2004年11月南大洋上一对气旋的结构分析

利用各种观测资料,包括美国国家环境预报中心发行的FNL(Final Analysis)资料和GOES-9(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite)红外卫星云图资料,对2004年11月15日至25日中国"雪龙"号南极科学考察船穿越南半球西风带时对其影响最大的一对气旋M和N进行了研究.首先对天气背景进行了介绍,并利用FNL资料和卫星云图对气旋对的演变过程进行了描述,最后对这对气旋的垂直结构进行了分析,发现气旋M具有明显的暖心结构,斜压性较弱,而气旋N有不太明显的暖心结构,在其上空有明显的螺旋云团,斜压性较强.     

低纬西太平洋热带气旋路径中短期预报

本文以动力学原理为依据,结合低纬西太平洋南海地区热带气旋历史资料建立了一个预报南海海区热带气旋未来72小时路径的预报模式。模式只要求输入预报时刻和前期的热带气旋中心位置,最低气压和中心附近最大风速资料便可在IBM或类似的微机上作出未来72小时的路径预报。用统计样本外的6年历史资料作预报检验,6年的平均预报误差表明其预报精度已达一般客观预报水平。     

西北太平洋热带气旋强度统计动力预报的改进模型

利用NCEP再分析资料、T106L19模式产品和热带气旋历史观测资料,设计和筛选气候持续性因子和动力因子,结合主分量因子分析技术,对统计-动力模式进行了改进,开展了西北太平洋热带气旋强度预报技术研究试验。结果表明,对预报因子进行主分量分析,可提高因子的独立性,降低线性回归模型的维数和不稳定性,从而提高了模式对热带气旋强度的实际预报能力。     

西南太平洋天气特征与航天测量船应急机动策略

分析了影响航天测量船在西南太平洋任务海域的主要灾害性天气系统,阐述了热带气旋、温带气旋及冷空气的特征,以及航天测量船采用的数值预报产品,在充分考虑到航天测量船任务的特殊性的同时,根据其历年在该海域规避灾害性天气系统与应急机动情况,探寻出了该海区三种典型灾害性天气系统作用下船舶机动方案,为航天测量船在该任务海区应急机动提供了理论基础。     

影响湛江的热带气旋自回归分析和预报

利用时间序列的自相关分析,采用逐步回归的统计方法,对影响湛江的热带气旋个数进行了分析,并通过建立预报方程对每年影响湛江的热带气旋进行了预报.实例证明,此方法预报效果良好,实用性强,还具有一定的分析时间序列隐含周期的能力.     

登陆珠江口的热带气旋气候特征及其预报

本文根据1949～1988年登陆珠江口的热带气旋资料及珠江河口滨海区主要台风潮位站的同步资料,分析了登陆珠江口的热带气旋气候特征,建立了35～49小时热带气旋登陆地点的预报方程。预报方程的精度是好的。     

试用灰色建模作登陆我国东南沿海的热带气旋预报

根据1970—2003年的热带气旋资料，采用GM(1，1)灰色模型，建立预报方程，对历年来登陆我国东南沿海的热带气旋个数偏多的年份进行模拟和试报，经检验效果良好。在此基础上，对未来登陆我国东南沿海热带气旋个数偏多的年份进行了预报，结论是2009年和2010年为灾变年份，即在这2年中登陆我国东南沿海的热带气旋个数将大于等于10个。     

遗传算法与神经网络相结合的热带气旋强度预报方法试验

以1960~2001年共41 a的7月和8月西行进入南海海域的热带气旋样本为基础,采用遗传算法与神经网络相结合的方法,进行了热带气旋强度预报模型的预报建模研究.并根据相同的热带气旋个例,将这种遗传-神经网络热带气旋强度预报模型与气候持续法热带气旋强度预报方法进行对比分析,试验预报结果表明,遗传-神经网络方法具有更好的预报能力.     

台风“圆规”路径预报偏差分析

利用环境场、卫星云图和海岛自动气象站资料,分析了1007号热带气旋"圆规"在三气旋和强副高的天气形势下路径稳定的原因,指出弱小的热带气旋对较强大的台风影响不大;偏心台风的内力与本身结构有关;台风右前方的增暖对台风路径具有一定的引导作用。     

热带气旋路径预报概率圆应用

热带气旋路径预报采用预报概率圆可以有效减少不可避免的预报错误,在2004～2007年中央气象台主观路径预报资料的基础上,使用统计方法并根据预报误差与热带气旋预报移动速度和移动方向的相关关系分类,分别计算了相应的24、48、72 h路径预报的70%概率圆半径,修改了原来业务中使用的概率圆半径,以期替代原来在业务中使用的概率圆半径。同时应用修改后的概率圆半径对近5年的路径主观预报进行了分析,给出了2004～2007年预报误差分布特点以及较大预报误差热带气旋个例的误差产生原因,并讨论了该方法改进的可能性。     

Size-fractionated uranium isotopes in surface waters in the Jiulong Estuary in China

Surface water was collected from the Jiulong Estuary for determination of activity concentrations of uranium isotopes in different size fractions, namely, greater than 53, 10 -53, 2 - 10, 0.4 -2 μm, 10 000 u -0.4 μm and less than 10 000 u fractions by microfihration and cross-flow uhrafiltration technologies. Results indicated that most of the dissolved uranium （ 〈 0.4 μm） exis- ted in the low molecular mass fraction （ 〈 10 000 u）, and the colloidal uranium-238 （10 000 u -0.4 μm） only contributed less than 1% of the dissolved uranium-238. The fractions of colloidal uranium in the dissolved phases decreased with the increasing sa- linity. A positive linear relationship between uranium-238 activities and salinities was observed for the dissolved, colloidal and low molecular mass fractions, indicating a conservative behavior of uranium in the Jiulong Estuary. In the particulate phases （ 〉 0.4 μm）, the partitioning of uranium isotopes among different size fractions was controlled by the partitioning of particle concentrations. In the regions with salinities below 20, the partitioning of uranium-238 among different size fractions was as follows： 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm 〉 0.4 - 2 μm greater than above 53 μm. However, the order at the offshore station with salinities above 30 changed as follows ： 0.4 - 2 μm 〉 10 - 53 μm 〉 2 - 10 μm greater than above 53 μm. The fraction of the 0.4 - 2 μm particles increased at the offshore station, suggesting the increased contribution of the authigenic uranium. The activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phases, including the low molecular mass fraction and the colloidal fraction, was larger than unity, showing the occurrence of excess uranium-234. In contrast, the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in all size fractions of the particulate phase was close to the equilibrium value （1.0）. The observed different values of the activity ratio of uranium-234 to uranium-238 in the dissolved phase and the partic     

夏季珠江口沉积物中营养盐剖面分布和界面交换通量

通过对夏季珠江口区域沉积物间隙水营养盐剖面分析,调查了营养盐含量分布和特征,探讨了有机物的降解特性、营养盐的底部通量估算和作用.结果表明,珠江口沉积物间隙水中营养盐以高含量铵盐为主要的存在形式,沉积物中有机物的降解反应主要在厌氧状态下进行,底部水体铵盐的增加来源于底部沉积物有机质的降解释放,而且对水体的营养盐循环有较大的贡献.     

Recent progress in submarine geosciences in China

In China submarine geosciences represents a newly established discipline of oceanography, focusing on the oceanic lithosphere, and its interface with the hydrosphere and biosphere. Recently, supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program and other high-tech development projects, significant progress has been made in the development of advanced technologies and equipment. This en- ables the scientists in China to carry out explorations of the international seabed area in the Pacific Ocean and on the Southwest Indian Ridge. In addition, they have been active in the research activities associated the mid-ocean ridges and western Pacific marginal seas. It is anticipated that this research field will continue to be highly fruitful in the near future.     

湄洲湾夏季的初级生产力

湄洲湾１９９２年夏季的叶绿素ａ，三磷酸腺苷，碳比积累速率，初级生产力的变化范围和均值分别为０．４５－４．７２，１．４９ｍｇ／ｍ＾３；０．１２－１．０７，０．３１μｇ／ｄｍ＾３；０．０６－０．５８，０．３４ｄ＾－１；０．０７－０．３４，０．２１ｍ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）。叶绿素ａ与三磷酸腺苷之间。初级生产力与碳比积累速率之间均呈正相关关系。叶绿素ａ三磷本能腺苷的比值为４．８，湄洲湾夏季浮游植物的生长受氮不足     

Seasonality in nutrient concentrations in Galveston Bay

In order to investigate factors controlling nutrient cycling in the shallow and turbid coastal ecosystem of Galveston Bay, data from: (1) the Texas Water Commission (TWC) database 1980–1989, and (2) salinity transects in 1989 and 1993 are presented and analyzed. Statistical regression and time-series analysis were carried out on data acquired by TWC between 1980 and 1989, in an attempt to establish seasonally of nutrient and chlorophyll-a (chl.-a.) concentrations in the bay and to determine factors which regulate these concentrations.A strong seasonality was found for phosphorus and chl.-a. in the upper and mid-bay stations. A recurring maximum for phosphate occurred in September and a chl.-a. maximum occurred regularly in March–April. It is hypothesized that benthic regeneration of phosphorus at the end of summer is responsible for the phosphate maximum. The inverse correlation of the partition coefficient (K_d) for phosphate with the concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM), coupled to a strong enrichment of phosphate in suspended particles at low SPM concentrations, indicates additional control by geochemical and physical processes such as particle sorting and/or particle-colloid interactions. Nitrate is inversely correlated with salinity at the upper and mid-bay stations, indicating the Trinity River is a major source.Nutrient concentrations in the lower bay (East and West Bay stations) are considerably lower and less predictable, as they are not correlated with salinity or temperature. Data from the 1989 and 1993 transects confirm the yearly maximum in phosphate concentration in late summer months, with peak concentrations in the upper Trinity Bay. It is concluded that despite possible phosphate buffering by physical and geochemical mechanisms, relatively large concentration maxima recur regularly every year during the summer, possibly caused by a benthic source of phosphate.     

Mesozooplankton in the Arctic Ocean in summer

The biomass, species and chemical composition of the mesozooplankton and their impact on lower food levels were estimated along a transect across the Arctic Ocean. Mesozooplankton biomass in the upper 200 m of the water column was significantly higher (19–42 mg DW m^-3) than has previously been reported for the Arctic Ocean, and it reached a maximum at ca. 87°N in the Amundsen Basin. The lowest values were recorded in the Chukchi Sea and Nansen Basin, where ice cover was lower (50–80%) than in the central Arctic Ocean. In the deeper strata (200–500 m) of the Canadian and Eurasian Basins, the biomass was always much lower (4.35–16.44 mg DW m^-3). The C/N (g/g) ratio for the mesozooplankton population was high (6.5–8.5) but within the documented range. These high values (when compared to 4.5 at lower latitudes) may be explained by the high lipid content. Mesozooplankton accounted for approximately 40% of the total particulate organic carbon in the upper 100 m of the water column. Mesozooplankton species composition was homogeneous along the transect, consisting mainly of copepods (70–90% of the total number). It was dominated by four large copepod species (Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, C. finmarchicus and Metridia longa), which together accounted for more than 80% of the total biomass. According to measurements of gut pigment and gut turnover rates, the mesozooplankton on average ingested between 6 and 30% of their body carbon per day as phytoplankton. Microzooplankton may have provided an additional source of energy for the mesozooplankton community. These data emphasize the importance of mesozooplankton in the arctic food web and reinforce the idea that the Arctic Ocean should no longer be considered to be a “biological desert”.     

微生物对土壤中镉的固定作用

镉是一种重要的环境污染物,它通过沉淀作用、磷酸肥料的使用等排放到农田中。由于镉具有较高的蒸气压,因此,人为排放的镉大部分来自工业的挥发。排放到大气中的镉通过沉积作用转移到植物、土壤及水体中。在污染的土壤中镉被植物吸收并且在植物体内富集,通过这种机制镉进入了食物链。镉是一种诱导有机体突变的物质,能对动物和人类产生有害影响,并能够抑制植物的光合作用,因此,环境中镉的存在一直被人们所关注。     

海水双壳类受精生物学研究进展

1 研究概况,在海水双壳类中开展的大量受精生物学研究表明,绝大部分的海水双壳类为卵生型,雌雄配子被排放到海水中完成受精。排放的卵子处于第一次减数分裂前期(生发泡期)或中期。精子入卵后,受精卵恢复减数分裂,先后排放出两个极体,形成雌雄原核并最终启动卵裂。     

海水黄色物质研究进展

叙述了海水黄色物质的研究历史、研究动态和研究方法,并且指出黄色物质荧光性质研究的重要性.海水中黄色物质在海洋生态系统、光学遥感和海洋碳循环等方面具有广阔的应用前景.