及印度洋偶极子（Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD）的影响。“夏季型”高原大气热源呈东西偶极型反相变化,最大异常中心位于高原东南部,主要受北大西洋涛动（North Atlantic Osci...     

2001-2010年内蒙古空中水汽含量时空分布特征及变化趋势分析

利用2001年1月至2010年12月内蒙古地区12个探空站的资料,求算全区空中水汽含量,对其时空分布特征及变化趋势进行分析.分析结果表明,近10a来,1月份内蒙古地区月平均空中水汽含量最低只有0.303cm;7月份月平均空中水汽含量最大达到3.106cm;空中水汽含量高值区在河套地区有西凸的倾向;空中水汽含量和降水量分布有正相关关系;逐年平均空中水汽含量处于缓慢的减少过程中.     

Application of Linear Thermodynamics to the Atmospheric System.Part Ⅱ: Exemplification of Linear Phenomenological Relations in the Atmospheric System

将边界层相似性理论同线性热力学理论结合，间接地以观测实验事实证明大气边界层内线性唯象关系是成立的，而且线性湍流输送系数同相应的线性唯象系数成正比关系。但实验事实表明，大涡对流的混合层线性唯象系数成正比关系。但实验事实表明，大涡对流的混合层线性唯象关系是不成立的，混合层内湍流输送过程是一种强的非线性过程。所以，对流边界层是一种远离平衡态非线性区的热力学状态。地转风和热成风是一种大气系统特有的动力过程和热力过程和交叉耦合现象，这是大气系统交叉耦合现象的一个实际例证。     

Spectra of velocity circulation in the surface layer of the atmosphere

Measurements of the velocity circulation in the atmospheric surface layer can be used to infer information on atmospheric vorticity, a quantity of fundamental importance. In this paper, circulation is measured with an acoustic sensor. The instrument is described, and some results are given.     

27.3-day and Average 13.6-day Periodic Oscillations in the Earth’s Rotation Rate and Atmospheric Pressure Fields Due to Celestial Gravitation Forcing

Variation in length of day of the Earth (LOD, equivalent to the Earth’s rotation rate) versus change in atmospheric geopotential height fields and astronomical parameters were analyzed for the years 1962-2006. This revealed that there is a 27.3-day and an average 13.6-day periodic oscillation in LOD and atmospheric pressure fields following lunar revolution around the Earth. Accompanying the alternating change in celestial gravitation forcing on the Earth and its atmosphere, the Earth’s LOD changes from minimum to maximum, then to minimum, and the atmospheric geopotential height fields in the tropics oscillate from low to high, then to low. The 27.3-day and average 13.6-day periodic atmospheric oscillation in the tropics is proposed to be a type of strong atmospheric tide, excited by celestial gravitation forcing. A formula for a Tidal Index was derived to estimate the strength of the celestial gravitation forcing, and a high degree of correlation was found between the Tidal Index determined by astronomical parameters, LOD, and atmospheric geopotential height. The reason for the atmospheric tide is periodic departure of the lunar orbit from the celestial equator during lunar revolution around the Earth. The alternating asymmetric change in celestial gravitation forcing on the Earth and its atmosphere produces a "modulation" to the change in the Earth’s LOD and atmospheric pressure fields.     

Research on the Application of the Radiative Transfer Model Based on Deep Neural Network in One-dimensional Variational Algorithm

As a typical physical retrieval algorithm for retrieving atmospheric parameters, one-dimensional variational(1 DVAR) algorithm is widely used in various climate and meteorological communities and enjoys an important position in the field of microwave remote sensing. Among algorithm parameters affecting the performance of the 1 DVAR algorithm, the accuracy of the microwave radiative transfer model for calculating the simulated brightness temperature is the fundamental constraint on the retrieval ...