Discrete Element Analysis of Huangtupo Landslide

On the basis of the deep geology and the geological structure of Huangtupo landslide,and ancient landslide in the reservoir of the Three Gorges,the geo-environmental model of the landslide is es-tablished to analyze quantitatively the sliding mechanism by using the discrete element method.It is con-cluded that interbedding structure of soft and hard formation consists of the main geological background,which induced the arching of the formation under gravity.Stability analysis of different loadings shows that the ground building weight on the middle slope may restrain the extension of shear sliding zone be-low,but may activate the foot area which will reduce the safety factor of the front.     

黄土坡滑坡的离散元研究

根据黄土坡滑坡所处的深部地质和表层古滑坡体结构特征，建立滑坡地质环境模型，运用离散元数值模拟方法研究黄土坡滑坡与深部地质环境的关系，明确了其形成机理，认为软硬相间的岸坡地层及顺向坡特点构成了黄土坡滑坡形成的形成的物质条件和发生背景环境，其内在力学机制是深部软硬相间岩层在重力蠕滑作用下发生的拱张，在考虑不同荷载组合的情况下预测评价滑坡的稳定性变化，滑坡体上建筑荷载会抑制中部剪切滑移区的发展，但能使滑坡体前端剪切滑移区扩大，从而降低滑体前缘的稳定性。     

Application of Dimensional Analysis in Calibration of a Discrete Element Model for Rock Deformation and Fracture

Summary A discrete element approach was used in the simulation of rock fracture. The numerical synthetic material was made of rigid circular particles or cylinders that have interaction through normal and shear springs. The cylinders were bonded to each other at the contact points to withstand the applied loads. To characterize the microscopic properties of this synthetic material, a dimensional analysis approach was presented. It was shown that the dimensionless parameters and graphs obtained were useful tools for fast and efficient calibration of a synthetic material. This calibration method was employed for finding a numerical model for Pennsylvania Blue Sandstone. The numerical model could mimic many deformational and failure characteristics of the sandstone in both conventional and some non-conventional stress paths.     

离散单元法同拉格朗日元法及其在岩土力学中的应用

离散单元法是一种适合于节理岩体的数值分析方法，拉格朗日元法则特点适用于解决大变形的问题。本文叙述了离散单元法和拉格朗日元法的基本原理以及有关参数的选择问题。文中还举出两种方法在岩土力学中的应用范围。     

Initiation and Displacement Analysis of Cohesive Soil Slopes by Discrete Element Modelling

Kinematic and static analysis of geotechnical problems using the DEM has been widely accepted in the research arena for many years; however, its routine use in geotechnical practice for slope stability analysis still remains limited. This study focuses on the behavior of cohesive soil slopes undergoing failure initiation and succedent run-out. The numerical simulations of a supposititious slope composed of homogeneous cohesive soil were conducted using the DEM. The cohesive soil was simulated using contact-bonded graded aggregates of diameters ranging from 80 to 160 mm. This study investigated the microcrack-growth, particle displacements, particle movement and porosity changes within the slope fill. The simulation results showed that the failure mechanism is a rotational one at the failure initiation stage and gradually transfer to a slide/flow mode as progressive failure occurs. The porosity of deposit mass increased remarkably as result of dilation and block void. The run-out behavior of failure mass is not very sensitive with the viscous damping constant.     

Discrete Element Modeling of Rock Fragmentation upon Impact in Rock Fall Analysis

A discrete element code has been used to simulate impact-induced rock fragmentation in rock fall analysis using a simplified impact model inspired by the theory of vibrations for foundations on elastic media. The impact velocity, the angle of incidence, pre-existing fractures, and the ground stiffness all play important roles in impact fragmentation. Based on the simulation results, impact fragmentation occurs locally at the impact zone without generating large fragments for a homogeneous rock block. Large fragments are generated only when there are open pre-existing fractures in the rock block or when there are fully persistent closed fractures. Softer ground tends to reduce the potential for impact fragmentation. Energy transformation and failure occur only during impact including approach and restitution stages. Friction energy loss accounts for most of the energy loss during the fragmentation process, while tensile cracking energy loss is not significant.     

Analysis of Critical Excavation Depth for a Jointed Rock Slope Using a Face-to-Face Discrete Element Method

Summary The critical excavation depth of a jointed rock slope is an important problem in rock engineering. This paper studies the critical excavation depth for two idealized jointed rock slopes by employing a face-to-face discrete element method (DEM). The DEM is based on the discontinuity analysis which can consider anisotropic and discontinuous deformations due to joints and their orientations. It uses four lump-points at each surface of rock blocks to describe their interactions. The relationship between the critical excavation depth D _s and the natural slope angle α, the joint inclination angle θ as well as the strength parameters of the joints c _r ,φ _r is analyzed, and the critical excavation depth obtained with this DEM and the limit equilibrium method (LEM) is compared. Furthermore, effects of joints on the failure modes are compared between DEM simulations and experimental observations. It is found that the DEM predicts a lower critical excavation depth than the LEM if the joint structures in the rock mass are not ignored.     

Analysis of Rock Damage Characteristics Based on Particle Discrete Element Model

Rock is a heterogeneous medium that is composed of minerals of various sizes. Under the action of external loads, the generation, propagation and coalescence of microdefects in the rock mass determines the macroscopic deformation and fracture of rock. To understand the damage law of rock and to reveal the evolution of dynamic failure, a uniaxial compression model was established based on particle flow code. Acoustic emission and energy characteristics of rock damage were analyzed, and the damage constitutive models of rock were discussed. During rock uniaxial compression, acoustic-emission events undergo a relatively quiet, sudden increase and sharp decrease for three periods, which corresponds to the compaction and elastic deformation stage, yield stage and post-peak stage in the stress–strain curve. Before the yield stress is reached, the proportion of bond and strain energies is larger. Friction energy accounts for a small proportion of the total energy, and a reciprocal relationship exists between them. The constitutive model that is based on friction energy can better reflect the variation in stress and strain, then the constitutive model based on acoustic-emission parameters.     

Design of Rockfall Restraining Nets from a Discrete Element Modelling

Summary This paper considers recent contributions concerning metallic structures designed to stop rockfalls. These structures are composed of metallic nets generally made with Anti-Sub-Marine (ASM) rings. A constitutive modelling in finite strains of these nets is presented. The proposed modelling is based on both the experimental and analytical approaches. The local behaviour of the net (the ASM rings) is described in the usual framework of elasto-plasticity. This research has led to the development of original computational software, for both industrial and academic purposes. Thus, in order to give a clear indication of the capacity of both modelling and computational software, several examples of simulations are proposed and discussed.     

三维离散元法中的数据结构

论述了动态松弛三维离散元法的数据结构,提出了地下水、锚杆、边界力等数据的组织方法,为三维离散元程序的编写提供了依据。     

Numerical Analysis of Block Caving-Induced Instability in Large Open Pit Slopes: A Finite Element/Discrete Element Approach

This paper addresses one of the most challenging problems in mining rock engineering—the interaction between block cave mining and a large overlying open pit. The finite element modeling/discrete element modeling (FEM/DEM) approach was utilized in the analysis of block caving-induced step-path failure development in a large open pit slope. The analysis indicated that there is a threshold percentage of critical intact rock bridges along a step-path failure plane that may ensure the stability of an open pit throughout caving operations. Transition from open pit to underground mining at Palabora mine presents an important example of a pit wall instability triggered by caving. Using combined FEM/DEM-DFN (discrete fracture network) modeling, it was possible to investigate the formation of a basal failure surface within an open pit slope as a direct result of cave mining. The modeling of Palabora highlighted the importance of rock mass tensile strength and its influence on caving-induced slope response.     

砂岩早期核心式碳酸盐胶结作用的成像测井证据

早期碳酸盐胶结作用是库车坳陷新生界浅埋藏河流相砂岩内除机械压实外目前正在进行的主要成岩作用,高分辨率电阻率成像测井资料为研究其特征及成因提供了重要的地球物理证据。在电阻率成像测井图像上,早期碳酸盐胶结物呈圆形、椭圆形或不规则斑块状、葡萄状等形态出现,多数顺层理方向分布,其产状有孤立状或分散状斑块、断续胶结纹层和连续胶结纹层等。它们可以发育于砂岩层顶部或底部,也可以与疏松未胶结或弱胶结砂岩呈互层或夹层状交替分布。早期碳酸盐胶结物的沉淀采取核心式胶结模式,即胶结物首先围绕少数核心沉淀,呈斑块状逐渐向外增生,直至从各个核心生长出来的碳酸盐胶结斑块相互靠近和连生导致砂岩层被完全胶结为止。砂体或砂层被碳酸盐胶结的过程遵循由外向内 (由砂体边缘向砂体中心 )、由高渗透纹层向低渗透纹层、由局部胶结核心向周围孔隙增生的规律.     

Analysis of Time-Dependent Soil Behavior Above High-Filled Cut-and-Cover Tunnels Using Discrete Element Method

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - In the Northwest Loess Plateau of China that is full of mountains and deep valleys, high-filled cut-and-cover tunnels (HFCCTs) not only satisfy...     

晚期泥底辟控制作用导致神狐海域SH5钻位未获水合物的分析

海底泥底辟构造与天然气水合物成藏关系密切,泥底辟既能为水合物提供充分的气源物质,同时又能促使地层温度场改变进而影响水合物成藏稳定性。南海北部神狐海域SH5站位虽然BSR明显,但钻探证实不存在天然气水合物。该钻位温度剖面异常高,温度场上移,同时在其下伏地层中发现泥底辟构造和裂隙通道。根据上述事实并结合泥底辟发育各个阶段中的特点,认为泥底辟构造对天然气水合物成藏具有控制作用。泥底辟发育早期和中期阶段,低热导率和低热量有机气体有利于天然气水合物生成;而在晚期阶段,高热量液体上侵稳定带底界,导致水合物分解迁移。SH5站位很可能由于受到处于晚期阶段的泥底辟上侵而未能获取天然气水合物。     

井孔声场二维谱的数值计算与理论分析

简要介绍了井孔声场二维谱计算方法,实现了井孔声场二维谱的数值计算。通过对硬地层和软地层两类地层的模拟计算,得到硬地层和软地层的二维谱的分布图以及井孔中接收到的声压波形。根据对两类地层二维谱的分析,表明纵波（首波）、横波和泥浆纵波的声幅较小,频散不明显。斯通利波的频率范围较低,频散较弱。伪瑞利波频散较强、幅度较高,软地层不存在伪瑞利波。泄漏模对应的模式波,是一种几何衰减波,在声场传播中具有衰减快,频散性较强的特征。利用二维谱分析井孔声场,能够将复杂的声波传播特征用图像表现出来,具有直观、形象的效果。     

Discrete Element Modeling of a Subduction Zone with a Seafloor Irregularity and its Impact on the Seismic Cycle

Seafloor irregularities influence rupture behavior along the subducting slab and in the overriding plate, thus affecting earthquake cycles. Whether seafloor irregularities increase the likelihood of large earthquakes in a subduction zone remains contested, partially due to focus put either on fault development or on rupture pattern. Here, we simulate a subducting slab with a seafloor irregularity and the resulting deformation pattern of the overriding plate using the discrete element method. Our simulations illustrate the rupture along three major fault systems: megathrust, splay and backthrust faults. Our results show different rupture dimensions of earthquake events varying from tens to ca. 140 km. Our results suggest that the recurrence interval of megathrust events with rupture length of ca. 100 km is ca. 140 years, which is overall comparable to the paleoseismic records at the Mentawai area of the Sumatran zone. We further propose the coseismic slip amounts decrease and interseismic slip amounts increase from the surface downwards gradually.     

层理性地层钻井稳定性分析模型

针对钻井工程常遇的层理性地层,以应力张量坐标转换关系和井孔应力集中方程为基础,引入弱面剪切滑动和岩体Mogi-Coulomb双强度准则,建立了分析层理性地层井壁稳定性的模型。对含层理弱面的典型油气储层中钻井的合理钻井液密度和安全钻井方向进行研究,结果表明：层理面的存在加剧了井壁围岩的破坏,且改变了围岩破坏的位置;水平井坍塌压力随着钻井方向变化而连续性变化,其在特定钻井方向取得最小坍塌压力;斜井取得最小坍塌压力的方位与层理面在空间中并不垂直,空间中关于主平面对称的斜井破裂压力相同;既可获得较大钻井液安全压力窗口又可取得较小坍塌压力的方向为优选钻井方向,在钻井液压力窗口变化大的倾向上钻井需严格控制钻井轨迹曲线。     

对非开挖钻孔缩径抱管问题的分析探讨

水平定向钻进非开挖铺管的回拖阻力异常增大往往是钻孔缩径抱管所造成.分析了影响缩径抱管应力的因素:主要是孔内泥浆压力与地应力之差、土层的弹性模量、蠕变性、时间和泥浆失水量;籍此建立了"零失水"状况下计算抱管应力的经验公式,并对泥浆失水造成的影响做了探讨;从综合控制孔内泥浆压力、采用强降失水泥浆体系、紧凑施工作业时间、提高泥浆的润滑性等方面提出了降低抱管阻力的措施.     

惠民凹陷古近系碎屑岩次生孔隙纵向分布规律

为了在油气勘探的过程中更加准确地预测有效储层的分布, 根据铸体薄片、扫描电镜、碳酸盐含量、镜质体反射率、粘土矿物以及储层物性等数据, 研究了惠民凹陷古近系砂岩次生孔隙的纵向分布规律.在小于1400m的深度, 砂岩的孔隙主要为压实和胶结之后的原生粒间孔隙; 在埋深超过1400m以后开始出现少量次生孔隙, 在1400~1500m深度范围形成原生孔隙与次生孔隙并存的混合孔隙带; 超过1500m, 大量的次生孔隙出现在1500~2300m和2700~4000m的2个深度段.所收集的砂岩孔隙度和渗透率数据在纵向上的变化关系也间接证实了这一点.次生孔隙主要为长石溶蚀成因, 碳酸盐胶结物溶蚀是次要的.在次生孔隙发育带内, 惠民凹陷烃源岩演化产生大量有机酸和泥岩中的粘土矿物迅速脱水是产生溶蚀作用形成次生孔隙的直接原因.