海底黑烟囱的识别研究及其科学意义

现代海底黑烟囱广泛出现于大洋中脊、弧后盆地、浅海及大陆裂谷等环境,形成巨大规模的块状硫化物,并且在黑烟囱周围发现了化学自养细菌。海底硫化物黑烟囱具有明显的柱状-锥状构造形态,常保留通道构造,矿物同心圈状分带明显。黑烟囱的形成涉及热液流体与海水相互作用,外壁快速沉淀及通道内部硫化物结晶等过程。深部岩浆热源、热液沿裂隙集中流动和持续喷发,有利于形成大规模黑烟囱构造。海底硫化物丘体的钻探及其与地史时期块状硫化物的对比研究表明,它们具有相似的内部构造和矿床分带特征。黑烟囱的生长、垮塌以及丘体内部角砾化、交代、重结晶作用,有助于大规模矿床的形成。最后,在块状硫化物中寻找黑烟囱残片的研究,对于探讨成矿过程与早期生命活动具有重要意义。     

浙江建德块状硫化物矿床地球化学特征及其成因意义

浙江建德块状硫化物矿床，以Ｃｕ〉Ｚｎ〉Ｐｂ为特征。鉴于Ｃｕ，Ｐｂ和Ｚｎ三元素的地球化学行为和海底喷流作用的固有特性。它们在横向上和纵向上均具独特的分带性，显示出顺结构，对黄铁矿中特征元素比值，成矿温度以及铅同位素组成等方面的研究表明，该矿床乃同生沉积作用的产物，而非岩浆热液成矿。     

青海锡铁山块状硫化物铅锌矿床成因探讨

本文着重分析研究区成矿的构造背景、成矿物质来源、成矿机理等,提出以海水为主下渗滤形成热液,由火山地震泵驱动热液上升喷发沉积成矿的观点,并探讨后期热液对矿体的改造过程。     

块状硫化物矿床成矿构造环境研究进展

对VHMS型、SEDEX型和VSHMS型3种块状硫化物矿床近年来成矿构造环境研究进展进行了较全面的回顾.其中,VHMS型块状硫化物矿床重点对弧间裂谷及弧后盆地构造环境下矿床时空演化及分布规律、古代VHMS型块状硫化物矿床全球对比认识及沟-弧-盆体系下现代海底块状硫化物研究热点地区的岩石类型、组合及岩浆演化规律进行了总结;SEDEX型块状硫化物矿床重点对澳大利亚北部元古代SEDEX型块状硫化物矿床集中区近年来成矿动力学背景研究进展进行了介绍.指出该区巨大的SEDEX型矿床成矿构造环境不是以往认为的被动大陆边缘裂谷,而是汇聚板块地球动力学背景之下远离弧后的大陆拉张盆地.尤其值得关注的是不仅元古界SEDEX型矿床如此,而且那些古生代的典型SEDEX型矿床(如沙利文,红狗矿床)同样被认为具有相同的产出构造背景.同时认为此种构造背景形成的SEDEX型矿床具有更大的找矿价值;VSHMS型矿床是近十年来逐渐得到重视的一类块状硫化物矿床,矿化特征及成矿作用与以上两类矿床相似,但其成矿构造环境应当位于上述两类矿床的过渡部位,对构造环境判断具有重要的指示意义.因此,在汇聚板块动力学背景下,上述3种块状硫化物矿床,自板块边缘岛弧一侧向远离板块边缘的大陆内部,构成了一个很好的矿床分带或成矿序列,即从VHMS型→VSHMS型→SEDEX型.      

太钢峨口铁矿硫化物的类型构造特征及成因浅析

峨口铁矿石中的硫化物主要有四种类型,星点状散布于矿石中的硫化物,细脉状硫化物;后期石英脉型硫,包体态硫化物,其结构主要有粒状变晶结构,交代充填结构,港湾状结构,交代残余结构,构造主要为：星点状,脉状,条带状构造,硫化物的形成期分为四期,变质期,变质期后热液,后期热液,表生期。     

古代与现代海底黑矿型块状硫化物矿床矿石地球化学比较研究

选择西南太平洋冲绳海槽现代海底烟囱硫化物矿床、日本小坂矿山上向黑矿（第三纪）和中国西南呷村黑矿型矿床（三叠纪）进行了矿石地球化学比较研究。黑矿型矿床矿石吨位－品位模式与其他火山成因块状硫化物（ＶＭＳ）矿床类似，矿田（２０－５０ｋｍ＾２）矿石吨位与单个喷气－沉积型（Ｓｅｄｅｘ）矿床相当，金属总量４－６Ｍｔ，为矿田范围内热液流体搬运的最大金属量。与洋脊环境ＶＭＳ矿床相比，岛弧裂谷环境产出的黑矿型矿床相     

闽西南地区块状硫化物矿床的喷流-沉积成矿作用

通过对闽西南地区石炭纪—早二叠世主要块状硫化物矿床的区域成矿背景、贮矿层位特征以及矿石矿物成分、结构构造,硫同位素地球化学特征、成矿温度等分析研究,指出该地区石炭纪—早二叠世块状硫化物矿床的形成多与海底火山活动有关,贮矿层中伴有典型的喷流沉积岩—硅质岩,并提出闽西南地区块状硫化物矿床存在海底喷流-沉积成矿作用的新认识。     

北祁连清水沟-白柳沟Fe-S和Pb-Zn-Cu型块状硫化物矿床形成环境探讨

青海祁连县清水沟—白柳沟新元古代寒武纪大陆裂谷双峰式海相火山岩中产有Fe-S和Pb-Zn-Cu型块状硫化物矿床.这两类矿床除受所在火山岩陆壳幔源区的部分熔融程度和火山作用旋回性不同影响外,主要受产生构造位置和火山岩浆源区物性条件所控制.其中产Fe-S型矿床的石头沟-香子沟穹窿火山作用,相对形成于近裂谷扩张中心的深海环境,以低K2O钙碱性的拉斑玄武质或英安质下地壳为物源区环境;郭米寺-白柳沟穹窿的Pb-Zn-Cu型火山作用形成于远离扩张中心的陆缘弧环境,源区为一种由地幔源和壳源共同构成的混合源.在矿床成因类型方面,前者近似塞浦路斯的铜黄铁矿,后者为较典型的日本黑矿型.     

现代海底热液活动与块状硫化物矿床成因研究进展

现代海底热液活动的发现及对其分布特征和成矿机理的研究是近年来海洋地质学和矿床地质学的一大进展。对现代海底金属硫化物成矿作用的研究大大推动和促进了对古代块状硫化物矿床成因的认识。有关研究成果综合分析表明：(1)深部热液对流循环系统是块状硫化物成矿的核心，对流循环模式有简单的热液对流模式和双扩散对流模式。(2)块状硫化物矿床集中分布在大洋中张裂性活动板块边界，与大地构造活动紧密联系。(3)成矿流体与成矿物质均有多源性，在强调海水循环淋滤的同时，通过应用新的方法技术，岩浆来源物质(流体及成矿金属等)对一些块状硫化物矿床成矿的直接贡献得到初步确认。(4)在高温热液活动区及金属硫化物沉积中发现大量生命活动和生物群体，意义重大。     

闽中裂谷块状硫化物型铅锌矿床的地质特征及找矿意义

中-新元古代闽中地区铅锌多金属矿床形成的古构造环境、主要矿床地质特征及矿床成因研究是了解华夏古陆前寒武纪构造成矿演化及进一步找矿的关键。地层层序及岩相学研究表明闽中地区马面山群东岩组并不是一次火山旋回的产物,而是经历了至少3期双峰式火山作用。地球化学研究表明赋矿地层东岩组的原岩属海相细碧-石英角斑质火山岩系,形成于中-新元古代的大陆裂谷环境。典型矿床地质研究表明闽中地区在新元古代形成海底火山喷流沉积块状硫化物铅锌矿床（或矿胚层）,燕山晚期受到了强烈的构造及岩浆热液的叠加改造,并形成一定规模的矿床。在此基础上初步探讨了中-新元古代古裂谷环境与块状硫化物矿床形成的成因联系。根据闽中地区铅锌矿床的主要特征、找矿方法的分析,总结了该类矿床的找矿标志,并对该区的找矿前景进行了初步分析。     

青海东莫扎抓铅锌矿床硫化物特征及成因意义

青海东莫扎抓矿床是新探明的一个大型铅锌矿床。通过大量矿石光薄片观察、等离子质谱、电子探针分析,对其矿石矿物进行系统研究。结果表明：矿石矿物发育一套中温热液矿物组合;围岩蚀变具有中温蚀变特点;硫化物的硫同位素具有MVT型块状硫化物的特征。综合研究认为,东莫扎抓铅锌矿至少可分为3期成矿:在海相白云岩沉积阶段存在闪锌矿、黄铁矿等金属硫化物的热液喷流沉积成矿;在弧后前陆盆地构造环境中发育有MVT型铅锌矿床成矿;在后期构造运动热液作用下,之前形成的铅锌矿可能会发生热液叠加改造。因此,东莫扎抓具有多期次多阶段叠加成矿的特点。     

北秦岭庙湾组黑色岩系稀土元素地球化学特征及成因意义

笔者采用等离子质谱仪(ICP-MS)方法对北秦岭大荆区奥陶纪-志留纪庙湾组黑色岩系岩石的稀土元素及V、Ni、Cr、U、Th等微量元素含量进行了测定.结果显示岩石轻稀土元素相对重稀土元素富集,Eu异常值δEu为0.63~10.61(绝多数大于1.54)多呈正异常,Ce异常值δCe为0.65~1.02(平均为0.893)异常微弱且有正负差异;U/Th值为0.38~4.07,w(V)/w(V+Ni)值为0.38~0.93以及w(Ce)/w(La)值为1.27~2.17.将这.些特征值与前人研究成果对比,并利用La/Yb-Ce/La和La/Yb-REE判别图解判别后,认为北秦岭区庙湾组黑色岩系形成于活动陆缘一种干燥缺氧较深浅海环境,黑色岩系形成过程中有热液作用参与.     

Mineralization of a Proterozoic Sulfide Black Smoker Chimney and Thermophilous Microorganisms in Eastern Hebei, China

A sulfide black smoker chimney exists in the Gaobanhe seabed exhalation massive sulfide deposit in the Xingiong-Kuancheng secondary fault basin of the Proterozoic Yaniiao rift trough in Hebei Province, taking the shape of mounds, individually about 2-3 cm high. Abundant fossils of thermophilous bacteria and algae in perfect preservation are found in the ore surrounding the black smoker chimney. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and molecular biomarker studies on the microorganismai ore fabric show that the microorganism in the sulfide ore is in fact a sedimentary product of probiotic bacteria and algae. In the special food chain based on black smoker chimney at ancient seabed- thermophilous bacteria, the thermophilous bacteria and algae reproduce in large quantity. Intermittently erupting of fluid from the chimney creats conditions for formation of sulfide deposit. In the process of exhalation action of hot fluid, thermophilous bacteria and algae grow and reproduce around the sulfide black smoker chimney, absorbing mineralizing substances brought by the fluid. Massive sulfide deposits are formed in this process of absorption of seabed black smoker chimney exhalation-mineralizing fluid pulsation-thermophilous microorganism.     

Petrochemical Investigation of the Antique Ophiolite (Philippines): Implications on Volcanogenic Massive Sulfide and Podiform Chromitite Deposits

Abstract: The Antique ophiolite, located in Panay island (west‐central Philippines), corresponds to several tectonic slices within the suture zone between the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) and the North Palawan Block (NPB). It includes dismembered fragments of a basaltic sequence, dominantly pillow‐lavas with minor sheet flows, rare exposures of sheeted dikes, isotropic gabbros, subordinate layered mafic and ultramafic rock sequences and serpentinites. Most of the ophiolite units commonly occur as clasts and blocks within the serpentinites, which intrude the whole ophiolitic body, as well as, the basal conglomerate of the overlying Middle Miocene sedimentary formation. The volcanic rock sequence is characterized by chemical compositions ranging from transitional (T)‐MORB, normal (N)‐MORB and to chemistry intermediate between those of MORB and island arc basalt (IAB). The residual upper mantle sequence is harzburgitic and generally more depleted than the upper mantle underlying modern mid‐oceanic ridges. Calculations using whole‐rock and mineral compositions show that they can represent the residue of a fertile mantle source, which have undergone degrees of partial melting ranging from 9‐22.5 %. Some of the mantle samples display chondrite‐nor‐malized REE and extended multi‐element patterns suggesting enrichments in LREE, Rb, Sr and Zr, which are comparable to those found in fore‐arc peridotites from the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM) arc system. The Antique ultramafic rocks also record relatively oxidizing mantle conditions (Δlog f_O2 (FMQ)=0.9‐3.5). As a whole, the ophiolite probably represents an agglomeration of oceanic ridge and fore‐arc crust fragments, which were juxtaposed during the Miocene collision of the PMB and the NPB. The intrusion of the serpentinites might be either coeval or subsequent to the accretion of the oceanic crust onto the fore‐arc. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposits occur either in or near the contact between the pillow basalts and the overlying sediments or interbedded with the sediments. The morphology of the deposits, type of metals, ore texture and the nature of the host rocks suggest that the formation of the VMS bodies was similar to the accumulation of metals around and in the subsurface of hydrothermal vents observed in modern mid‐oceanic ridge and back‐arc basin rift settings. The podiform chromitites occur as pods and subordinate layers within totally serpentinized dunite in the residual upper mantle sequence. No large coherent chromitite deposit was found since the host dunitic rocks often occur as blocks within the serpentinites. It is difficult to evaluate the original geodynamic setting of the mineralized bodies since the chemistry of the host rocks were considerably modified by alteration during their tectonic emplacement. A preliminary conclusion for Antique is that the VMS is apparently associated with a primitive tholeiitic intermediate MORB‐IAB volcanic suite, the chemistry of which is close to the calculated composition of the liquid that coexisted with the podiform chromitites.     

吉林磐石三道岗含铜镍硫化物矿床岩体群年代学意义

吉林省中南部产出系列铜镍硫化物矿床,形成于中生代早期的含矿镁铁-超镁铁质岩体在含矿岩体空间上受断裂构造控制,并且在一定范围内集中出现,构成具有成因联系的含矿岩体群。三道岗含矿岩体主要岩石类型为闪长岩、辉长岩、角闪辉石岩-辉石岩、含长角闪橄榄岩等组合,侵位于下二叠统范家屯组浅变质岩系中。辉长岩中LA-ICP-MS锆石原位定年得到(232.75±0.95)Ma(MSWD=0.87)的岩体结晶年龄,同时,角闪石单矿物40Ar-39Ar法测年得到(121.45±2.52)Ma的蚀变年龄,暗示三道岗含矿岩体群与红旗岭一样形成于印支中亚造山晚期,燕山期岩浆活动产生的热液叠加蚀变对矿床形成产生重要影响。     

The use of deposit modeling in the assessment of potential resources as exemplified by Caledonian stratabound sulfide deposits

Models for massive Caledonian sulfide deposits, formed in island are and ocean floor environments, are defined in terms of their deposit size and grade distribution, as well as the relation between the total amount of sulfides that could be potentially concentrated and the amount likely to be found in the largest deposit. Given the mineral resource and geological attributes of the island are and ocean floor models, the similarity between the models and unknown areas with a potential for these types of sulfide concentrations can be evaluated. This similarity is expressed as a favorability index whose distribution is probabilistically combined with the metal distribution of the model. This paper was presented at the International Geological Correlation Program (IGCP) Project 98: “Standards for Computer Applications in Resource Studies” held at Taita Hills, Kenya, November 8–15, 1977.