苏北平原周庄镇浅钻沉积物粘土矿物分布特征及其环境意义

利用X衍射法分析了苏北平原浅钻剖面(YZ1)的粘土矿物类型和含量,并对其环境意义进行了探讨。结果表明,YZ1浅钻沉积物粘土成分主要由4种粘土矿物(伊利石、高岭石、绿泥石、蒙脱石)和少量长石、石英碎屑组成;研究区的古气候环境演变主要经历3个阶段,13 770~11 600 cal a B.P.期间的低温冷干阶段;11 600~9 610cal a B.P.期间的逐步升温阶段;9 610~1 520 cal a B.P.期间的全新世暖湿阶段,在这3个大的阶段背景条件下也存在一些次级波动。     

青土湖沉积物粒度特征及其古环境意义

青土湖沉积物的粒度特征反映了青土湖降水、水动力搬运强度以及湖面水位高低的变化。利用石羊河古终端湖泊青土湖剖面沉积物的粒度资料，分析了粒度组成、粒度参数等粒度特征，并探讨了古终端湖泊的沉积环境。结果表明青土湖从11000aBP年以来大致经历了4次极端干旱时期和4次温暖时期。通过对青土湖沉积物粒度频率曲线的分析，讨论了湖泊的几种可能沉积作用，区分出了湖相沉积、风成沉积浅湖相沉积以及水流和风力作用混合沉积，从而揭示了沉积时的古环境特征。青土湖全新世以来的环境演变，具有连续和沉积速率大的特点，不仅可以作为古环境与古气候变化的自然记录，而且为研究本区土地退化、荒漠化等问题提供了自然背景。     

南极半岛西部海域沉积物中粘土矿物研究

对南极半岛西部海域的表层沉积物和岩芯S11样品中小于2微米粒级的分析表明,粘土矿物由蒙脱石、伊利石、绿泥石和高岭石组成。表层沉积物中以蒙脱石和伊利石两种矿物占优势。蒙脱石的变化趋势由北向南递减,在南设得兰群岛周围海区含量最高;伊利石的变化趋势与蒙脱石相反,主要分布在南极半岛西北侧。 岩芯S11中的粘土矿物仍由上述四种矿物组成。蒙脱石含量随深度增大而减少;伊利石和绿泥石含量随深度增大而增高。这种变化趋势表明蒙脱石在间冰期沉积物中最丰富,而伊利石和绿泥石在冰期沉积物中最丰富。     

新疆玛纳斯河年径流时序特征分析

基于肯斯瓦特水文站54 a的逐月径流实测资料,运用参数、非参数检验和R/S分析探讨了玛纳斯河径流量的趋势、跃变及未来的变化趋势,并利用径流量年内分配特征指数描述了径流量年内分配状况。结果表明,玛纳斯河径流量在1995年发生跳跃式的突变,并达到极显著水平,这也与径流量累积距平显示的结果一致;径流量的赫斯特指数大于0.5,具有持续性,预示其未来变化仍将保持增加走势;计算表明,玛纳斯河肯斯瓦特站径流量高度集中于夏季(6、7、8月),年内分配指数中的集中度比不均匀系数具有更强的分辨能力与灵敏性,集中期所对应的最大径流量出现时间与实际月份相同,并且各特征指数间存在关联性。     

大浪滩和巴里坤盐湖钻孔沉积物中粘土矿物

这两个盐湖钻孔沉积物中的粘土矿物，以伊利石为主，次为绿泥石，存在高岭石；蒙脱石在巴里坤盐湖中明显较多，普遍分布；但在大浪滩盐湖中含量较少，有些样品中未发现．     

海南岛双池玛珥湖全新世磁化率及其环境意义

海南岛双池玛珥湖沉积物磁化率高分辨率的时间序列分析表明,磁化率与粒度指标和粘土矿物含量存在相关关系,磁化率突变往往对应于沉积物的突变界面,因此与沉积相变化可以对比.磁化率与碳、氮含量呈负相关,表明湖泊的有机质生产力高时磁化率较低.多指标的对比分析进一步证明了中国热带全新世高温期为:7 200～2 700aBP,高温期从炎热而降雨量相对低的稳定时期过渡到频繁变动的气候不稳定阶段;晚全新世,尤其在2 700aBP左右,气候模式发生了重大转折,波动幅度变大,可能与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(ENSO)活动性增强有关.海     

粘土矿物在古环境研究中的指示作用

粘土矿物普遍存在于各种类型的沉积物和沉积岩中。作为次生矿物,粘土对环境的变化极为敏感,因而粘土矿物的沉积分异、组合特征、矿物成分及其含量和矿物结晶度都从不同的角度记录了粘土矿物形成过程中各种环境因素的变化。这些对恢复古环境,研究全球变化具有重要的指示意义。     

昌都地区晚侏罗达孜剖面粘土矿物组合特征及其成岩环境意义

昌都地区位于西藏东部,区内有蒸发岩大范围分布。本文通过对昌都地区晚侏罗含膏盐达孜剖面粘土矿物类型及其组合特征进行深入研究,对成岩环境进行了分析,可为进一步探讨蒸发岩对青藏高原演化的响应关系提供一定的线索和依据。主要得到如下4点认识：(1)达孜剖面粘土矿物以伊利石为主,伊利石/蒙脱石混层次之,高岭石、绿泥石和绿泥石/蒙脱石混层含量均较低。(2)ISⅡ型有序伊/蒙混层矿物中,每隔9～19个伊利石晶层才有蒙脱石晶层出现,表明蒙脱石伊利石化程度高,受成岩作用影响较大。(3)达孜剖面呈晚成岩阶段的特征,其成岩温度大于190℃,沉积环境和成岩环境具有弱碱性的特征,同时这一时期物源区呈干燥、弱水解作用的特征。(4)高含量的Na_⁺、K_⁺、Al_³⁺和低含量的Fe_²⁺、Mg_²⁺碱性介质对蒙脱石-蒙脱石/伊利石-伊利石这一转化过程有一定的促进作用,但同时抑制了埋藏过程后期绿泥石的大量生成。     

昌都地区晚侏罗世达孜剖面粘土矿物组合特征及其成岩环境意义

昌都地区位于西藏自治区东部,区内有蒸发岩大范围分布。通过对昌都地区晚侏罗世含膏盐达孜剖面粘土矿物类型及其组合特征的深入研究,对成岩环境进行了分析,主要得到如下4点认识:1)达孜剖面粘土矿物以伊利石为主,伊利石/蒙脱石混层次之,高岭石、绿泥石和绿泥石/蒙脱石混层含量均较低; 2) ISⅡ型有序伊/蒙混层矿物中,每隔9～19个伊利石晶层才有蒙脱石晶层出现,表明蒙脱石伊利石化程度高,受成岩作用影响较大; 3)达孜剖面呈晚成岩阶段的特征,其成岩温度大于190℃,沉积环境和成岩环境具有弱碱性的特点,同时这一时期物源区呈干燥、弱水解作用的特征; 4)高含量的Na~+、K~+、Al~(3+)和低含量的Fe~(2+)、Mg~(2+)碱性介质对蒙脱石—蒙脱石/伊利石—伊利石这一转化过程有一定的促进作用,但同时抑制了埋藏过程后期绿泥石的大量生成。以上晚侏罗世含膏盐达孜剖面的成岩环境特征可为进一步探讨蒸发岩对青藏高原演化的响应关系提供一定的线索和依据。     

新疆玛纳斯湖变迁的气候和构造分析

在卫星影像分析、野外调查的基础上,结合前人研究的资料研究,玛纳斯湖的气候演化背景和区域构造活动背景。然后从玛纳斯湖水面高低和空间位置两个方面讨论玛纳斯湖的演化历史。指出第四纪以来玛纳斯湖出现6次高湖面,经历古玛纳斯湖向北迁移-古玛纳斯湖盆形成-退缩-解体-衰竭的演化过程。     

Holocene lake sediment records of Arctic hydrology

Although paleoclimatic research in the Arctic has most often focused on variations in temperature, the Arctic has also experienced changes in hydrologic balance. Changes in Arctic precipitation and evaporation rates affects soils, permafrost, lakes, wetlands, rivers, ice and vegetation. Changes in Arctic soils, permafrost, runoff, and vegetation can influence global climate by changing atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide concentrations, thermohaline circulation, and high latitude albedo. Documenting past variations in Arctic hydrological conditions is important for understanding Arctic climate and the potential response and role of the Arctic in regards to future climate change. Methods for reconstructing past changes in Arctic hydrology from the stratigraphic, isotopic, geochemical and fossil records of lake sediments are being developed, refined and applied in a number of regions. These records suggest that hydrological variations in the Arctic have been regionally asynchronous, reflecting the impacts of different forcing factors including orbitally controlled insolation changes, changes in geography related to coastal emergence, ocean currents, sea ice extent, and atmospheric circulation. Despite considerable progress, much work remains to be done on the development of paleohydrological proxies and their application to the Arctic.     

柴达木盆地昆特依盐湖沉积特征及其盐类资源评价

昆特依盐湖位于柴达木盆地西北部,是一个相对独立的沉积盆地,可反映盆地西北部的演化历史,对研究盆地内盐湖演化有重要意义。基于研究区已有的研究成果,总结和评价了昆特依盐湖沉积与盐类矿产资源,并得到以下结论:1)昆特依湖自1 925～774 ka期间以暖湿型气候为主,其后呈干冷与暖湿气候交替出现,最早成盐期为1150 ka,最终于30.6 ka成为干盐湖。昆特依盆地早期沉积的细碎屑沉积物沉积速率(0.22 mm/a)慢于晚期沉积的石盐层(0.33 mm/a);2)昆特依盐湖液体KCl储量为1.32×10~8 t,MgCl储量为2.79×10~8 t,NaCl储量为24.15×10~8 t;3)估算出赋存于昆特依盐湖石盐矿中的锂资源量达39×10~4 t,同时估算出液体中的锂资源量约有74×10~4 t,二者总量达百万吨;4)昆特依矿田的成因属典型的内陆湖相沉积,成矿控制因素以构造作用为主,其次为气候及物质来源。关于昆特依盐湖沉积特征与盐类矿产资源特征的研究,有利于对本地区地质演化更全面的认识,对合理开发利用盐类资源有重要意义。     

鸭绿江口及邻近浅海碎屑矿物特征与物源辨识

通过分析鸭绿江口及邻近浅海表层沉积物的碎屑矿物特征,讨论了表层沉积物中主要碎屑矿物的沿程变化、指示性矿物、特征指数方面的差异及其示踪意义。研究结果表明:鸭绿江口与邻近浅海的沉积物可能来自于不同的物源区;西水道的沉积保留了较多的鸭绿江历史沉积的特点;中水道沉积与现代河流相近;辽东浅滩的沉积物质来源以河流为主,兼有来自浅海的物质。     

Wind-determined sediment distribution and Holocene sediment yield in a small,Danish, kettle lake

Sediment distribution was mapped by multiple corings in a small oligotrophic lake in northwestern Denmark. Sediment cores along a representative West-East transect were dated by ¹⁴C and correlated using pollen, mineral magnetics and general lithology. Estimates of whole-lake Holocene sediment accumulation were used to calculate sediment yield (terrestrial erosion). Results indicate that: 1) sediment yield was low 10000–5000 BP and increased strongly 5000–2500 BP and again 2500–1200 BP, 2) sediment focusing and waves and currents induced by strong winds were the major processes controlling sediment distribution throughout the Holocene; 3) the dominant wind direction of strong winds has been westerly throughout the Holocene; and 4) the lake was probably more productive in the last 5000 years than in the period from 10000 to 5000 BP.     

An overview of late Holocene climate and environmental change inferred from Arctic lake sediment

The 14 papers in this Special Issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology report new records of Holocene climate and environmental change from Arctic lakes, with emphasis on the last 2000 years. The study sites span the high latitudes of North America and extend into northwestern Europe. The studies rely on multiple proxy indicators to reconstruct past climate, including: varve thicknesses, chironomid, diatom, and pollen assemblages, biogenic-silica and organic-matter content, oxygen-isotope ratios in diatoms, and the frequency of lake-ice-rafted aggregates. These proxies primarily document changes in past summer temperatures, the main control on physical and biological processes in lakes at high latitudes. The records will be integrated into a larger network of paleoclimate sites to investigate the spatial and temporal variability of climate change and to compare the paleoclimate inferences with the output of general circulation models. This is the Introduction to a series of fourteen papers published as a special issue dedicated to reconstructing late Holocene climate change from Arctic lake sediments. The special issue is a contribution to the International Polar Year and was edited by Darrell Kaufman.     

基于沉积物理化性质的雅鲁藏布江中游粉尘物源研究

物源是风沙研究的主要内容.雅鲁藏布江中游风沙区是西藏自治区的主要沙丘分布区和受风沙灾害影响的主要区域.但目前对该地区沙尘物源的研究甚少,从而限制了我们对该地区风沙地貌形成演化过程、防沙治沙工程合理布局和沙尘暴预报预警工作的开展.沉积物理化性质是沉积物物源判别的主要证据.为此,收集了雅鲁藏布江中游河岸、河漫滩、河漫滩沙丘...     

Reconstructing lake and drainage basin history using terrestrial sediment layers: analysis of cores from a post-glacial lake in New England, USA

Four sediment cores and twenty-five ¹⁴C ages from Ritterbush Pond in northern Vermont provide a detailed and continuous temporal record of Holocene lake and watershed dynamics. Using visual logs, carbon content, magnetic susceptibility, stable isotope signatures, and X-radiography, all measured at 1-cm scale, we identify and date discrete layers of terrestrially-derived sediment in the organic-rich, lacustrine gyttja. These inorganic layers range in thickness from <1 mm to >10 cm and range in grain size and sorting from homogeneous silt to graded sand. AMS radiocarbon ages both from macrofossils within the thickest layers, and gyttja bracketing these layers, provide the basis for correlation among the cores, the dating of 52 basin-wide sedimentation events, and the development of a detailed sedimentation chronology for the Holocene.Physical, chemical, and isotopic analyses suggest the inorganic layers are terrestrially derived and result from hydrologic events large enough to erode and transport sediment from the watershed into the pond. The temporal and spatial distribution of the inorganic layers suggests changing basin-wide sedimentation and thus erosion dynamics since deglaciation over 12,000 years ago. Specifically, for intervals lasting 400 to 1000 years, during the early (>8600 cal yBP), middle (6400 to 6800 cal yBP) and late Holocene (1800 to 2600 cal yBP), the Ritterbush Pond watershed eroded more rapidly than at other times and terrestrially derived material poured into the pond. Analysis of Ritterbush Pond sediments demonstrates the potential for North American lakes to preserve a record of drainage basin dynamics.     

The role of climate and vegetation in weathering and clay mineral formation in late Quaternary soils of the Swiss and Italian Alps

Interactions between climate and soil remain ambiguous, particularly when silicate weathering and clay mineral formation and transformation rates are considered in relation to global climate changes. Recent studies suggest that climate affects weathering rates much less than previously thought. Here we show that the climate in the central European Alps has a significant, but indirect, influence on the weathering of soils through vegetation. The pattern of element leaching and mineral transformations is not only due to precipitation and temperature. Element leaching was greatest in subalpine forests near the timberline; weathering is lessened at higher and lower altitudes. Vegetation, therefore, contributes significantly to weathering processes. The highest accumulation of organic matter was found in climatically cooler sites (subalpine range) where the production of organic ligands, which enhance weathering, is greatest. Patterns of smectite formation and distribution had strong similarities to that of the elemental losses of Fe and Al (R = 0.69; P < 0.01) or base cations (R = 0.58; P < 0.05). Higher precipitation rates and the production of organic chelating compounds in the soil promoted the appearance of smectites. The relationship between climate, element leaching (Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, K, Na), and smectite formation is strongly nonlinear and driven by the podzolisation process, which is more pronounced near the timberline because of the bioclimatic constellation. Climate warming will probably, in the future, lead to a decrease in SOM stocks in the subalpine to alpine range because of more favourable conditions for biodegradation that would also affect weathering processes.