地下空间形态描述方法研究

地下工程施工、开发地下资源(包括开采地下水)都会引起地面发生沉降,导致位于地面的城市、交通线路及水体随之沉降。这种工程性沉降问题产生的根本原因在于地下出现了空间,而非层状(即不规则形状)空间环境是一种普遍存在的情况,与层状空间环境的地面沉降机理不同。当地下出现非层状空间环境时,目前还没有实用的地面沉降预测模型,否则,把非层状地下空间简化为层状情形进行处理。基于地下出现褶皱层状空间环境时的地面沉降规律,研究非层状地下空间形态的表述和处理方法。     

Geochemistry of Flooded Underground Mine Workings Influenced by Bacterial Sulfate Reduction

Unlike the majority of the water in the flooded mine complex of Butte Montana, which includes the highly acidic Berkeley pit lake, groundwater in the flooded West Camp underground mine workings has a circum-neutral pH and contains at least 8 μM aqueous sulfide. This article examines the geochemistry and stable isotope composition of this unusual H₂S-rich mine water, and also discusses problems related to the colorimetric analysis of sulfide in waters that contain FeS_(aq) cluster compounds. The West Camp mine pool is maintained at a constant elevation by continuous pumping, with discharge water that contains elevated Mn (90 μM), Fe (16 μM), and As (1.3 μM) but otherwise low metal concentrations. Dissolved inorganic carbon in the mine water is in chemical and isotopic equilibrium with rhodochrosite in the mineralized veins. The mine water is under-saturated with mackinawite and amorphous FeS, but is supersaturated with Cu- and Zn-sulfides. However, voltammetry studies show that much of the dissolved sulfide and ferrous iron are present as FeS_(aq) cluster molecules: as a result, the free concentration of the West Camp water is poorly constrained. Concentrations of dissolved sulfide determined by colorimetry were lower than gravimetric assays obtained by AgNO₃ addition, implying that the FeS_(aq) clusters are not completely extracted by the Methylene Blue reagent. In contrast, the clusters are quantitatively extracted as Ag₂S after addition of AgNO₃. Isotopic analysis of co-existing aqueous sulfide and sulfate confirms that the sulfide was produced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). The H₂S-rich mine water is not confined to the immediate vicinity of the extraction well, but is also present in flooded mine shafts up to 3 km away, and in samples bailed from mine shafts at depths up to 300 m below static water level. This illustrates that SRB are well established throughout the southwestern portion of the extensive (>15 km³) Butte flooded mine complex.     

Evaluation of the Effect of Fault on the Stability of Underground Workings of Coal Mine through DEM and Statistical Analysis

The rock mass around an excavation is generally traversed by different geological discontinuities such as faults, folds, slips, joints, etc. Fault is one of the major geological discontinuities which creates lot of difficulties during underground winning of coal. Entire stress regime and ground conditions in the formation are altered in and around the faults. Faults also impose detrimental effects by introducing impurities, including clay and various forms of mineral matter into the coal seams; opening of pathways for the influx of water and gas into the underground workings; displacing the coal seams upward/downwards making the coal seams difficult or sometimes impractical to mine. Appropriate evaluation of the effect of the fault on the stability of the underground workings is a requisite for safe design of the underground mining structures. In this paper, a study has been carried out to assess the effect of the fault on the stability of underground coal mines by numerical simulation with distinct element method (DEM). On the calibrated DEM model, parametric study has been performed by varying the selected parameters, the dip and the friction angles of the fault. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) shows that both the factors have statistically significant effect on the strength of the coal pillar. Similarly, the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata are evaluated by the DEM modelling and statistical analysis when the fault passes through the middle of the gallery. The results of ANOVA for both cases indicate that the both factors have significant effect on the displacement of the immediate roof and the height of the disturbed strata. It is obtained from the study that the low angle fault causes high instability in the immediate roof. The paper has been supplemented with the field observations where instability in underground roadways of a coal mine in India is caused by the fault. It was observed in VK-7 incline mine of Singareni Collieries Company Limited, India that there was sudden failure of immediate roof of a roadway where a low angle fault crosses the middle of the roadway. The findings of the paper help to understand the behaviour of the coal pillar and the surrounding rock mass in the presence of the fault. The study would also help to take appropriate decisions about the unstable regions of the working safeguarding safety in underground coal mines.     

银川城市地下空间开发的地质安全风险分析

城市地下空间受地质环境的影响和制约, 评价地质环境的安全成为地下空间开发的先导问题。结合银川市地下空间资源调查和区划, 选择了地震(活动断裂和场地地震效应)、砂土液化、富水砂卵石层、地基承载力和地表载荷等因素作为评价因子, 在分别确定各要素空间分布的基础上, 进行了单因素的地质风险分析; 采用层次分析和乘积标度相结合的方法, 进行银川市地下空间开发的多因素地质安全风险综合评价。结果表明: 银川市地下空间开发的最主要制约因素是地震和砂土液化; 地质风险的强风险区面积最小, 占总面积的4.10%, 中风险区面积占19.69%, 弱风险区面积最大, 占41.07%, 低风险区占35.13%。这为银川市地下空间开发建设等提供地质参考。     

某洞库裂缝原因分析及加固设计

在分析某洞库裂缝原因的基础上,采用间隔增设二次衬砌的方法对洞库进行了加固设计,提出了以控制原衬砌混凝土不出现裂缝的原则来确定二次衬砌间距的确定方法,并利用叠合构件位移协调的条件推导出了二次衬砌上荷载的计算公式,为洞库的二次衬砌加固提供了一套设计方法。     

Analysis and Design of an Underground Portal in Lateritic Soils

This paper presents a case study of the analysis and design of slopes for the portal of an underground crude oil storage cavern site. The site selected for the slope study is characterized by residual soils and granitic rock formations, located in the southwestern part of India. It is observed that in tropical residual soils, most hillslope failures are caused by rainfall and thus it is important to consider hydrological conditions when attempting to analyze the stability of slopes in such material. Combinations of shallow slopes with lower overburden and high steep hillslope with large overburden were considered in the present study along with varying combinations of lateritic soils and weathered rock formations. The paper discusses the various investigations carried out to define the geotechnical properties of lateritic soil and weathered rock, followed by numerical modelling and remedial measures adopted to ensure the stability of slopes during design and construction phase. Since analysis and design procedures for such residual soils are not well established, comprehensive geological and geotechnical investigations were carried out prior to numerical model development for carrying out finite element studies in order to ascertain long term stability of slopes under differing ground conditions. The results of the stability analysis indicated that slope under existing condition were potentially unstable under rainy conditions and specific supporting measures were planned to ensure stability. Several alternatives were examined for improving the stability of slope taking into consideration existing facilities, space available for mobilization of equipments and environmental conditions in reference to specific project requirements. The convergence pattern obtained from geotechnical monitoring using optical targets along the slopes did not showed any alarming movement for over a year.     

流量衰减分析在井巷注浆堵水中的应用

根据矿井突水观测资料，利用流量衰减方程并结合压水试验来分析灰岩含水系统贮水空间特征，为选择合理的灰浆配合比和注浆程序提供依据，经陈四楼等煤矿堵水实例验证取得良好的效果。     

澜沧老厂铅锌矿巷道围岩工程地质特征分析及质量评价

地质力学分类方法是目前工程地质围岩分类中综合多因素分类方法中较常见的一种。它主要是通过完整的岩石强度、岩石质量指标（RQD）、节理间距、节理状态和地下水条件这五个参数来对岩体进行量化打分,最终通过总得分来对围岩进行分类。本文就是通过该分类方法对澜沧老厂铅锌矿的巷道围岩进行质量评价。     

Statistical estimation of a shock center: Slate Islands astrobleme

Statistical models are proposed for the distribution of directions in three dimensions that are thought to point toward a single source. These models are based on the Fisher distribution. The method of maximum likelihood is used to obtain an estimate of position of the source and to provide corre-sponding confidence regions. When applied to shatter cone data from the Slate Islands, northern Lake Superior, the method yields estimates comparable with those obtained by Stesky and Halls (1982), as well as statistically valid confidence regions.     

Dynamic Analysis of Underground Openings

Summary Stability analysis of the underground openings under earthquake induced dynamic loads has been carried out for the four underground openings, which exist at Koyna H.E Project, Koyna, India. Vertical and horizontal displacements, maximum compressive and tensile stresses occurring in the vicinity of these openings have been computed and are compared vis-à-vis the values obtained from the static analysis. A reasonably good agreement between the results has been noted. The minimum major principal stresses (tensile), which exist only in the vicinity of the underground openings, when static analysis is conducted are noted to spread over the entire rock mass when dynamic analysis is performed. The study presents a methodology, which can be used for checking the stability of the underground openings, under seismic loading conditions.     

挤扩支盘桩在地下建筑抗浮设计中的应用

对目前地下建筑的各种抗浮措施进行了分析,根据挤扩支盘桩的受力特征,提出了采用挤扩支盘桩作为抗浮桩的新思路,给出了挤扩支盘桩单桩承载力的计算公式和构造要求,阐述了该方法的施工要点,并结合工程实例进行了技术经济分析。工程实践表明,采用挤扩支盘桩解决地下建筑抗浮问题是一种比较经济、合理的新方法。     

深部地质钻探钻井液体系设计因素及其分析

列举了地质钻探钻井液设计应考虑的诸因素和环节,包括地层条件、钻井液类型、钻井液材料和处理剂、钻井液性能维护、固相控制等方面,并进行了分析、说明。为地质钻探钻井液设计和现场施工提供参考。     

全液压坑道钻机增力式夹持器的设计

介绍了一种可增力的油缸对顶式夹持器。采用对称结构布置,两边各设置一组增力装置,可将油缸产生的夹持力通过杠杆增力原理作用于钻杆上,具有外形尺寸小、夹紧力大等优点。对夹持器主要设计参数的选择和计算过程做了详细介绍。     

地下矿产开采对天然气管道工程的安全影响评价

西气东输天然气管道工程途经兖州市,穿越杨庄、杨村、兴隆庄等煤矿矿区,压覆煤层埋深变化较大。该文采用预测法对各煤矿在不同开采条件下分煤层对管道运营安全的危害程度进行了评价分析。通过计算表明,煤矿开采埋深越浅,煤层越厚,对管道危害越严重。兴隆庄煤矿3煤层、杨村煤矿煤16t、煤17开采对管道影响强烈,杨庄煤矿煤16t、煤17开采对管道影响中等,兴隆庄煤矿煤16t、煤17开采对管道运营影响小。     

地下建筑物浮力探讨及其设计应用

简要介绍了地下结构浮力方面的一些新的比较有说服力的研究成果,结合这些研究成果及现场实际的部分粘结预应力抗拔桩荷载试验结果,对抗拔桩进行了优化设计,降低了抗浮投入。     

地下长距离废弃管道充填施工设计

阐述了某地下废弃管道的充填处置施工设计方案,为地下废弃管道处置项目的施工实践提供依据,并对以后类似长距离废弃地下空间的充填施工具有很好的借鉴意义     

软土地下工程抗震数值模拟的若干关键问题

针对我国地下工程建设项目抗震安全性能设计和评估的需求,并基于目前缺少完善的地下结构抗震分析方法和专门的地下结构抗震设计规范的现状,重点阐述了采用有限元方法进行地下工程数值模拟和分析时需要特别关注的三方面问题：计算范围、土一结构动力相互作用和边界条件。着重分析了有限元网格的划分、土一结非线性接触问题和不同边界条件的适用性,以及这些建模条件对计算结果可靠性的影响。对基于数值手段开展地下工程抗震安全性能的计算、分析和评价,制定地下结构抗震设计规范或规程,可提供有益参考。