一阶Rytov近似有限频走时层析

传统的波动方程走时核函数（或走时Fréchet导数）多基于互相关时差测量方式及地震波场的一阶Born近似导出,其成立条件非常苛刻.然而,地震波走时与大尺度的速度结构具有良好的线性关系,对于小角度的前向散射波场,Rytov近似优于Born近似.因此,本文基于Rytov近似和互相关时差测量方式,导出了基于Rytov近似的有限频走时敏感度核函数的两种等价形式：频率积分和时间积分表达式.在此基础之上,本文提出了一种隐式矩阵向量乘方法,可以直接计算Hessian矩阵或者核函数与向量的乘积,而无需显式计算和存储核函数及Hessian矩阵.基于隐式矩阵向量乘方法,本文利用共轭梯度法求解法方程实现了一种高效的Gauss-Newton反演算法求解走时层析反问题.与传统的敏感度核函数反演方法相比,本文方法在每次迭代过程中,无需显式计算和存储核函数,极大降低了存储需求.与基于Born近似的伴随状态方法走时层析相比,本文方法具有准二阶的收敛速度,且适用范围更广.数值试验证明了本文方法的有效性.

     

基于改进的散射积分算法的初至波走时层析

初至波走时层析是获取近地表速度结构的一种常用方法.随着采集技术的不断发展,可使用的数据量迅速增多,传统的基于射线追踪和解方程组的地震走时层析成像方法面临着内存占用大、方程求解不稳定等问题.为了解决这些问题,本文基于前人在波形反演研究中提出的一种改进的散射积分算法,提出了一种预条件最速下降法初至波走时层析.该方法无需存储核函数矩阵与Hessian矩阵即可方便地实现目标函数梯度的计算与预条件,且该方法计算效率高、求解稳定、易于并行.数值实验结果表明,该方法可以获得与传统方法精度相当的反演结果,但所占用的内存大幅减小.     

利用地质规则块体建模方法的频率域有限元弹性波速度反演

在频率域弹性波有限元正演方程的基础上,依据匹配函数（也就是观测数据和正演数据残差的二次范数）最小的准则,用矩阵压缩存储与LU分解技术来存储和求解频率域正演方程中的大型稀疏复系数矩阵、用可调阻尼因子的Levenberg Marquard方法求解反演方程组,直接求取地下介质的弹性波速度,导出了频率域弹性波有限元最小二乘反演算法. 为了利用地下地质体的分布规律,减少反演所求的未知数个数,本文又提出了规则地质块体建模方法引入到反演中来. 经数值模型验证,在噪声干扰很大（噪声达到50髎）或初始模型与真实模型相差很大的情况下,反演也能取得很满意的效果,证明本方法具有很好的抗噪性与“强壮性”.     

基于Born波路径的高斯束初至波波形反演

为了提高表层速度反演精度,本文提出了一种新的波形反演方法.该方法只利用初至波波形信息以减少波形反演对初始模型的依赖性,降低反演多解性与稳定性.由于只利用初至波波形信息,所以该方法利用高斯束计算格林函数和正演波场,以减少正演计算量.为了避免庞大核函数的存储,该方法基于Born波路径,利用矩阵分解算法实现方向与步长的累加计算.将此基于Born波路径的初至波波形反演方法应用于理论模型实验,并与声波方程全波形反演和初至波射线走时层析方法相对比,发现该方法的反演效果略低于全波形反演方法,但明显优于传统初至波射线走时层析方法,而计算效率却与射线走时层析相当.同时,相对于全波形反演,本文方法对初始模型的依赖性也有所降低.     

二维介质粗糙面下方三维金属目标复合电磁散射的快速正演算法

研究了二维(2-D)介质粗糙面下方三维(3-D)金属目标的复合电磁散射问题.将表面积分方程(PMCHW)方程应用到介质粗糙面表面,电场积分方程(EFIE)应用于金属目标表面.基于矩量法,使用三角分域基函数(RWG)和伽略金法将表面积分方程离散为矩阵方程,并采用稳定的双共轭梯度迭代(BICGSTAB)算法对矩阵方程进行求解.针对矩量法(MOM)的高存储量和迭代过程中存在的矩阵向量积耗时的瓶颈,采用基于秩的多层矩阵分解法(MLUV),对矩阵元素进行压缩存储,以节省对计算机内存的需求,并加速迭代过程中的矩阵向量积运算.计算了高斯粗糙面下方球体的双站雷达散射截面积(RCS),并与最陡下降快速多级子算法(SDFMM)结果比较以验证该数值方法的正确性.最后分析了不同粗糙度、目标尺寸和目标位置对双站RCS的影响.     

干涉走时微地震震源定位方法

本文基于地震波场干涉原理,建立了干涉走时微地震震源定位方法.该方法将两个接收点相对于一个微地震事件的走时差（称为干涉走时）的扰动作为残差函数,通过迭代求解最小残差函数,最终获得震源的空间位置.干涉走时震源定位方法利用两个接收点的到时差消除发震时刻未知和速度模型误差的影响,简化了震源定位算法.数值计算表明,本文提出的干涉走时定位方法在速度模型有误差的情况下仍然可以获得准确的微地震震源定位.     

地球AKl35模型中P震相的有限频走时灵敏度算核的计算(英文)

有限频走时层析成像是近年发展起来的一种新方法,这种新方法的一个主要过程是走时灵敏度算核的计算。求解灵敏度算核要多次用到同一散射点的走时,多次地求解同一走时是相当耗时的任务,如果介质为均匀或速度线性变化等简单模型,散射点的走时可以用解析公式快速地求出,从而灵敏度算核的计算耗时相对较少。然而各种地球模型中,介质速度大多为分层模型,从解析公式中得到走时信息就比较繁锁。为了提高计算效率,本文采用查表算法研究地球分层速度模型中的P震相有限频走时灵敏度算核的计算,选用的速度模型是地球AKl35模型,用查表算法求解走时,节省了约50%的计算时间。在相同的速度模型下,与已有结果的对比,本文所用的查表算法,能在兼顾精度的前提下,以较小的存储要求换取较高的计算效率,这对提高有限频走时层析成像算法的速度具有一定的参考价值。     

远震相对走时数据快速计算方法及应用

远震层析成像技术已成为研究地球深部速度结构最为主要的方法,而其所用数据通常为初至震相的相对走时残差值.本文针对信噪比差的远震波形资料提出一种计算远震相对走时残差数据的快速方法,整个计算过程全部由计算机自动完成.该方法主要有两大特点:(1)利用互相关方法计算波形间的偏移时间时引入波形相位信息,有效压制噪声,增强有用震相的识别;(2)改进常规方法中计算相对走时残差的理论公式,避免求解超定方程组,提高计算精度.为验证新方法的可行性和实用性,以长江中下游地区远震波形资料为例,采用常规方法和新方法分别计算相对走时残差数据,对比结果显示:新方法比常规方法的工作效率和数据精度都高.     

二维无限频率初至走时反演井间地震实际资料

使用Zelt和Barton的方法,通过一个计算效率高的有限差分求解eikonal方程,正演计算走时和射线路径.使用最小二乘QR分解法,求解稀疏线性系统方程组.使用正则化层析反演,结合用户给定的最小的、最平坦和最平滑的扰动限制,每一个加权因子随深度变化.结合数据残差和模型粗糙度的最小化,为数据残差提供一个最平滑的近似模型.该反演方法为非线性反演,需要一个初始模型,在每一次迭代时,需要计算新的射线路径.使用二维初至走时数据,对某油田二维井间地震实际资料进行无限频率初至走时层析反演.将反演所得到的速度与井的测井速度曲线相比较,二者吻合程度较高,表明该反演方法所得速度的分辨率比较高.证实了二维无限频率初至走时层析反演可以为全波形反演提供一个分辨率较高的长波长速度模型,从而为全波形反演井间地震实际资料提供了一个比较可靠的初始速度模型.     

基于Born敏感核函数的VTI介质多参数全波形反演

本文基于VTI介质拟声波方程,利用散射积分原理,在Born近似下导出了速度与各向异性参数的敏感核函数,同时结合作者前期研究提出的矩阵分解算法实现了一种新的VTI介质多参数全波形反演方法.矩阵分解算法通过对核函数-向量乘进行具有明确物理含义的向量-标量乘分解累加运算实现目标函数一阶方向或二阶方向的直接求取,从而避免了庞大核函数矩阵与Hessian矩阵的存储,该方法同时可以大大降低常规全波形反演在计算二阶方向时的庞大计算量.为了克服不同参数对波场影响程度的不同,本文利用作者前期在VTI介质射线走时层析成像研究中提出的分步反演策略实现了多参数联合全波形反演.理论模型实验表明,本文提出的基于Born敏感核函数的各向异性矩阵分解全波形反演方法可以获得较好的多参数反演结果.     

快速精确的二维频率空间域弹性波数值模拟

二维频率空间域的数值模拟方法具有以下的优势:多炮模拟时,计算成本比时间域方法低;无累计误差;在地震反演中处理多震源模拟时,只需要有限的几个频率就可以得到好的反演结果.差分离散化形成的稀疏系数矩阵,需要求解一个巨大规模的线性方程组,最大瓶颈是需要海量的计算机内存,导致计算量庞大.本文在前人研究的基础上,采用嵌套剖分网格排序法,极大限度减少对计算机内存的需求,从而减少了计算量.针对弹性波数值模拟的特征,提出二维频率空间域弹性波多炮模拟的快速计算流程.数值模拟试验证明使用嵌套剖分排序法的弹性波多炮数值模拟比压缩存储法具有节省存储量、计算效率高等优势,为后续的二维频率空间域弹性波全波形反演奠定了很好的基础.     

Comparison of methods for a 3-D density inversion from airborne gravity gradiometry

In this study, we apply Tikhonov’s regularization algorithm for a 3-D density inversion from the gravity-gradiometry data. To reduce the non-uniqueness of the inverse solution (carried out without additional information from geological evidence), we implement the depth-weighting empirical function. However, the application of an empirical function in the inversion equation brings the bias problem of the regularization factor when a traditional Tikhonov’s algorithm is applied. To solve the bias problem of regularization factor selection, we present a standardized solution that comprises two parts for solving a 3-D constrained inversion equation, specifically the linear matrix transformation and Tikhonov’s regularization algorithm. Since traditional regularization techniques become numerically inefficient when dealing with large number of data, we further apply methods which include the Simultaneous Iterative Reconstruction Technique (SIRT) and the wavelet compression combined with Least Squares QR-decomposition (LSQR). In our simulation study, we demonstrate that SIRT as well as the wavelet compression plus LSQR algorithm improve the computation efficiency, while provide results which closely agree with that obtained from applying Tikhonov’s regularization. In particular, the algorithm of wavelet compression plus LSQR shows the best computing efficiency, because it combines the advantages of coefficients compression of big matrix and fast solution of sparse matrix. Similar findings are confirmed from the vertical gravity gradient data inversion for detecting potential deposits at the Kauring (near Perth, Western Australia) testing site.     

地震层析成像LSQR算法的并行化

讨论了地震层析成像的LSQR算法(最小二乘QR分解). 在建立偏导数矩阵方程组时,对区内地震在方程中保留震源项,引入正交投影算子进行参数分离,对区外远震采用传统的平滑处理方式,用LSQR法求解联立的方程组. 由于区内地震的正交分解处理和区外远震的平滑处理,使得偏导数矩阵中的非零元素成倍增加,对于大型反演问题,这些非零元素常常达到几十GB到几百GB的数量级,巨量的内存占用成为LSQR算法的瓶颈. 针对这一问题,本文研究了偏导数矩阵中非零元素的分布规律,设计出合理的存储结构,采用分布式存储进行矩阵计算,提出了LSQR算法的并行化方案,并在联想深腾6800超级计算机上实现. 导出了LSQR算法的并行效率估算公式. 对两个地区的实际地震层析成像数据进行了效率测试.     

Wave equation tomographic velocity inversion method based on the Born/Rytov approximation

This paper discusses Born/Rytov approximation tomographic velocity inversion methods constrained by the Fresnel zone. Calculations of the sensitivity kernel function and traveltime residuals are critical in tomographic velocity inversion. Based on the Born/Rytov approximation of the frequency-domain wave equation, we derive the traveltime sensitivity kernels of the wave equation on the band-limited wave field and simultaneously obtain the traveltime residuals based on the Rytov approximation. In contrast to single-ray tomography, the modified velocity inversion method improves the inversion stability. Tests of the near-surface velocity model and field data prove that the proposed method has higher accuracy and Computational efficiency than ray theory tomography and full waveform inversion methods.     

Application of Large‐Scale Inversion Algorithms to Hydraulic Tomography in an Alluvial Aquifer

Large‐scale inversion methods have been recently developed and permitted now to considerably reduce the computation time and memory needed for inversions of models with a large amount of parameters and data. In this work, we have applied a deterministic geostatistical inversion algorithm to a hydraulic tomography investigation conducted in an experimental field site situated within an alluvial aquifer in Southern France. This application aims to achieve a 2‐D large‐scale modeling of the spatial transmissivity distribution of the site. The inversion algorithm uses a quasi‐Newton iterative process based on a Bayesian approach. We compared the results obtained by using three different methodologies for sensitivity analysis: an adjoint‐state method, a finite‐difference method, and a principal component geostatistical approach (PCGA). The PCGA is a large‐scale adapted method which was developed for inversions with a large number of parameters by using an approximation of the covariance matrix, and by avoiding the calculation of the full Jacobian sensitivity matrix. We reconstructed high‐resolution transmissivity fields (composed of up to 25,600 cells) which generated good correlations between the measured and computed hydraulic heads. In particular, we show that, by combining the PCGA inversion method and the hydraulic tomography method, we are able to substantially reduce the computation time of the inversions, while still producing high‐quality inversion results as those obtained from the other sensitivity analysis methodologies.     

An algorithm for fast 3D inversion of surface electrical resistivity tomography data: application on imaging buried antiquities

In this work a new algorithm for the fast and efficient 3D inversion of conventional 2D surface electrical resistivity tomography lines is presented. The proposed approach lies on the assumption that for every surface measurement there is a large number of 3D parameters with very small absolute Jacobian matrix values, which can be excluded in advance from the Jacobian matrix calculation, as they do not contribute significant information in the inversion procedure. A sensitivity analysis for both homogeneous and inhomogeneous earth models showed that each measurement has a specific region of influence, which can be limited to parameters in a critical rectangular prism volume. Application of the proposed algorithm accelerated almost three times the Jacobian (sensitivity) matrix calculation for the data sets tested in this work. Moreover, application of the least squares regression iterative inversion technique, resulted in a new 3D resistivity inversion algorithm more than 2.7 times faster and with computer memory requirements less than half compared to the original algorithm. The efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm was verified using synthetic models representing typical archaeological structures, as well as field data collected from two archaeological sites in Greece, employing different electrode configurations. The applicability of the presented approach is demonstrated for archaeological investigations and the basic idea of the proposed algorithm can be easily extended for the inversion of other geophysical data.     

基于非降阶汉密尔顿算子的三维立体层析反演

不同于前人在射线中心坐标系下基于降阶汉密尔顿算子建立立体层析矩阵,本文详细讨论了在三维直角坐标系下,基于非降阶汉密尔顿算子通过射线扰动理论导出三维立体层析所需的数据空间对模型空间的一阶线性关系,进而建立三维立体层析矩阵.在建立这个庞大且稀疏的系数矩阵后,实施规则化使得该矩阵方程的求解能够收敛到一个合理的结果.理论数据的严格测试证实了三维立体层析矩阵建立的正确性,为实际应用奠定了理论基础.     

Gravity compression forward modeling and multiscale inversion based on wavelet transform

The main problems in three-dimensional gravity inversion are the non-uniqueness of the solutions and the high computational cost of large data sets. To minimize the high computational cost, we propose a new sorting method to reduce fluctuations and the high frequency of the sensitivity matrix prior to applying the wavelet transform. Consequently, the sparsity and compression ratio of the sensitivity matrix are improved as well as the accuracy of the forward modeling. Furthermore, memory storage requirements are reduced and the forward modeling is accelerated compared with uncompressed forward modeling. The forward modeling results suggest that the compression ratio of the sensitivity matrix can be more than 300. Furthermore, multiscale inversion based on the wavelet transform is applied to gravity inversion. By decomposing the gravity inversion into subproblems of different scales, the non-uniqueness and stability of the gravity inversion are improved as multiscale data are considered. Finally, we applied conventional focusing inversion and multiscale inversion on simulated and measured data to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed gravity inversion method.     

初至波菲涅尔体地震层析成像

根据地震波传播的有限频理论,对于某个特定震相的观测信息,不仅射线路径上的点对该信息具有影响,射线领域上的其他点对接收信息也具有影响,这种影响可以用核函数来表达.本文基于波动方程的Born近似与Rytov近似,给出了非均匀介质情况下初至地震波振幅与走时菲涅尔体层析成像单频、带限层析核函数的计算方法.通过对均匀介质情况下初至地震波菲涅尔体层析成像核函数解析表达式的理论模型实验与分析,给出了不同维度振幅、走时单频菲涅尔体的空间分布范围,进而给出了带限菲涅尔体边界的确定方法.将本文的走时菲涅尔体层析成像理论应用于表层速度结构反演中,理论模型试验与实际资料处理结果表明,初至波菲涅尔体地震层析成像方法比传统的初至波射线层析成像理论具有更高的反演精度.