基于集合经验模态分解和傅里叶分析的风场预测试验

采用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)和滑动傅里叶分析方法,建立了非线性气候序列的统计预测模型。针对气候要素距平场,对EOF分解得到的各模态时间系数进行EEMD分解,对得到的各IMF分量构建滑动傅里叶(Fourier)分析预报模型,提取出控制当前复杂气候信号的主要傅里叶频谱组合作为IMF分量的主要成分,即确定当前信号的主要波内频率,再将各个IMF分量和剩余项预测结果重构得到各模态时间序列的预测结果,最终通过时空重构得到预测场。将上述思想方法应用于新疆地区风场的预测试验,并采用距平相关系数(ACC),预报技巧(SS)和同号率(R)进行评估,结果表明对于区域性的风速预报,基于上述思想的算法模型能够较好地把握当前气候信号的主要变化频率,较为理想地预测了气候要素时间系数,对新疆地区风速变化的形态分布有较好的估计,使其预报时效在40侯以内均拥有一定的预报技巧,平均SS在0.5以上,36侯以内平均ACC达到0.4以上。     

基于EOF分解的中期平均气温距平客观预报方法

本文通过将500 hPa高度、850 hPa温度、海平面气压的预报与历史要素场进行EOF分解,并假定EOF分解空间函数(即特征向量)是基本稳定的,建立以EOF分解主分量系列的时间系数、预报站点附近基本要素值的时间序列与预报站点平均气温距平的多元线性逐步回归预报方程,结合ECMWF集合预报数值产品,生成全国范围未来10 d平均气温距平客观预报产品投入业务应用,并采用同号率方法检验。结果表明,客观预报产品在检验时段内,同号率平均值为0.77,明显高于ECMWF集合预报模式2 m温度直接计算得出的同类产品同号率0.63;该客观预报产品不仅在分布范围上,同时在距平幅度上预报效果均较好。此外,相关分析也证明同号率方法在检验中期时效气温距平预报中有其合理性。     

月动力延伸预报产品在阿勒泰地区预报中的应用检验

利用2005年7月—2009年12月阿勒泰地区7个气象观测站逐月和旬的降水和温度实况资料、国家气候中心制作的月动力延伸预测模式的图形资料,采用预报评分法(P)和距平符号异同评分法对内插预测结果进行检验。结果表明:月动力延伸预报产品对各月温度距平同号率要明显高于降水距平百分率预报与实况同号率,对各月温度距平的预报评分比较稳定,而对各月降水距平百分率的预报评分差异较大。     

基于改进EMD算法和BP神经网络的SST预测研究

海洋表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)具有非平稳、非线性的特征,直接将处理平稳数据序列的方法应用到非平稳非线性特征明显的序列上显然是不合适的,预测的误差将会很大。为了提高预测精度,更好地解决非平稳非线性序列预测的问题,本文以东北部太平洋(40°N~50°N、150°W~135°W)区域的月平均海洋表面距平温度为例,首先分别应用集合经验模态分解(EEMD)和互补集合经验模态分解(CEEMD)方法将SST分解为不同尺度的一系列模态分量(IMF),再运用BP(Back Propagation)神经网络模型对每一个模态分量进行分析预测,最后将各IMF预测结果进行重构得到SST的预测值。数值试验的结果表明,CEEMD分解精度比EEMD分解精度高,CEEMD提高了基于BP神经网络的预测精度。系列试验统计分析说明应用这种方法对SST的1年预测是有效的。     

短期气候预测的多时间序列相空间相似模型

为了充分利用对气候系统进行定时观测而积累的关于它过去和现在情况的大量数据,本文提出了短期气候预测的一种多时间序列相空间相似模型,并从与云南气候变化有某种物理关系的２０多个时间序列出发,建立了一个云南短期气候变化的年度预测模型。模型对云南８０个气象观测站点１９９１～１９９８年的５月雨量距平和５月气温距平预测检验的距平同号率分别达到４２４／６４０＝ ６６．３％ 和４２６／６４０＝ ６６．６％ ;对云南１９９０～１９９７年的６～８月雨量距平、６～８月气温距平、年雨量距平和年气温距平预测检验的距平同号率则可分别达到４０４／６４０＝ ６３．１％ 、４６３／６４０＝ ７２．３％ 、４５６／６４０＝ ７１．３％ 和４５５／６４０＝ ７１．１％ 。     

长江流域年降水预测动力-统计降尺度方法及其应用

基于站点资料、再分析数据和动力气候模式回报数据,利用经验正交函数分解（EOF,Empirical Orthogonal Function）迭代和年际增量方法,探讨了长江流域年尺度降水异常的动力-统计降尺度预测方法及其应用效果。结果表明,基于再分析数据的年尺度环流场,建立的长江流域年尺度降水异常增量的统计降尺度预测方案,其26 a回报检验的距平相关系数（ACC）平均达0.6,证明该方案具有较高的可预报性。进一步利用模式预测的年尺度环流场,建立了年降水异常增量的动力-统计降尺度预测方案,其ACC平均为0.42,显示了较高的回报技巧,远优于模式直接输出的年降水动力预报结果。通过分析调制年降水预报技巧高低的因素发现,赤道中东太平洋年平均海温距平为负值时,预报技巧更高,ACC平均达0.5以上。在拉尼娜发展年或拉尼娜持续年的冷水背景下,利用EOF迭代选取的特征向量偏多时,多尺度的大气环流信息被纳入预测模型中作为预测信号,预测技巧得到了提高。     

应用MJO制作长江流域月降水预测的试验研究

用MJO指数RMM1、RMM2、振幅 1—25日平均代替月平均,用上月月平均RMM1和RMM2、振幅构造为右场,下月长江流域降水场为左场,SVD分析两场的关联,借助最优化技术,在降水场预测距平与实况距平同号总站数最大意义下确定系数,建立估计公式,由右场时间系数估计左场时间系数,最后反演降水场。尽管多数的月第一模态相关并不显著,但实际预测效果较好。     

中国夏季降水异常EOF模态的时间稳定性分析

本文基于1980~2012年中国160个台站降水资料,利用滑动交叉检验等方法讨论了中国夏季降水距平和距平百分率EOF各模态的时间稳定性,在此基础上探讨了EOF方法在中国夏季降水短期气候预测中的应用条件和潜在能力。研究表明,随机剔除一年样本,中国夏季降水距平场前四个EOF模态表现出显著的稳定性。若时间系数完全预测准确,则潜在的可预测站点主要位于黄河以南地区,理想预测与原始降水的距平相关系数为0.6左右。相对而言,降水距平百分率各模态的时间稳定性易受极端降水事件的影响,当人为削弱这种影响后,随机剔除一年样本,其前三个模态的稳定性得到提高,潜在的可预测站点均匀分布,理想预测与原始降水的距平相关系数为0.48。但是,伴随着预报时效的增加,降水距平和距平百分率后三个EOF模态的时间稳定性下降,预示着EOF方法对未来两年以上降水的预测能力将会明显下降。     

T63模式月动力延伸预报高度场的改进实验

为克服T63模式月动力延伸预报中纬向平均环流的系统性误差较大的情形,文章利用NCEP/NCAR逐候再分析500 hPa高度场资料和非线性时空序列预测理论的局域近似法进行逐候纬向平均高度距平场预报.近30组个例的预报效果分析表明,就1～3旬总体而言,非线性时空序列预测方法对纬向平均高度距平场的预报优于持续性预报和模式动力延伸预报,体现了改善纬向平均高度场的能力.尤其是第3旬的预报,当持续性预报偏差与实况偏差明显增大、动力预报技巧相对于第1旬和第2旬降低时,相空间重构结果仍然保持一定的优势.     

动力延伸预报产品在东北地区月尺度气候预测中的释用及评估

针对东北地区53站的降水距平百分率和温度距平这两个基本业务要素,运用李维京等在1999年提出来的动力统计相结合和典型相关回归这两种方案,对国家气候中心T63动力延伸集合预报的500hPa月平均高度距平进行释用,对释用结果采用PS评分和同号率进行预测效果评估．结果表明：这两种方法有较好的应用价值。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.