Joint Frequency in the Rock Mass Rating 2014 Classification System Based on Field P-wave Propagation Velocity Tests: A New Rating Method

The joint frequency rating index accounts for 40% of the weight in the hundred-mark Rock Mass Rating 2014 (RMR14) classification system. However, owning to the natural variations of in-situ rock mass, this parameter is difficult for site engineers to obtain along the tunnel axis, especially in groundwater-rich conditions or prior to any disturbances made to rock mass. In this study, we propose an equivalent joint frequency, expressed quantitatively in terms of the ratio of the P-wave propagation velocity in the rock mass to that of the intact rocks, which is mainly based on engineering statistics easily obtained from the Chinese National Standard, GB/T 50218. We also explore a new rating method, based on field P-wave propagation velocity tests, for the joint frequency in the RMR14 classification system. Literature from in-situ databases is discussed to verify the applicability of the proposed rating method. The verifications demonstrate that, compared with the results of on-site parameters ratings as per the RMR classification system, the new rating method using P-wave propagation velocity can obtain a certain degree of accuracy. Hence, this enables the presentation of the primary state of integrity of an in-situ rock mass in accordance with the RMR14 classification system, through simple and non-destructive field P-wave velocity tests.

     

Assessment of the Stability of Rock Slopes by the Slope Stability Rating Classification System

Given the lack of suitable systems in the characterization of slope stability of heavily jointed rock masses, a new rock mass classification system called Slope Stability Rating (SSR) is proposed. In addition to the so-called modified Geological Strength Index, the proposed system considers five additional parameters whose relative effects on the stability of fractured rock slopes were precisely examined based on data retrieved from eight different rock slope sites in Iran. An overall rating for the rock mass is obtained from the summation of the individual ratings of each parameter. A number of design charts are provided as illustration. The new system was then validated based on 46 slope case histories from Iran and Australia. For this, by means of the design charts previously mentioned, a recommended stable angle for each slope was given and compared with the current slope conditions. As a result, SSR design charts for maximum excavation angle (FS = 1.0) and also for other more conservative excavation angles (FS = 1.2, 1.3, 1.5) were presented.     

变形体系论点在滑坡整治工程中应用的研讨

介绍了目前国内外在滑坡整治工程中应用的主要理论，并分析了这些理论在实际应用中的问题和技术关键，提出了以变形体系论点指导滑坡整治工程，并介绍了具体应用情况。     

岩体结构对岩石爆破效果的影响

分析了爆破冲击波的传播特点，指出了对岩石破坏最大的是拉伸应力波，并对岩体结构对岩石爆破效果的影响进行了探讨。     

Application of Rock Mass Characterization for Determining the Mechanical Properties of Rock Mass: a Comparative Study

The results of geotechnical explorations, engineering geological investigation (including laboratory and in situ tests) and field observations have been used, along with borehole logging charts, to obtain the rock mass geotechnical data. Based on the data, the rock mass along the Sabzkuh water conveyance tunnel route was classified by rock mass rating (RMR), Q-system (Q), rock mass index (RMi) and geological strength index (GSI) (3 methods). A new series of correlations were established between the systems based on the data collected from the study area. These relationships were then compared with those reported in the literature, and two new relations were recommended. The classifications were utilized to calculate mechanical properties (rock mass strength and deformation modulus) of the rock mass along the tunnel according to available empirical relations, and to distinguish the upper-bound and lower-bound relations.     

基于块体理论的多结构面控制下岩质边坡关键块体研究

岩质边坡具有不连续性、多变性及各向异性的特点,其稳定性很大程度上受边坡内部发育的多结构面的影响,表现为块体的不稳定性,因此,寻求对边坡稳定性造成不良影响的关键可动块体是一项重要课题。通过块体理论全空间赤平投影与矢量计算的方法,捕获关键块体,并通过矢量计算确定块体的运动方式,计算其稳定系数,证明了全空间赤平投影在确定可动块体上的简便性,其直观的图示能避免矢量法较为繁琐的计算步骤,而在可动块体运动形式的判别上,两者必须相辅相成。通过应用块体理论确定的关键块体相较于传统方法应用于岩坡稳定性分析时强调的“整体性”而更加侧重于边坡内部块体的“个体性”与“精准性”,突破了岩质边坡稳定性分析的模糊性问题,也使边坡防治更精准更具针对性。     

Estimation of the Strength of Stratified Rock Mass

Stratified rock formations are often encountered in engineering structures with large dimensions, such as tunnels, caverns, etc. In the present work, the question of how and when such materials fail is addressed. It is argued that average values cannot provide appropriate measures for the strength of layered rock, as local stresses and strains differ greatly in the various constituents and one may fail, while others remain intact. The present work attempts, therefore, to formulate a solution covering both elasticity and failure in three dimensions, though simple enough to be easy to use in engineering applications. To this end, the local stress and strain state in each constituent were evaluated, assuming the constituents to be orthotropically elastic up to the point of failure. Subsequently, several failure criteria are considered and an example is presented to illustrate the model’s response. A discussion on the effect of geometry and on the values of local versus global quantities follows.     

Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (Mars) for Prediction of Elastic Modulus of Jointed Rock Mass

This article presents multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) for determination of elastic modulus (E_j) of jointed rock mass. MARS is a technique to estimate general functions of high-dimensional arguments given sparse data. It is a nonlinear and non-parametric regression methodology. The input variables of model are joint frequency (J_n), joint inclination parameter (n), joint roughness parameter (r), confining pressure (σ₃) and elastic modulus (E_i) of intact rock. The developed MARS gives an equation for determination of E_j of jointed rock mass. The results from the developed MARS model have been compared with those of artificial neural networks (ANNs) using average absolute error. The developed MARS gives a robust model for determination of E_j of jointed rock mass.     

Influence of Rock Mass Parameters on the Performance of a TBM in a Gneissic Formation (Varzo Tunnel)

Summary The paper analyses the influence of rock mass quality on the performance of a double shield TBM in the excavation of a tunnel in a gneiss formation which is characterized by high strength and low fracture intensity.As full observation of the rock conditions was prevented by the use of segmental lining, a geomechanical survey of the face was performed during maintenance downtime and the observed conditions were correlated with the machine performance parameters for that same day. A statistical analysis of the data shows that penetration rate correlates well with a slightly modified RMR index (in which the influence of the water conditions and joint orientation were discounted), but the most important factor is by far the partial rating of the RMR classification related to joint spacing only. However in tunnels characterized by greater variability in rock strength and joint conditions, it could be worthwhile using the complete RMR index.Given the toughness of the rock, failure of the cutter bearings and supports were a frequent occurrence during excavation. Owing to this factor the influence of rock quality on the rate of advance was found to be weak and the correlation more scattered.The results obtained for the Varzo tunnel were compared with those relative to other tunnels in granitic rocks and found to be in good agreement. However the relationships obtained should be considered valid only for this type of rock; machine behaviour could be found to be markedly different in other rock types, even where rock material strength and joint frequency are the same.     

岩体结构对含煤岩系变形的控制作用

含煤岩系变形规律的研究,对煤炭资源评价和开采、煤矿瓦斯灾害预测、煤层气的可开发性评价具有指导意义。基于含煤岩系的岩体结构是控制其变形的基础因素这一前提,以岩体力学和分形几何学基本理论为指导,提出取决于岩石杨氏模量和泊松比的岩体强度因子和取决于岩层厚度的分形维数两个参数,以断层发育的安阳双全井田、褶皱发育的沁水盆地煤层气开发区及滑动构造发育的荥巩谷山井田为例,系统探讨了岩体结构对含煤岩系变形的控制作用。研究表明,低强度因子和厚层岩层较多的分形维数低值区,含煤岩系以韧性变形为主,多形成褶皱,煤体变形程度深,为瓦斯灾害严重区和煤层气难以开发区;高强度因子和厚层岩层较少的分形维数高值区,含煤岩系以脆性变形为主,多发育断层,构造煤难以区域展布,只分布在断层附近。可见含煤岩系变形不仅与岩体强度有关,而且受岩层厚度的控制。统计层段内刚性岩层的存在增加了岩体强度,岩层复杂程度的增加同样提高了岩体强度。岩体力学和分形几何学的引入,为煤岩体变形行为和程度的描述和预测提供了一种新途径。     

节理岩体中锚索加固作用分析

简要介绍了锚索加固技术的应用,并对全长粘结式锚索在节理岩体中的锚固作用机理进行初步分析,同时对节理岩体中锚索加固的抗拉粘结强度及抗剪切强度的影响因素进行了分析。     

松动岩体边坡稳定性研究

黄河大柳树坝址两岸山体中广泛分布着断层、软弱岩层和松动架空的岩体,且该区地震强度高。本文采用数值模拟的方法,对松动岩体高边坡在天然条件下和地震动作用下的稳定性进行了分析研究。结果表明:在天然条件下,坡体基本稳定,但表层坡体存在岩体卸荷松动现象,沿断层有集中剪切现象;地震动作用下,因岩体强度软硬相间而进一步发生松动,导致边坡失稳。     

裂隙岩体边坡稳定性分析方法

岩石边坡，尤其是裂隙岩体边坡稳定性分析应考虑岩体中结构面的产状、性质和发育程度。对随机发育的岩体结构面，赤平极射投影是确定优势结构面及分析边坡潜在破坏模式的基础。以某电厂高100m以上岩石高边坡为例，介绍了采用赤平投影图解法及极限平衡法，进行岩体边坡稳定性分析的方法。     

裂隙岩体中的渗流与岩体变形

本文介绍裂隙岩体的渗流规律。我们通过试验认为应用纳维-斯托克斯(Narier-Stokes)方程描述岩体的渗流规律是可行的。岩体中的渗透动水压力对岩体的变形有重要的影响,渗透动水压力导至裂隙的张开、岩体变形,并影响岩体的稳定性。裂隙的张开引起渗流量的增加。我们应用原位(现场)试验的方法测量岩体的变形和渗流量,并研究渗透水压力与岩体变形的关系。试验成果用布希内斯克(Boussinesq)公式检查,表明其与计算结果比较接近。     

Seepage and Deformation of Fissured Rock Mass

Seepage law of fissured rock masses is presented in this paper. The Navier-stokes equation is demonstrated available to describe seepage law of rock masses by testing study. The dynamical seepage pressure in rock masses makes great effect on deformation of rock masses, results in opining of fissure and deformation of rock masses. The seepage and deformation of rock mass and dynamical seepage pressure is studied. The experimental results are checked with Bossiness formula, and are closed to the computing data.     

基于AR(1)模型的卡尔曼滤波法在危岩体变形分析中的应用

将AR(1)模型的模型参数作为状态向量,用卡尔曼滤波法进行危岩体变形分析.实例计算表明,这种方法能够提高AR(1)模型的拟合精度和预报精度.     

裂隙岩体力学参数的弱化处理

合理确定含裂隙岩体力学参数是岩土工程设计和岩体数值分析的基础和关键,在众多裂隙岩体力学参数弱处理方法中,Ｈｏｅｋ－Ｂｒｏｗｎ准则表现出很好的适用性,尤其适用于深厚覆盖层以下的岩体。结合小浪底水利柜纽工程和镇江－扬州长江公路大桥对弱化方法予以介绍和探讨。