陆壳岩石学

陆壳岩石学是一个新的学科研究方向，它是研究陆壳，特别是其深部物质的化学、物理学与动力学的探针。８０年代初Ｆｏｕｎｔａｉｎ提出了世界上五个地区的陆壳断面，提出上、中、下地壳分别由绿片岩相、角闪岩相与麻粒岩相岩石构成。近年来笔者提出华北大陆三个地区的陆壳断面。陆壳岩石学是多次构造－岩浆事件的记录，陆壳岩石在物理与化学上的不均匀性是我们追索大陆动力学的重要科学依据。今后的发展趋势是研究陆壳细结构岩石学、陆壳类型及其动力学、陆壳岩石学与地质灾害、环境、城市地质学的关系等。     

Deep structural research of the South China Sea: Progresses and directions

The South China Sea (SCS) is the hotspot of geological scientific research and nature resource exploration and development due to the potential for enormous hydrocarbon resource development and a complex formation and evolution process. The SCS has experienced complex geological processes including continental lithospheric breakup, seafloor spreading and oceanic crust subduction, which leads debates for decades. However, there are still no clear answers regarding to the following aspects: the crustal and Moho structure, the structure of the continent-ocean transition zone, the formation and evolution process and geodynamic mechanism, and deep processes and their coupling relationships with the petroliferous basins in the SCS. Under the guidance of the “Deep-Earth” science and technology innovation strategy of the Ministry of Natural Resources, deep structural and comprehensive geological research are carried out in the SCS. Geophysical investigations such as long array-large volume deep reflection seismic, gravity, magnetism and ocean bottom seismometer are carried out. The authors proposed that joint gravity-magnetic-seismic inversion should be used to obtain deep crustal information in the SCS and construct high resolution deep structural sections in different regions of the SCS. This paper systematically interpreted the formation and evolution of the SCS and explored the coupling relationship between deep structure and evolution of Mesozoic-Cenozoic basins in the SCS. It is of great significance for promoting the geosystem scientific research and resource exploration of the SCS.     

A window on West Antarctic crustal boundaries: the junction between the Antarctic Peninsula, the Filchner Block, and Weddell Sea oceanic lithosphere

A new airborne magnetic survey of the southeastern Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent Weddell Sea embayment (WSE) region suggests a continuity of geological structure between the eastern Antarctic Peninsula and the attenuated continental crust of the Filchner Block. This has implications for the reconstructed position of the Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains block in Gondwana, which is currently uncertain. Palaeomagnetic data indicate that it has migrated from a Palaeozoic position between South Africa and Coats Land to its current position as a microplate embedded in central West Antarctica. The most obvious route for migration is between the Antarctic Peninsula and the Weddell Sea embayment. Evidence that geological structures are continuous across the boundary places constraints on the timing and pathway of migration. Magnetic textures suggest the presence of shallow features extending from the Beaumont Glacier Zone (BGZ) in the west for at least 200 km into the Weddell Sea embayment. These data suggest that the Eastern Domain of the Antarctic Peninsula and the stretched continental crust of the Filchner Block share a common recent, probably post-Early Jurassic, history. However, examination of deep anomalies indicates differences in the magnetic characteristics of the two blocks. The boundary may mark either the edge of extended continental crust, or a discontinuity between two, once separated, blocks. This discontinuity, or pre-Late Jurassic Antarctic Peninsula terrane boundaries to the west, may have allowed the passage of the Ellsworth–Whitmore Mountains block to its present location.     

青藏高原地球物理研究中几个重要问题之我见

青藏高原的地球物理研究是深化认识高原本体和东亚壳、幔结构、隆升机制和大陆动力学响应的基础,故为中、外地球科学家们所瞩目。主要讨论以下3个方面问题,即问题的提出与背景;当今青藏高原地球物理研究中的核心科学问题;当前地球物理学要做些什么。研究结果表明,第一,在青藏高原地球物理研究中只有在清晰思路指导下取得高分辨率的数据才能反演,并刻画其壳、幔的精细结构;第二,青藏高原壳、幔结构存在分区特征,特别是地壳低速层、力学作用、深部物质运移、多要素约束下的物理-数学模拟及陆-陆碰撞动力学响应进行量化研究;第三,当今在青藏高原地球物理研究的核心问题是地球内部物质和能量的交换、圈层耦合及其深层动力过程。中国地球科学家们应当清晰地认识到,青藏高原地球物理研究乃是中国地球科学家摘取“桂冠”的一个契机,必须走自主创新之路,建立起具有中国地质科学特色的理论和模型。     

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度与有关地球物理参数的关系--以泉州-黑水地学断面为例

大陆岩石圈有效弹性厚度(Te)是反映岩石圈综合强度的参数,它反映了岩石圈的整体特征。分析岩石圈有效样性厚度与反映深部地质特征的有关地球物理参数之间的关系,对研究控制Te的因素、各因素之间的关系以及探索大陆构造与大陆动力学等具有重要意义。泉州一黑水地学断面Te与地壳厚度、热岩石圈厚度、均衡重力异常、磁性构造层底面深度、上地幔低速层顶界面深度、上地幔低阻层顶面深度之间的关系研究表明：Te与大地热流关系密切的“热”地球物理参数磁性构造层底面深度、热岩石圈厚度相关性好;与地壳厚度有一定的相关性;上地幔低速层顶界面深度和上地幔低阻层顶面深度与大陆岩石圈Te相关性均较差。     

前寒武纪地质学在当代地球科学中的地位与作用

前寒武纪地质学是地球科学的主要研究领域之一。在前寒武纪岩层中蕴藏着丰富的矿藏,为人类的生存和发展提供了大量的有用资源。前寒武纪还是大陆地壳生长的主要时期,大陆地壳的形成、成因、演化过程及其模式是地球科学家最关心的问题之一。现在出露地表的前寒武纪中、深变质岩已成为研究深部地壳的窗口,为岩石圈研究开辟了新途径,提供了新信息。而生命起源及其早期演化则必须依赖前寒武纪地层中的生命化石记录进行研究。纵观地球科学的发展历史,前寒武纪地质学是地球科学中其它分支学科无法替代的研究领域。     

新疆阿尔泰花岗岩类源区物质的定量模拟

对产出于阿尔泰、额尔齐斯、乌化古三条构造-岩浆带上的六个典型岩体进行了源区岩石化学组成和初始熔体部分熔融程度的定量模拟。模拟结果表明:六个岩体的ε_(Sr)~t值多介于0-120之间,源区岩石多为地幔物质与陆壳物质的混合源,地壳柱中成熟陆壳所占比例较少,反映了中亚型地洼区在地壳化学结构上的一个重要特征.从北往南,ε_(Sr)~t值与壳源锶所占百分率逐渐减小,反映了从地槽造山带核心部位往边缘部位往边缘部位,地壳柱中成熟陆壳所占比例逐渐减小。初始熔浆部分熔融程度温度、压力呈正消长关系。     

Towards an understanding of the southern Appalachian Piedmont crustal transition—A multidisciplinary approach

The Piedmont of the southern Appalachians is characterized by significant geophysical and geological anomalies which indicate there is a major crustal transition. Multiple hypotheses, including a suture zone and a subducted continental margin, have been presented to explain the variations. Although crustal seismic reflection data have provided significant constraints, there are ambiguities inherent in the interpretation of such data. The ambiguities can be reduced by careful consideration of related geophysical and geological observations. Although the importance of correlating crustal reflection data with known geologic features by tracing reflections to drill holes or to the surface cannot be overestimated, only rarely are such correlations possible. In almost all interpretations of crustal reflection structure it is necessary to constrain the model with methods such as seismic refraction, gravity, magnetics, conductivity, and surface geology (including palinspastic reconstructions). When information from these techniques is incorporated into interpretations of the Piedmont crustal structure, the model which appears to be most consistent with the observations is one in which the upper crust of the Piedmont is decoupled from the lower crust, and in which the lower crust thins eastward. The lower crust may be a subducted Precambrian continental margin and its associated transition toward thinner, basinal crust.     

The lower crust of the Gangdese magmatic arc,southern Tibet,implication for the growth of continental crust

Magmatic arcs are thought to be the primary sites of modern-day continental crustal growth, and arc crustal sections provide an exceptional opportunity to directly observe the geological processes that occur there, yet few deeply exposed arc sections are available for direct study. The Gangdese magmatic arc, southern Tibet, formed during the Mesozoic subduction of Neo-Tethyan oceanic lithosphere and Cenozoic collision between the Indian and Asian continents, and represent juvenile continental crust. However, the petrological components and compositions of the lower crust of the Gangdese arc remain unknown. Based on detailed geological mapping, we conducted a systemic geochemical, geochronological and zircon Hf isotopic study of well-exposed high-grade metamorphic and migmatitic rocks from the lower crust of the eastern Gangdese arc. The results obtained show that Late Cretaceous garnet amphibolites, dioritic and granitic gneisses, and Paleocene–Eocene garnet amphibolites and granitic gneisses are the main components of the Gangdese lower arc crust. These meta-intrusive rocks witnessed a long period of magmatic, and metamorphic and anatectic processes from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Eocene, and have chemical compositions that range from ultramafic to felsic, with an average SiO₂ content of 57.61 wt% and Mg# value of 0.49. These new data indicate firstly that the Gangdese lower arc crust has an overall intermediate composition and typical feature of juvenile crusts, and therefore supports the recent proposition that continental lower crusts are relatively felsic in composition, instead of mafic. We consider that the downward transport of felsic intrusives and associated sedimentary rocks into the deep crustal levels and subsequent partial melting resulted in componential and compositional changes of the Gangdese arc lower crust over time. This is a potential key mechanism in transforming primary lower arc crust to mature continental lower crust for the magmatic arcs with a complete growth history.     

华南早前寒武纪陆壳基底及其组成特征

在编制《闽浙赣铀矿地质图（１：１００万）》的基础上，结合近年来地质、地球物理及同位素年代学等方面的最新研究成果，本文初步分析了华南地区早前寒武纪（Ａｒ＿２－Ｐｔ＿１）陆壳结晶基底的组成特征及“扬子”与“华夏”地块之间的相互关系，认为该基底经吕梁运动（１７００－１８００Ｍａ）后，于中晚元古代逐渐解体，并转化为由板块构造机制所控制的多旋回槽台发展体制。由于古陆壳组成的不均一性和演化的不平衡性，使局部地区相对富铀，为尔后各种衍生型富铀地质体的形成及矿化分布奠定了基础。     

青藏高原东缘深部电性结构特征研究

通过对青藏高原东缘大地电磁测深实测资料的分析,结合区域地质、重、磁、大地电磁和地震资料,文章对青藏高 原东缘的深部构造、壳内高导层、电性结构与矿产的关系进行了研究。结果表明,重力计算中的莫霍面是由诸多高低变化 电阻组成的一个界面,莫霍面之上容易形成壳内高导体;在20 km深度左右存在电阻率变化界面,为上下地壳界面的反映。 电性和Vs研究表明,在地幔柱发育地区,地壳厚度减薄了15 km左右。区内诸如金沙江-红河断裂、鲜水河断裂等深大断裂 带已经深达莫霍面,成为各块体或成矿带的边界,控制了岩体和壳内高导体的分布。进而探讨了贡嘎山壳幔高导体的成因 以及区内地幔柱与矿产的关系。     

大陆下地壳研究的新进展

伴随地球物理、捕虏体岩石学、同位素年代学等方面新资料的不断丰富，大陆深部地质作用及其过程的研究取得了不少新进展。重建下地壳的形成和改造历史，对探讨岩石圈的演化变动具有十分重要的意义。幔源岩浆分异作用、板底垫托作用及局部地壳熔融等在太古代至今下地壳的形成改造和麻粒岩相变质事件中起着关键的作用。活化大陆岛弧的下地壳较为全面地记录了下地壳复杂的演化历史，它是我们研究大陆动力学富有前景的构造区域。     

南海西南次海盆深部结构研究进展与展望

西南次海盆位于南海渐进式扩张的西南端,共轭陆缘结构和残留扩张脊保留完整,是研究南海深部结构和动力学机制的关键区域。前期研究发现,西南次海盆洋陆过渡带较窄、同扩张断层发育、地震反射莫霍面不清晰、具有慢速扩张等特征。然而,由于不同探测方法获取的地壳结构具有多解性,使得西南次海盆洋陆转换过程、慢速扩张洋壳结构与增生模式以及龙门海山岩石性质与地幔成因机制等基础科学问题尚存争议。为此我们建议在西南次海盆开展地质取样获取海山岩石样品,确定其年龄与性质,分析扩张后海山形成的深部动力过程;并对关键构造部署高精度的地震反射/折射联合探测,结合岩石物理分析,对西南次海盆进行构造成像和物质组成参数正反演,以实现壳幔尺度的地震学透视,为探索西南次海盆洋陆转换过程和洋壳增生模式提供重要的地球物理证据,以丰富和完善南海的动力学演化模式。     

流变学:构造地质学和地球动力学的支柱学科

地球是一动态系统,其各层圈的构造运动归根到底就是多矿物复合岩石在各种物理条件(例如,温度、围压、差应力、应变速率、应变方式等)下和化学环境(例如,氧逸度和水含量)中的形变。流变学作为研究岩石力学性质和变形行为的科学,现已成为地球动力学和构造地质学的支柱学科。本文对国际上近年来岩石流变学的最新进展做些扼要的介绍,呼吁中国固体地学界加强流变学的研究,做出经得起时间淘洗、实践检验的原创性成果来,使中国的构造地质学研究迈进国际先进的行列。     

大陆地质与大陆构造和大陆动力学

当代地球科学发展的新需求与板块构造对大陆地质的深化研究,使大陆问题成为21世纪地学发展的前沿研究领域、热点和关键。文中在提出“大陆动力学”研究20多年后的今天,进行关于大陆研究的新思考,从讨论厘定大陆研究的有关争议概念、大陆的基本问题、中国大陆构造的典型实例以及与世界同类范例的简要对比出发,综合概括了大陆地质与大陆构造和大陆动力学研究的关键科学问题与进一步探索研究的思考课题。提出了在大陆研究中,在进一步精确深化板块构造对大陆的研究的同时,应突出加强大陆构造中有无非板块构造动力及其远程效应的大陆内的、在深部动力学与陆块间差异非均衡背景下由陆内陆块间相互作用导致的真正陆内构造及其动力学问题的研究,以便为深化发展板块构造、认知大陆、探索大陆动力学、构建包括板块构造在内新的行星地球构造观作出努力与探索。     

Tectonics and types of riftogenic basins of the Scotia Sea,South Atlantic

Western, central, and eastern provinces are recognized in the Scotia Sea. They are distinguished by their bottom topography, geophysical characteristics, and crustal structure, which record their different origin and evolution. The western province is characterized by the oceanic crust that formed on the West Scotia Ridge, where active spreading may have ceased as a result of a collision between propagating rift and the structural barrier of the thick continental lithosphere of the Falkland Plateau. The central province is a series of blocks mainly composed of continental crust that subsided to various depths depending on the degree of extension in the course of rifting. These blocks are separated by local areas with oceanic crust formed due to the breakup of the continental crust and diffusive spreading. These areas are characterized by deep bottom and high values of Bouguer anomalies. The southern framework of the central province consists of subsided continental blocks and microcontinents divided by small spreading-type basins formed by lithospheric extension complicated by strike-slip faulting. The eastern province is composed of oceanic crust formed on the backarc spreading East Scotia Ridge. The results of density analysis, analog, and numerical simulations allowed us to explain some features of the structure and evolution of these provinces. The insight into tectonic structure of the provinces and their evolution allowed us to recognize several types of riftogenic basins differing in geodynamics, age, and geological and geophysical characteristics.     

同位素填图与深部物质探测(Ⅰ):揭示岩石圈组成演变与地壳生长

固体地球科学的一个重要任务是探测地球深部过程与不同圈层协同演变。深部物质探测、地球物理结构探测和深钻一起构成深部探测的三大途径。岩浆岩“探针”及区域同位素(如全岩Nd、锆石Hf)示踪填图是深部物质探测的主要手段,可以用来揭示深部物质组成特征及时空变化,确定不同类型地壳省,划分大地构造边界,估算大陆地壳生长量、方式,分析区域成矿规律。这一技术广泛应用后,有望实现深部结构探测与物质探测结合,开展深部物质填图。中国大陆是深部物质探测的良好实验室,需要解决的重大问题包括：多块体拼合的岩石圈及陆壳深部物质组成架构,不同类型造山带地壳生长与深部物质组成结构,不同构造单元深部物质组成与成矿作用及其浅部成矿制约。文中重点总结和探讨了岩浆岩全岩Sr-Nd同位素和锆石Lu-Hf同位素区域填图以及捕获锆石信息填图的思路、方法和注意的问题,以及可以解决的重大地质问题,并探索性提出今后开展的重点研究方向。     

花岗岩与大地构造

花岗岩(广义)是地球有别于其它星球及地球上大陆地壳有别于大洋地壳的物质标志,是大陆上分布最广的岩石之一。在已有研究基础上,本文系统阐述了花岗岩大地构造的内涵、研究思路、研究内容和发展方向。花岗岩大地构造将花岗岩视为一种构造标志体、地质体,是从花岗岩角度,探索解决大地构造问题,其研究内容可概括为物理特性(构造)、物质组成(岩石地化)和年代学三大方面,具体研究内容包括:(1)巨量花岗岩浆侵位的物理特性变化及其构造意义,包括岩浆上升迁移、汇聚定位及岩体(带)形成/构建过程;(2)花岗岩体变形改造及其构造意义;(3)花岗岩物源与大陆生长及深部结构,以新老物质组成,划分造山带类型;(4)巨型花岗岩带发育过程与大陆聚散,探索超大陆和中小板块聚散的岩浆响应。花岗岩大地构造丰富了大地构造研究内容,也有助深化花岗岩体(带)形成、发育过程和构造背景的认识。它的提出是当今地球科学学科交叉、融合发展的必要。     

地震波各向异性：窥测地球深部构造的“探针”

地震波各向异性日益成为不可忽视的地质地球物理现象。地球内部不同圈层（地壳、地幔和地核）都存在着地震波各向异性，并表现为不同的规模（小到单矿物和岩石，大到地体甚至上地幔）和强度。通过地震波各向异性可以间接获取岩石圈厚度、地球深部结构与构造变形、地球动力学和地幔对流等信息。主要从地震波各向异性的表现形式、原因及地质地球物理意义等方面对近年来大洋俯冲带、大陆裂谷、地幔转换带和大陆碰撞造山带（青藏高原）等构造环境中的研究成果进行了评述，讨论了各向异性[JP2]研究中需要重视的几个问题：①剪切波分辨率；②矿物组构研究；③其它各向异性成因机制。还强调了各向异性研究与流变学、高温高压岩石物理实验相结合的新方向。     

地质学的若干问题

对地质学几个领域近几十年的发展做了扼要的总结,指出了一些有突破性的进展,并提出了这些学科今后若干年可能的发展展望,论文涉及的学科包括矿物学、花岗岩、铁镁－超铁镁岩、变质岩、沉积学、多重地层分类与地质年代学、构造这以及板块构造学与大陆动力学。对于各学科并非全面的论述,而是指出其有重大意义的突破性进展,在矿物学方面强调了由于新技术的运用而大大地促进了矿物学的进展,矿物材料学和环境矿物学都是今后着重发展的方向。总结了当前对花岗岩的基本认识,指出应开展“岩浆系统”与“火山系统”的深层次研究;对于铁镁－超铁镁岩今后要加强壳幔物质的相互作用与深部过程的研究;总结了变质岩研究的三个阶段,今后要在重点地质区坚持长期深入系统的研究,特别是前寒武纪麻粒岩区和造山带。沉积学最近有较大发展,有三方面的意义;在构造地质学方面指出在大陆造山带伸展构造、韧性剪切等研究热点以及从定性到定量的研究趋势;板块构造学是地球科学有史以来最伟大的成就,90年代是大陆构造研究的大发展时期。