气候变化对小麦生产影响的数值模型研究

在未来气候变化对作物影响的研究基础上,分析未来不同气候情景对南京地区小麦生长发育、产量形成的影响,并考虑了紫外辐射变化的影响。采用数值模拟方法具体估算了温度升高、降水变化、ＣＯ２ 浓度上升及紫外辐射增强对南京地区小麦产量的影响。计算结果表明：未来ＣＯ２ 增加可提高小麦产量,气温升高、降水变化及紫外辐射增强均使得小麦产量有所降低。     

气候变化对江苏省小麦生产的可能影响

根据国内外研究结果综合分析,得到ＣＯ２倍增时江苏省温度、降水的变化值,初步确定了ＣＯ２倍增时江苏省小麦生长季内的可能气候情景。分析未来ＣＯ２倍增时对小麦作物的直接影响、间接影响及紫外辐射影响。具体估算了温度升高、降水增加、ＣＯ２浓度上升、紫外辐射增强后江苏省小麦生育期不变和生育期缩短两种情景下的气候生产潜力,并由此分析了气候变暖对江苏省不同地区的利弊影响。结果表明：江北大部分地区小麦产量有所增加,     

地表太阳紫外辐射强度变化对小麦影响的初步研究

研究表明，紫外辐射强度的增大，对小麦的生长、生理活动及产量的形成，均有不同程度的影响。紫外辐射增加的这些效应又和小麦的各种其他环境条件（如光、热、水等）存在着一定的关系，当某些环境条件处于胁迫状态时，则可能对紫外辐射的植物效应产生一定程度的遮掩作用，减弱其抑制强度。     

UV-B辐射增加对小麦的影响

通过观测，分析了UV—B辐射增加对小麦生长发育的影响，计算了UV—B增加条件下对作物群体生产力生态特征值发生变化的情况。分析结果表明，UV—B辐射增加影响小麦生长发育表现在：生育期推迟，叶面积、分蘖和开花数减少，植株矮化，绿叶数、单株干物重、叶重、穗重等减小；影响小麦群体生产力表现在：群体生长率、相对生长率、叶面积指数、叶日积、净同化率都在生育期的中后期有很大幅度的减小，从而使小麦每亩株数、每株穗数、每穗粒数、千粒重也明显下降，最终影响到小麦群体生物学产量及经济学产量。     

太阳紫外辐射观测及预报研究

简要介绍和分析了国内外太阳紫外辐射观测及预报的发展现状,并对影响到达地面紫外辐射的因子进行了分析。介绍了辽宁省气象科研所研制的辽宁地区紫外辐射强度预报模式,给出了紫外辐射对人体影响的指数级别。     

UV-B增强对冬小麦和菠菜影响的对比试验

通过大田试验对比研究了紫外辐射UV—B增强对冬小麦和圆叶菠菜株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积量的影响以及叶绿素和类黄酮含量的变化。结果表明：紫外辐射UV—B增强对冬小麦和圆叶菠菜株高、叶面积指数、干物质累积有着明显的抑制作用,同时还使叶绿素含量下降,类黄酮含量增加。对比试验也表明,UV—B辐射对小麦株高、叶面积、干物质积累以及叶绿素和类黄酮含量的影响小于对菠菜的影响。     

太阳紫外辐射观测及预报研究

简要介绍和分析了国内外太阳紫外辐射观测及预报的发展现状,并对影响到达地面紫外辐射的因干进行了分析。介绍了辽宁省气象科研所研制的辽宁地区紫外辐射强度预报模式,给出了紫外辐射对人体静响的指教级别。     

紫外辐射研究概述

随着紫外辐射对生态环境和人类自身健康的影响越来越大,以及相关研究的不断深入,紫外辐射已经成为当前辐射观测研究的前沿和热门课题.在查阅大量文献的基础上,详细概述了紫外辐射的影响因子及其机理;评述了国内外的监测仪器和方法应用、国内外的主要研究进展以及紫外辐射对人类和环境的影响.最后对紫外辐射研究作了展望.     

太阳紫外辐射的变化及其对作物的影响

针对臭氧减少导致太阳紫外辐射增加这一气候变化,探讨了未来紫外辐射增哟的时空分布规律;并对此崖产 能对作物造成的影响进行了试验和分析。结果表明,太阳紫外辐射加强可危及作物的生育等,但在干旱条件下,这些影响可能被消弱。     

大气臭氧与气候变化

人们为什么对大气中大量的臭氧感兴趣呢?其原因在于臭氧对大气的结构、特性,以致于地球上有生命物体有着巨大影响。大气中臭氧的存在使得波长小于290nm的太阳强紫外辐射不能透过大气。另外,臭氧还大量吸收了波长在290-320nm之间的中紫外辐射,波长在320-240nm的近紫外辐射才能通过臭氧层到达地面,但它对生物没有危害。今天无疑可以认为:由于大气中“臭氧盖”的存在,才能使人类免遭紫外辐射的有害影响,人类才能得以生存和发展。大气中臭氧总量的变化(臭氧含量平衡的破坏)影响了平流层中不同高度太阳紫外辐散流入量的分布,这就导致了平流层温度和高层大气     

中国近50年冬夏季极端气温场的年代际 空间型态及其演变特征研究

利用我国１９５３～１９９５年冬夏季平均最低气温（Ｔｍ）和平均最高气温（ＴＭ）资料,分析冬夏季ＴＭ、Ｔｍ距平场的年代际空间型态及其演变特征．指出冬夏季Ｔｍ、ＴＭ场的空间型态基本都在７０年代末至８０年代初发生显著变化,但空间型态变化的冬夏季差异十分明显,且冬季Ｔｍ、夏季ＴＭ空间型态的年代际变化在相应Ｔｍ、ＴＭ场的变化中占有明显优势．     

100hPa极涡、南亚高压的变化及大气环流分布特征

利用NCEP/NCAR高度场资料进行计算,对冬、夏极涡与南亚高压面积进行Morlet小波变换,并对100 hPa高度场进行EOF分解和长期趋势分析.结果表明:极涡、南亚高压具有相似的演变特征,这种相似特征在前期冬季极涡与南亚高压之间表现更为明显,体现了准5年尺度和准20年尺度的周期变化,在变化的位相上则相反.EOF分析表明,前期冬季高纬度地区与中低纬度地区的环流变化呈相反趋势,且第一模态的时间系数与前期冬季极涡的趋势一致,第一模态在一定程度上反映了前期冬季大气环流分布.夏季第一模态全场为负值,体现了夏季100 hPa整体异常性;第二模态反映了副热带中低纬度大气环流与高纬度大气环流变化相反.从其长期变化趋势来看,冬季高纬度地区的高度场呈负趋势变化,副热带地区呈正趋势变化,夏季除我国华北部分地区为负趋势变化外,均为正趋势变化.极涡、南亚高压的这种年代际变化与100 hPa高度场的长期线性趋势变化有关.     

MULTI-SCALE ANALYSES OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CHINA DURING THE LAST ONE HUNDRED YEARS

Using multi-resolution theory of wavelet analysis,this paper studies the multi-scale structureof surface air temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere and China during the last onehundred years.The results show that the climatic variations for the Northern Hemisphere can bedescribed as 3 hierarchies corresponding to the larger-scale changes.They are the cold period be-fore 1919,the warm period from 1920 to 1978 and the warmer period after 1979.The larger-scalehierarchical changes obviously show qualities of climate jump.The years 1920 and 1979 are thejump points of climate change.The surface air temperature variations for China are not entirelyanalogous to the Northern Hemisphere,and the main contrasts are that China is in the cold periodafter 1955 and the jump point of warming is 1987.The surface air temperature variations for theNorthern Hemisphere and China during the last one hundred years obviously show the hierarchicalstructure of multi-scale changes and the qualities of climate jump.     

SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE AND MOTION OF TYPHOONS

The analysis of the SPECTRUM (Special Experiment Concerning Typhoon Recurvature andUnusual Movement) data indicates that the structure of recurving target typhoons 9015 (Abe),9019(Flo) and 9020 (Gene) at different stages of moving processes showed different motion features.Ondifferent time scales,temporal variations of typhoon structure and motion speed displayed differentfeatures.     

MULTI-SCALE ANALYSES OF SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS FOR THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE AND CHINA DURING THE LAST ONE HUNDRED YEARS*

Using multi-resolution theory of wavelet analysis,this paper studies the multi-scale structure of surface air temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere and China during the last one hundred years.The results show that the climatic variations for the Northern Hemisphere can be described as 3 hierarchies corresponding to the larger-scale changes.They are the cold period before 1919,the warm period from 1920 to 1978 and the warmer period after 1979.The larger-scale hierarchical changes obviously show qualities of climate jump.The years 1920 and 1979 are the jump points of climate change.The surface air temperature variations for China are not entirely analogous to the Northern Hemisphere,and the main contrasts are that China is in the cold period after 1955 and the jump point of warming is 1987.The surface air temperature variations for the Northern Hemisphere and China during the last one hundred years obviously show the hierarchical structure of multi-scale changes and the qualities of climate jump.     

THE DOUBLE-LAYER STRUCTURE OF THE HADLEY CIRCULATION AND ITS INTERDECADAL EVOLUTION CHARACTERISTICS

Based on the three-pattern decomposition of global atmospheric circulation(TPDGAC), this study investigates the double-layer structure of the Hadley circulation(HC) and its interdecadal evolution characteristics by using monthly horizontal wind field from NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data from 1948—2011. The following major conclusions are drawn: First, the double-layer structure of the HC is an objective fact, and it constantly exists in April,May, June, October and November in the Southern Hemisphere. Second, the double-layer structure is more obvious in the Southern than in the Northern Hemisphere. Since the double-layer structure is sloped in the vertical direction, it should be taken into consideration when analyzing the variations of the strength and location of the center of the HC.Third, the strength of the double-layer structure of the HC in the Southern Hemisphere consistently exhibits decadal variations with a strong, weak and strong pattern in all five months(April, May, June, October, and November), with cycles of 20-30 a and 40-60 a. Fourth, the center of the HC(mean position of the double-layer structure) in the Southern Hemisphere consistently and remarkably shifts southward in all the five months. The net poleward shifts over the 64 years are 5.18°, 2.11°, 2.50°, 1.79° and 5.76° for the five respective months, with a mean shift of 3.47°.     

SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE AND MOTION OF TYPHOONS*

The analysis of the SPECTRUM(Special Experiment Concerning Typhoon Recurvature and Unusual Movement) data indicates that the structure of recurving target typhoons 9015(Abe),9019(Flo) and 9020(Gene) at different stages of moving processes showed different motion features.On different time scales,temporal variations of typhoon structure and motion speed displayed different features.     

STUDY ON SENSITIVITY OF WIND FIELD VARIATION TO STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONVECTIVE STORMS

A numerical experiment was carried out on individual cases of severe convections in the Jianghuai area under cold vortex on April 28, 2015 in order to study the impact of wind field variations at the middle and low troposphere on the development and structure of storms. The results show that the structure and development of convective storm is highly sensitive to the changes of wind fields, and the adjustment of wind field at the middle or low troposphere will lead to significant changes in the development and intensity of storms. When the wind field at the middle or low troposphere is weakened, the convective development suffers different degrees of attenuation compared with the control experiment, and the ways of attenuation of the two levels are different. In the attenuation test of wind field at the middle level, convection is obviously weak at all stages of its development, while for the wind field at the low level, the convective development is weak only in the initial development stage of storm. On the contrary, the enhancement of the wind field at the middle or low troposphere is conducive to the development of convection, especially the enhancement of the wind field at the middle troposphere. In comparison, the convection develops rapidly in this test, as the most intensive one. The wind field variations have a significant impact on the structure and organization of the storm. The enhancement of the wind field at the middle troposphere makes for the intension of the middle-level swirl of convective storm, the reduction of the storm scale, and the organized evolution of convection. The development of the wind field at the low level troposphere is conducive to the development of the low-level secondary circulation of the storm and the cyclonic vorticity at the middle and low levels at the inflowing side.     

重庆市近50a来高温变化多时间尺度分析

利用重庆市极端最高气温及高温日数资料，采用MHF(墨西哥帽函数)小波等方法分析重庆市近50a来高温的时间——频率的多层次时间尺度变化特征。结果表明，重庆市高温变化具有明显的阶段性；重庆市极端最高气温变化以6a周期振动最强，而高温日数变化则以14～15a周期振动最强。     

厦门能见度的准周期性变化

利用厦门机场2000～2002三年白天（08～20时）逐时能见度及相应的相对湿度、风资料，通过统计方法和小波分析，发现厦门能见度有显著的日变化、季节变化、季节内和准两周等不同尺度的变化，并且分析了这几种变化的基本特征。在每天有记录的时刻08～20时，能见度日变化明显，在清晨、傍晚最低，午后最高；能见度存在季节变化，在一年中3～5月能见度最低，这正对应着厦门的雾季，厦门地区的能见度与当地的雾关系密切；能见度还存在显著的季节内（30～60d）变化和准双周（10～20d）变化，这与东亚季风区内的大气振荡有关。