KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY OF REMOTELY SENSED DATA FROM ECOLOGICAL VIEW ——A Case Study of Urban Spatial—temporal Relationship in the Pearl River Delta

From the ecological viewpoint this paper discusses the urban spatial-temporal relationship.We take regional towns and cities as a complex man-land system of urban eco-community,This complex man-land system comprises two elements of “man“ and “land“,Here,“man“ means organization with self-determined consciousness,and “land“ means the physical environment (niche ) that “man “depends on .The complex man-land system has three basic components,They are individual,population and community,Therefore there are six types of spatial relationship for the complex man-land system.They are individual,population,community,man-man,land-land and man-land spatial realtionships,Taking the Pearl(Zhujiang) River Delta as a case study,the authors found some evidence of the urban spatial relationship from the remote sensing data,Firstly,the concentration and diffusion of the cities spatial relationship was found in the remote sensing imagery,Most of the cities concentrate in the core area of the Pearl River Delta ,but the diffusion situation is also significant ,Secondly,the growth behavior and succession behavior of the urban spatial relationship was found in the remote sensing images comparison with different temporal data ,Thirdly,the inheritance,break ,or meeting emergency behavior was observed from the remoted sensing data.Fourthly,the authors found many cases of symbiosis and competi-tion in the remote sensing data of the Pearl River Delta ,Fifthly,The autoeciousness,stranglehold and invasion behavior of the urban spatial relationship was discovered from the remote sensing data.     

基于DMSP-OLS与NPP-VIIRS整合数据的中国三大城市群城市空间扩展时空格局

通过拟合最优幂函数模型,将NPP-VIIRS影像模拟为DMSP-OLS影像,构建了京津冀、长江三角洲（简称长三角）和珠江三角洲（简称珠三角）三大城市群1992—2017年长时间序列夜间灯光影像集。参考城市建成区统计数据确定夜间灯光最佳阈值提取城市范围,有效剥离统计数据中包含的经济活力不足的城市空间,识别出不属于统计范围的低等级、高活力城镇区,创新了数据应用视角。研究表明：① 县级城镇和市级以上城市对三大城市群城市范围的贡献度不同。京津冀腹地广阔,县级城镇是区域经济活力的重要组成部分,整体上贡献度最大;1990s初期长三角部分县级城镇经济活力较强,大量撤县设市后县级城镇数量减少,逐渐在2005年后低于京津冀;珠三角受到社会经济发展条件和行政单元划分的影响,县级城镇对城市范围的贡献在3个城市群中始终最小。② 三大城市群城市扩展非均衡性特征存在差异。京津冀城市扩展为京、津主导下的“双核”模式,非均衡性显著,尚未形成完善的城市规模体系;长三角和珠三角城市集聚特征明显,均衡性更强。重心迁移的路径、方向和距离反映各城市群不同的扩展强度和作用模式。③ 城市空间扩展格局整体均呈现热点区不断扩大、冷点区不断缩小的特征。其中京津冀热点和冷点区相对稳定,热点区向心集聚作用较强;长三角和珠三角空间格局变化较大,区域核心城市带动作用较强。     

Spatial structure and land use control in Extended Metropolitan Region of Zhujiang River Delta,China

The Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta is one of the most developed Extended Metropolitan Regions (EMR) in China.With the rapid urbanization,the agglomeration of population and industries has emerged,which has led to dramatic changes of spatial structure and land use in this region.With data of high resolution TM remote sensing images and Google Earth maps,this paper identified and analyzed the spatial pattern of the Zhujiang River Delta EMR using Envy and ArcGIS tools.It was found that 1) the industrial land uses were expanding substantially,particularly on the bank sides of the Zhujiang River estuary;2) large-scale housing developments were concentrated in the fringe of metropolitan areas such as those of Guangzhou and Shenzhen;3) a regional transportation network with the spatial pattern of ″1 circle +2 pieces + 3 axes″ had significantly affected the location choice of manufacture enterprises.At the same time,both highly specialized land use and severely mixed land use patterns were identified.As a consequence of the latter,land use efficiency of the whole EMR areas was reduced.Moreover,ecologic and environmental problems were severe.Based on the above analysis,suggestions were given from the viewpoint of spatial safety,land use efficiency,and the reorganization of spatial structure in the Zhujiang River Delta EMR.     

Implications for Cultural Landscape in a Chinese Context: Geo-analysis of Spatial Distribution of Historic Sites

The protection of historic sites, especially their relationship with urban development, has become a worldwide issue, both in developed and developing countries. In the context of rapid urbanization in China, the realistic compatibility between urban construction and the protection of historic sites is always a key research topic. In this study, first, to comprehend their spatial distribution patterns, 828 historic sites throughout the country are selected based on certain criteria. Then, we conduct quantitative research using GIS software, adopting indicators that include Nearest Neighbor Index, Gini Coefficient, and Geographic Concentration Index to analyze the spatial characteristics of historic sites on the three levels of city, province and nation. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the different types of historic sites is an agglomeration on the nationwide scale, most of which is located in the regions of the Pearl (Zhujiang) River Delta, Yangtze (Changjiang) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin Region. Because the majority of historic sites are located within approximately 10 km of the downtown area, a certain pattern has emerged, showing that the larger cities own more historic areas, which are in a more incomplete state of preservation, indicating the fragmentation of heritage spaces. The formation mechanism of the historic sites’ distribution pattern is based on the conditions of the cities/towns as well as the bid-rent theory.     

THE REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA IN NEW TERM

Since China opening to outside world, the economy in the Pearl(Zhujiang) River Delta(PRD) has been dou-ble digit growth. It has been known as one of mature fast growth areas in the world and become the model and hope of Chi-nese reform and opening to outside world. The regional development in PRD is the outcome of polarization effects. The polar-ization effects actually are extension of international regional division and a combination of Hongkong‘‘s influence and re-form and open-door policies on the mainland. Since the 1990s, driven by knowledge-based economy, the PRD has furtheradjusted the industrial structure and achieved good progress in upgrading industrial structure. Its high technology industryhas developed quickly and the economic internationalization has deepened, meanwhile, the region is going through transforma-tion and some new trends have begun to appear, which include: university towns springing up, industrial globalization andthe construction of Hi-tech development zones. The paper suggests that with the economic growth changing from relying onthe low level production elements to relying on high level production elements, the regional policies in GuangdongProvince should develop correspondingly: 1) make a plan to prohihite the blind construction in innovative spatial construc-tions; 2) make measures to attract the overseas talents to establish a pool of talent; 3) work out the favorable policies forabsorbing larger capital; 4) formulate the policy of attracting a cluster of industries to speed up the upgrade of industrialdevelopment.     

THE SATELLITE TOWNS OF METROPOLIS GUANGZHOU：EVOLUTION， INHERENT LINKS WITH THE CENTRAL CITY AND TENDENCIES──A CASE STUDY OFRENHE TOWN

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The satellite towns of metropolis guangzhou: Evolution,inherent links with the central city and tendencies —a case study of renhe town

This paper focuses on three interrelated aspects of the relationship between the satellite towns (Renhe Town) and the central city of metropolis Guangzhou. The attention is initially paid to the evolution of the satellite towns. Those towns are recognized as industrial ones although different types could be identified since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Then the analysis is turned to the inherent links between Renhe and the central city. Although Renhe has absorbed some decentralized industries, the achievements of constructing satellite towns are not considered satisfactory. This is because the decentralized industries have not given an impetus to the economic growth of Renhe, the town has no close links with the central city in the aspects of finance, employment, economy and technology due to the limitation of the traditional administrative institution, and the decentralized workers are commuters taking the mother city as the sleeping place. Thirdly the problems associated with the construction of satellite towns are examined. Guangzhou is experiencing the major restructuring of industrial structure and therefore it is necessary to decentralize some industries to satellite towns. However, the limits from the central city and the satellite towns are influencing industrial decentralization and construction of satellite towns. The solutions and prospects are finally put forward. This paper was funded by the Canadian International Development Agency.     

基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像的中国东部沿海地区城市扩展动态监测

美国国防气象卫星搭载的业务性线性传感器（DMSP/OLS）所获取的夜间灯光影像数据,能够客观地反映人类对城市建成区的开发建设范围与强度,已广泛地应用于城市扩展的动态监测。本文利用不变目标区域法对长时间序列DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像进行辐射校正,基于校正后的影像对2001-2013年中国东部沿海地区的城市建成区范围进行提取,结果表明：① 建成区面积从2001年的7550 km²,增加到2013年的21 650 km²,共扩展了14 100 km²,虽然建成区面积呈逐年增加的趋势,但其扩展速率则在逐步减缓,城市重心逐渐向南转移;② 在空间上形成了京津唐、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲3城市群,研究发现京津唐的中小城市面临难以获得发展资源的问题,导致了该地区发展的不平衡;③ 综合分析建成区扩展和经济统计数据,结果表明人口和经济是建成区扩展的主要驱动因子,但同时城市快速扩展也给东部沿海地区带来了一定程度的用地浪费问题;④ 由于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光影像受到自身空间分辨率的限制和灯光过饱和的影响,易造成城市建成区边缘细节部分的错提。新一代Suomi NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光影像在空间和光谱分辨率上均有较大提高,在后续的研究中应充分挖掘其数据优势,以期提供更加精准的城市扩展动态监测。     

An empirical study on Chinese city network pattern based on producer services

Globalization and informatization have accelerated city networking process over the world, which makes research on city network a hot topic in the fields of urban geography and economic geography. With Chinese economic structure adjustment and city economic growth, producer services have begun to play an increasingly important role in city-region networking. This paper employs the methodology of world city network to analyze and explain the spatial development characteristics of China’s urban network system based on the data of nationwide producer services enterprise network. The research result indicated that the distribution of producer services network has a positive effect on the development of Chinese city networks. City network connectivity is closely related to the significance of city in producer services development, and the former will gradually decline with the drop of the latter. Accordingly, the 64 cities can be divided into the national central cities, regional central cities, sub-regional central cities and local central cities in accordance with their position and role in the nationwide producer services network. It is concluded that high-grade cities with quality producer services dominate the pattern of Chinese city networks and there emerges three spatial agglomerations of producer services enterprises in Changjiang (Yangtze) River Delta, Zhujiang (Pearl) River Delta and Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan Economical Region. Moreover, the distribution of different producer services industry varies from city to city, which also affects the characteristics of network development.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE OF THE ZHUJIANG RIVER DELTA IN HOLOCENE AND ITS CULTURAL ORIGINS AND PROPAGATION

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City size distribution and its spatiotemporal evolution in China

Based on the National Land Use/Cover Database of China(NLUD-C) in the end of the 1980s(the 1980s,hereafter), 1995, 2000, 2005, and 2010, 665 cities were selected to study the size distribution and its changes of urban lands in China. In this study, the spatiotemporal evolutions of urban land size distribution as well as the influence of administrative-level on these cities were explored by combining urban spatial positions and administrative-levels. Results indicate that: 1) City size distribution using urban lands was more practical and reasonable than using non-agricultural population. 2) In the 1980s, cities with ascending urban land rank were centralized in Eastern China, specially the Changjiang(Yangtze) River Delta, the Zhujiang(Pearl) River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Cities in Central, Western, and Northeast China mainly indicated descending urban land rank. 3) The transfer of national development focus resulted in cities with ascending urban land rank becoming evenly distributed nationwide; however, this trend was slightly centralized around Chengdu, Chongqing, and Wuhan in different periods. 4) During the 1980s to 2010, the proportion of cities with ascending urban land rank in provincial capitals, municipalities, and special administrative regions(high-level cities, hereafter) was consistently higher than those in prefecture- and county-level cities except for 2005–2010. The ranks of the majority of the prefecture- and county-level cities were mainly descending, supported by ascending; the proportion of cities with unchanged rank is small. This study breaks through the bottleneck of traditional research in the area of city size distribution by examining urban land replacing the non-agricultural population. The current study also provides scientific explanation for the healthy and reasonable development of urban land as well as the coordinated development of population urbanization and land urbanization.     

湘江沟头地表和深部地质约束的水系侵蚀能力差异及袭夺预测分析

基于地表基础地质调研、GIS流域分析与深部地球物理相结合的综合方法, 选取长江支流湘江沟头的两条具有共同溯源侵蚀点(矮塘村)的水系作为研究对象, 对比两条水系程江和注江相同河长流经区的地形地貌、水位高程、地层、构造背景以及深部电阻率数据, 综合分析两者的侵蚀能力的差异性。其中, 注江流域的基岩易于被侵蚀, 节理较为发育, 使得其下蚀作用和溯源侵蚀能力较强。预测两条水系的演化趋势会在矮塘村周边发生河流袭夺现象, 从而影响到程江下游的鲤鱼塘镇的城市居民生活用水和工农业生产。此外, 注江的持续下蚀作用会加强对基岩白垩系红层的侵蚀作用, 推测其流域未来可呈现更为壮观的丹霞地貌。      

Local government, enterprises and individuals: Economic transformation in the pearl river delta

The Pearl River (Zhujiang) Delta (PRD) has been a focal point in reform era academic circles not only for its dramatic industrial growth but also the simultaneous agricultural development. Unlike most of existing research on the PRD economic development and transformation from the whole region level, this paper explored this question from the perspective of a township using Beijiao in Shunde City as a case study. Unlike the conclusions of existing studies which attribute the regional economic transition to the macro factors, particularly the influence of external investment, this research reveals that at the level of township, the local government, the town-village owned enterprises and the individuals have been playing remarkable roles in local economic transformation. In the early stage since the economic reform, Beijiao township government, replacing the central and provincial governments before, began to manipulate the development of town-village owned enterprises and lead the local economic transformation from agricultural to industrial dominated. As the town-village owned enterprises grew during the later years, they gradually acted as the main dominant player leading the local agricultural and industrial growth. At the same time the individuals in Beijiao were playing more independent role to gain their most profits. While the local government changed to be the real manager of local economies. So the local economic transition was not entirely externally driven. In another word, the “driven from outside” model can not totally explain the economic fact in this specific region. Foundation item: Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 49801006) and Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) Project Biography: XUE De-sheng (1969 — ), male, a native of Shanxi Province, Ph. D. of Zhongshan University, Post-Ph. D. of the University of British Columbia and the University of Montreal, associate professor of the Center for Urban and Regional Studies, the Center for Transport Research, Zhongshan University. His Research interests include industrial geography, urban geography and urban planning.     

长江三角洲城市化地区植被初级生产力的时空变化研究

城市化过程对植被初级生产具有重要影响。以往研究主要集中于城市用地扩张对植被初级生产力的直接影响分析,而较少关注其间接效果。本文以长江三角洲地区为例,分别从地区尺度和城市尺度分别分析了2000-2013年植被初级生产力的时空变化,探讨了其与气温、降水量及城市建成区绿化覆盖率的关系。研究表明：地区尺度上,2000-2013年长江三角洲植被初级生产力呈现不断增加,其中城市建成区植被初级生产力呈现显著增加的趋势（P<0.05）;城市尺度上,城市建成区内植被初级生产力主要呈现增加的趋势,而其外围缓冲区内则与此相反。在当前气候变化背景下,这可能与城市建成区绿化覆盖率不断增加,及快速的城市扩张有关。     

Temporal and spatial differences of the industrial restructuring of Guangdong Province in the 1990S

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城市功能区视角下基于POI数据的公共厕所空间布局合理性研究

公共厕所作为最典型的公共设施,反映出城市的文明程度和管理服务水平,是打造城市文明形象的重要窗口。当前的研究主要集中在公共厕所的可达性和覆盖范围,把公共厕所当做空间上的点无差别对待,忽略了不同功能区公共厕所空间分布所异质性的问题。如何建立全面精准的公共厕所空间评价体系,分析不同区域公共厕所的综合服务能力在当前研究中明显不足,不利于公共厕所的配置规划和基本公共服务均等化的推进。多源数据的涌现为城市公共设施的研究提供了新视角,为此本文提出一个城市功能区视角下基于POI大数据的公共厕所空间布局合理性评价方法。利用词频-逆文本频率(Term Frequency-inverse Document Frequency,TF-IDF)信息加权技术,结合兴趣点(Point of Interest,POI)频率密度识别城市功能区,融合OpenStreetMap(OSM)路网密度数据和WorldPop人口数据设立人口出行活力指数,对城市功能区内的公共厕所服务进行评价;最后计算人口和空间覆盖率以及空间不平衡指数,判别街镇间的差别与街镇内公共厕所布局的合理性。该方法以多源数据为基础,定量分析不同功能区内公共厕所...     

THE CHARACTER AND CHANGE TENDENCY OF AGRICULTURAL LAND USE IN THE ZHUJIANG DELTA－A CASE STUDY OF SHUNDE CITY

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青藏高原城乡建设用地和生态用地转移时空格局

青藏高原作为中国重要的生态环境保护地,城镇化和生态环境的变化受到广泛关注。本文基于1990-2015年土地利用数据,进行生态用地和城乡建设用地之间的转移分析,通过核密度以及标准差椭圆分析进行空间转移强度的定性研究。结果表明：① 1990-2015年青藏高原生态用地显著地向城乡建设用地转移,是城乡建设用地向生态用地转移量的54.6倍,其中2000-2005年和2010-2015年是用地转移的热点时期;② 城乡建设用地与生态用地之间的转换在空间上呈现逆向状态,生态用地向城乡建设用地的转移分布逐渐从青藏高原的周边区域向腹地蔓延;城乡建设用地向生态用地的转移最初出现在青藏高原的腹地,逐渐向外围扩张;③ 生态服务功能越大的生态用地,越容易被人类占用,随之发生用地类型的转移,侵占后的土地很难反向转移为具有高生态服务功能的生态用地。     

Evolutionary Pattern and Effect of Administrative Division Adjustment During Urbanization of China: Empirical Analysis on Multiple Scales

The adjustment of administrative divisions is one of the important factors guiding China’s urbanization, which has profound economic and social effects for regional development. In this paper, we comprehensively describe the process of the adjustment of administrative divisions at provincial and municipal levels in China and summarize the effects on the basic structure and patterns of the spatial development. We quantitatively assess the effects on fields such as urbanization and social economy through the use of multidimensional scaling. The results show that: 1) Upgrading county to municipality (or city-governed district) is the main way of adjusting the administrative divisions. It is also an important factor in the spatial differentiation of interprovincial urbanization. China’s population urbanization can be divided into four patterns including interprovincial migration, provincial migration, natural growth, and growth caused by the adjustment of administrative divisions, which is also the main reason for the increased Chinese urbanization rate at the provincial level. 2) Taking the city of Beijing as an example, we generalize five adjustment patterns made to administrative divisions: the set-up of sub-districts, the set-up of regional offices, the upgrading of townships to sub-districts, the upgrading of townships to towns, and the set-up of towns and the addition of new regional offices. We summarize the municipal urban spatial structure, including the sub-district office area in the central urban area, the regional office area in the new urban area, the mixed area of villages, towns, and sub-district offices in the suburb area, and the township area in the outer suburb area. 3) The adjustment of administrative divisions triggers a significant circulative accumulation effect, resulting in the spatial locking of population and industrial agglomeration. It affects the evolution of the urban spatial form and plays an important role in shaping the urban spatial structure to move to the characteristic of multicenter. In general, the adjustment of administrative divisions was an important factor affecting the inflated statistical level of urbanization and also an important driving force for the evolution of Chinese urban spatial organization structure.     

黄河三角洲景观格局变化及生态风险评价

黄河三角洲具有极高的生态价值,研究其景观格局及生态风险对促进黄河三角洲高质量发展具有重要意义。本文以黄河三角洲1980年、2000年和2020年土地利用数据为基础,分析土地转移及景观格局特征,同时构建生态风险评价模型揭示生态风险时空演变及空间相关性。结果表明：(1)耕地是黄河三角洲最主要的地类,占比在60%以上,1980—2020年土地转移主要发生在耕地、建设用地、水域和未利用地之间。(2)1980—2020年黄河三角洲景观斑块数、景观斑块密度、景观最大斑块指数、景观形状指数和香农多样性指数均呈下降趋势,区域整体趋向简单化和聚集化。(3)黄河三角洲高风险区和较高风险区主要环渤海分布,1980—2020年各级风险区转出最大面积均为更低级风险区,生态风险有所降低。