A Numerical Investigation of Fracture Infilling and Spacing in Layered Rocks Subjected to Hydro-Mechanical Loading

In order to better understand opening-mode fracture initiation and propagation perpendicular to the bedding plane at depth in sedimentary rocks, a series of two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulations is conducted. First, the stress states between two adjacent fractures for a typical three-layer model with pre-assigned fractures are simulated. Second, the same three-layer model without pre-assigned fractures is adopted to study the initiation and propagation of fractures in layered rocks. Numerical results show that infilling fractures grow more easily from flaws located near the interface than from those in the middle of the fractured layer. Flaws can begin to propagate to form a complete infilling fracture when the size of the flaws exceeds half of the thickness of the central layer. Under different overburden stress conditions and internal fluid pressure, the numerically obtained ratio of the critical fracture spacing to layer thickness varies between 0.465 and 0.833. This range encompasses the often-cited ratios of spacing to layer thickness in the literature for well-developed fracture sets. In addition, both the fracture pattern and the critical value of the fracture spacing to layer thickness ratio are strongly dependent on the heterogeneous characteristics of the central layer. In cases with a relatively homogeneous central layer, more interface fractures occur, and the interface delamination evidently influences the fracture saturation.     

Size and Geometry Effects on Rock Fracture Toughness: Mode I Fracture

In this paper, the effects of specimen size and geometry on the apparent mode I fracture toughness (K _c) of an Iranian white marble (Neyriz) are studied. A number of fracture tests were conducted on center-cracked circular disk (CCCD) specimens with different radii to investigate the size effects on K _c. The experimental results demonstrate that the apparent fracture toughness increases in bigger specimens. In order to explain the experimental results, the modified maximum tangential stress (MMTS) criterion is used, where higher order terms of the Williams’ series expansion are included in the maximum tangential stress criterion. It is shown that the MMTS criterion provides good estimates for the apparent fracture toughness of Neyriz marble, obtained from fracture tests of edge-cracked triangular specimens. It is, therefore, concluded that the proposed criterion is able to account for the size and geometry effects on the fracture resistance of rocks simultaneously.     

A Review on Hydraulic Fracture Height Growth for Layered Formation

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The fracture vertical stretching distance and fracture morphologies have great impact on the stimulated reservoir volume and well production in layered...     

层布式纤维混凝土弯拉特性分析

试验研究了相同配合比下素混凝土、层布式钢纤维混凝土和层布式混杂纤维混凝土弯拉性能，采集三者试件荷载-挠度曲线和90天龄期的极限荷载，并对比三者的28天龄期及90天龄期的弯拉强度，分析其弯拉强度增强机理，得出由于聚丙烯腈纤维和钢纤维的双重阻裂效应，使层布式混杂纤维混凝土的弯拉强度比素混凝土和层布式钢纤维混凝土的弯拉强度更高。     

Application of Cracked Triangular Specimen Subjected to Three-Point Bending for Investigating Fracture Behavior of Rock Materials

Numerical and experimental studies were performed on a new fracture test configuration called the edge cracked triangular (ECT) specimen. Using several finite-element analyses, the fracture parameters (i.e., K _I, K _II, and T-stress) were obtained for different combinations of modes I and II. The finite-element results show that the ECT specimen is able to provide pure mode I, pure mode II, and any mixed-mode loading conditions in between. Also, a series of mixed-mode fracture experiments were conducted on Neiriz marble rock using the proposed specimen. Furthermore, the generalized maximum tangential stress (GMTS) criterion was used to predict the experimental results. The GMTS criterion makes use of a three-parameter model (based on K _I, K _II, and T) for describing the crack tip stresses. Due to the significant positive T-stresses that exist in the ECT specimen, typical minimum fracture toughness values were expected to be obtained when the ECT specimen is used. The direction of fracture initiation and the path of fracture growth were also obtained theoretically using the GMTS criterion, and good agreement was observed between the experimental fracture path and theoretical simulations. The fracture study of this specimen reveals that the ECT specimen can be also used in mixed-mode fracture studies of rock materials in addition to the conventional circular or rectangular beam test samples.     

Effects of Scale and Normal Stress on Shear Behavior of a Soft Fracture Replica

The effects of the fracture scale (size) and normal stress on the shear behavior of a fracture were investigated in direct shear rig using mortar fracture replicas of different sizes (100–200 mm), which were reproduced from a tensile fracture created in granite. Monotonic shear loading was applied at normal stresses of 0.3 and 1 MPa for shear displacements of 2 and 20 mm. The change in surface topography was measured by using a profile measurement system with a laser profilometer to determine the changes in surface damage and the aperture during shear. Additionally, the effect of gouge material on the non-linearity of the closure curve during shear was investigated. The results show that the standard deviation of the initial aperture during shear increases not only with scale but also with the normal stress, since the matedness decreases due to the fact that asperities are more damaged with normal stress, and accordingly, the non-linearity in the closure curve during shear increases with normal stress. The results also show that the non-linearity of the closure curve during shear increases with the presence of gouge material/debris that is produced in the shearing process. This is mainly because gouge is soft and easily deforms under the application of normal stress. Moreover, gouge material is distributed non-uniformly around the contact areas. Thus, the normal stiffness during shear decreases not only with a decrease in the matedness between the surfaces, but also with the presence of gouge material.     

反倾层状岩质边坡倾倒破坏力学模型

在地质调查基础上,将反倾边坡的各岩块概化为受自重弯矩及外力作用的悬臂梁,利用弯曲-拉裂模型研究其破坏模式。通过力学分析,建立了反倾层状岩质边坡各条块的力学模型。基于最大拉应力理论,给出条块倾倒失稳判据,以此判定边坡的稳定性,并定量分析了反倾边坡倾倒破坏的影响因素。结果表明:反倾边坡倾倒破坏发生在每个条块的上边界处,条块所受拉应力大小与其容重呈线性关系,与高度呈二次幂函数关系,与其宽度呈-1次幂函数关系,即板梁容重越大、高度越大、宽度越小,其倾倒破坏越明显。而当条块底面倾角满足一定条件时,才会发生倾倒破坏,其范围边界值与条块的高度和宽度有关。     

岩体结构对岩石爆破效果的影响

分析了爆破冲击波的传播特点，指出了对岩石破坏最大的是拉伸应力波，并对岩体结构对岩石爆破效果的影响进行了探讨。     

Groundwater Behaviour in Layered Slope Rock Mass And Finite Element Simulation

The paper deals with the relatively weak permeable layer in a layered structure of a slope rock mass and itseffect on groundwater behaviour in the rock mass. When the whole groundwater table is declined in such typeof slope rock mass, the permeability of the relatively weak permeable layer in the middle will be several timeslower than that of the upper and lower permeable layers and consequently the water level in layers of differentpermeability will fall in different rates which will lead to a discontinuous phenomenon of the water body. Amethod of finite element simulation on a vertical two-dimensional profile is suggested for the study of the phe-nomenon and its application to practical situation is described. The calculation result shows that the existingweak permeable layer in a layered slope rock mass exerts unnegligible influence on the variation of water levelin the rock mass of a slope. The result also proves the applicability of the finite element simulation method.     

Propagation Characteristics of Blasting Stress Waves in Layered and Jointed Rock Caverns

The existence of joint fissures makes explosive actions between rock masses more complex. Therefore, it is of great significance to carry out experiments studying blasting stress waves propagating in jointed rock masses. Based on the Froude Similarity principle, the geological mechanical models of intact rock masses and jointed rocks have been proposed. A blasting vibration experiment was carried out and demonstrated that the propagation of the blasting stress waves and changing structures have an important relationship. A numerical simulation of the blasting stress wave propagation law in a layered jointed rock mass was carried out. This study found that with an increase in the joint angle, the peak velocity of blasting stress wave, transmission coefficient and reflection coefficient all gradually increased, while the attenuation coefficient gradually decreased. With an increase in joint spacing, the attenuation rate of the blasting stress waves increased.     

泥岩层状破碎带特大涌水处理方法探索与实践

泥岩地质条件一般较差,在这种基础上修建大型水利工程,基础处理难度较大。哈达山水利枢纽工程坝基为近水平发育的泥岩,坝基深处发育层状破碎带,严重影响坝基的稳定安全。通过分析这种地层中的涌水的渗透通道,采取了一系列注浆处理措施。这种处理方法既节约成本,又保证施工质量。结合本工程发电厂房集水井特大突水及整个P7破碎带处理方法,总结针对泥岩地层中特大涌水处理的思路和方法。     

李家窑膨胀岩膨胀性能的试验研究

对山西万家寨引黄工程南干线某地的膨胀岩进行了室内物理化学性质测试、常规的膨胀率与膨胀力及非常规的三向膨胀与大比例尺膨胀试验,分析结果后得出了相应的结论     

应力波与可滑移岩石界面间的相互作用研究

研究了应力波与用节理刚度系数描述的线性滑移岩石界面间的相互作用，给出了其透、反射波幅的一般表达式。通过应力波垂直人射界面时的具体分析，反映出岩石界面的节理刚度对应力波传播的重要影响，并揭示了岩石界面对应力波的高频滤波作用。     

Behavior Mechanism on Sulfide Solid-Liquid Interface and Its Application

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基岩裂隙渗透性的野外研究

本文着重探讨了基岩裂隙的野外测量及渗透张量的计算方法，并给出了作者在湖南辰溪煤矿的实测计算结果及在指导采煤中的应用。     

岩石断裂的研究现状浅析

经典断裂力学理论的研究已经取得很大的进展,然而由于岩石材料的性质,该理论在岩石材料研究方面遇到了局限,岩石断裂研究具有其特殊性。在参考相关文献的基础上,简要介绍了常用的岩石断裂准则,以及岩石断裂研究新情况。     

岩体结构对含煤岩系变形的控制作用

含煤岩系变形规律的研究,对煤炭资源评价和开采、煤矿瓦斯灾害预测、煤层气的可开发性评价具有指导意义。基于含煤岩系的岩体结构是控制其变形的基础因素这一前提,以岩体力学和分形几何学基本理论为指导,提出取决于岩石杨氏模量和泊松比的岩体强度因子和取决于岩层厚度的分形维数两个参数,以断层发育的安阳双全井田、褶皱发育的沁水盆地煤层气开发区及滑动构造发育的荥巩谷山井田为例,系统探讨了岩体结构对含煤岩系变形的控制作用。研究表明,低强度因子和厚层岩层较多的分形维数低值区,含煤岩系以韧性变形为主,多形成褶皱,煤体变形程度深,为瓦斯灾害严重区和煤层气难以开发区;高强度因子和厚层岩层较少的分形维数高值区,含煤岩系以脆性变形为主,多发育断层,构造煤难以区域展布,只分布在断层附近。可见含煤岩系变形不仅与岩体强度有关,而且受岩层厚度的控制。统计层段内刚性岩层的存在增加了岩体强度,岩层复杂程度的增加同样提高了岩体强度。岩体力学和分形几何学的引入,为煤岩体变形行为和程度的描述和预测提供了一种新途径。