Geological and Geochemical Characteristics of the Hydrothermal Clay Alteration in South Korea

Abstract: Hydrothermally altered areas forming pyrophyllite‐kaolin‐sericite‐alunite deposits are distributed in Chonnam and Kyongsang areas, Cretaceous volcanic field of the Yuchon Group. The Chonnam alteration area is located within depression zone which is composed of volcanic and granitic rocks of late Cretaceous age. The clay deposits of this area show the genetic relationship with silicic lava domes. The Kyongsang alteration area is mainly distributed within Kyongsang Basin comprising volcanic, sedimentary and granitic rocks of Cretaceous and Tertiary age. Most of the clay deposits of this area are closely related to cauldrons. Paleozoic clay deposit occurs in the contact zone between Precambrian Hongjesa granite gneiss and Paleozoic Jangsan quartzite of Choson Supergroup. Cretaceous igneous rocks of the both alteration areas belong to high K calc‐alkaline series formed in the volcanic arc of continental margin by subduction‐related magmatism. Chonnam igneous rocks show more enrichment of crustal components such as K, La, Ce, Sm, Nd and Ba, higher (La/Yb)cn ratio, and higher initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio (0. 708 to 0. 712) than those of Kyongsang igneous rocks. This might be due to the difference of degree of crustal contamination during Cretaceous magmatism. The most characteristic alteration minerals of Chonnam clay deposits are alunite, kaolin, quartz, pyrophyllite and diaspore which were formed by acidic solution. Those of Kyongsang clay deposits are sericite, quartz and pyrophyllite which were formed by weak acid and neutral solution. The formation ages of the clay deposits of two alteration areas range from 70. 1 to 81. 4 Ma and 39. 7 to 79. 4 Ma, respectively. The Daehyun clay deposit in Ponghwa area of Kyongsang province shows the alteration age range from 290 to 336 Ma. This result shows the different alteration episode from the hydrothermal alteration of Cretaceous to early Tertiary in the Kyongsang and Chonnam alteration areas. These data indicate, at least, three hydrothermal activities of Tertiary (middle to late Eocene), late Cretaceous (Santonian to Maastrichtian) and Paleozoic Carboniferous Periods in South Korea.     

胶东-朝鲜半岛中生代金成矿作用

华北克拉通东部与朝鲜半岛相接,是中朝克拉通的重要组成部分。在华北克拉通东部的胶东半岛和朝鲜半岛内皆产出有不同规模的金矿床,并具有显著的地域特色。胶东半岛已发现金矿床(点)近200处,其中三山岛、焦家、新城、玲珑等为世界级金矿,它们为石英脉型和受构造控制的蚀变岩型,成矿时间主要集中在~120Ma,说明金成矿作用是在相当短的时间内,在同一成矿背景下和同一构造-岩浆-流体成矿系统下完成的。成矿流体主要来自幔源岩浆以及幔源岩浆与地壳相互作用产生的地质流体,就位环境与地壳/岩石圈在早白垩世强烈伸展构造变形有关,为克拉通破坏型金矿;与我国辽东相邻的朝鲜半岛北部平安北道等地金矿储量较大,成矿类型与特征辽东五龙金矿类似,为石英脉型矿化,也可能为早白垩世与华北克拉通岩石圈减薄、破坏相关的金矿床;朝鲜半岛南部的韩国金(银)矿床分成侏罗纪中温热液型和白垩纪浅成低温热液型两类,其中侏罗纪热液脉状金矿成矿特征虽与胶东金矿类似,但成矿时代(峰期~160Ma)有显著差异。而白垩纪浅成低温热液型金-银矿化主要发生在100~70Ma,与太平洋板块俯冲作用相关,为典型的环太平洋斑岩-次火山活动有关的浅成低温贱金属成矿系列。胶东和朝鲜半岛金矿床类型、特征及成矿时间的异同,与区域中生代地质演化及地球动力学背景密切相关。     

西藏尕尔穷-嘎拉勒铜金矿集区火山岩年代学及地球化学

尕尔穷-嘎拉勒铜金矿集区是班-怒结合带南部的重要矿集区.矿集区内发育大面积火山岩, 利用锆石U-Pb年代学方法, 首次精确测定了研究区内不同地层中火山岩年龄, 并结合其岩石地球化学特征探讨了其形成构造背景.研究表明, 区内朗久组火山角砾岩成岩年龄为141.7.0±0.47 Ma(MSWD=0.43), 多爱组流纹岩年龄为136.80±0.48 Ma(MSWD=0.79), 形成时代为早白垩世初期, 属于班公湖-怒江洋南向俯冲的岩浆作用响应; 原定多爱组火山角砾岩(GE火山角砾岩)年龄为85.20±0.53 Ma(MSWD=3.40), 形成时代为晚白垩世, 不属于早白垩世多爱组产物, 属于洋盆消亡后羌塘陆块与冈底斯陆块汇聚阶段的火山作用产物, 晚于尕尔穷铜金矿的成矿年龄(86.87±0.50 Ma).岩石地球化学特征表明, 区内火山岩均具有相对富集Rb、Th、U等大离子亲石元素(LILE), 而亏损Ta、Nb、Yb、Ti等高场强元素(HFSE)的特征, 显示出弧火山岩特性.结合区域已有火山岩研究资料表明, 在班公湖-怒江洋南向俯冲过程中, 从早白垩世初至中晚期均有比较连续的火山作用, 持续时间约为30 Ma(140~110 Ma); 在班公湖-怒江洋盆消亡后的羌塘陆块与冈底斯陆块汇聚晚阶段, 又伴随有晚白垩世火山作用的发生, 该期火山作用与区内成矿岩体年龄相当, 可能为同一岩浆系统的产物. 关键字: 火山岩; 班公湖-怒江特提斯洋; 俯冲; 碰撞; 尕尔穷-嘎拉勒矿集区; 地球化学.      

Cretaceous sedimentary basins in Sichuan,SW China: Restoration of tectonic and depositional environments

This study documents sediment infill features and their responses to the tectonic evolution of the Sichuan Basin and adjacent areas. The data include a comparison of field outcrops, well drillings, inter-well correlations, seismic data, isopach maps, and the spatial evolution of sedimentary facies. We divided the evolutionary history of the Sichuan Cretaceous Basin into three stages based on the following tectonic subsidence curves: the early Early Cretaceous (145–125 Ma), late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous (125–89.8 Ma), and late Late Cretaceous (89.8–66 Ma). The basin underwent NW–SE compression with northwestward shortening in the early Early Cretaceous and was dominated by alluvial fans and fluviolacustrine sedimentary systems. The central and northern areas of the Sichuan Basin were rapidly uplifted during the late Early Cretaceous to early Late Cretaceous with southwestward tilting, which resulted in the formation of a depression, exhibited southwestward compression, and was characterized by aeolian desert and fluviolacustrine deposits. The tectonic framework is controlled by the inherited basement structure and the formation of NE mountains, which not only affected the clastic supply of the sedimentary basin but also blocked warm-wet currents from the southeast, which changed the climatic conditions in the late Late Cretaceous. The formation and evolution of Cretaceous sedimentary basins are closely related to synchronous subtle far-field tectonism and changes in climate and drainage systems. According to the analysis of the migration of the Cretaceous sedimentation centers, different basin structures formed during different periods, including periods of peripheral mountain asynchronous thrusting and regional differential uplift. Thus, the Sichuan Cretaceous sedimentary basin is recognized as a superimposed foreland basin.     

大兴安岭旁开门金银矿床赋矿围岩的锆石U——Pb 年龄及其地质意义

大兴安岭旁开门金银矿床赋存在上侏罗统甘河组基性岩和下白垩统富林组中酸性火山岩中,其赋矿围岩蚀变流纹岩中单颗粒锆石U-Pb 年龄测定表明,21 个成分点中有1 组不谐和年龄( 141 ± 2 Ma、129 ± 2 Ma) 和3 组谐和年龄,后者的加权平均值分别为116. 2 ± 3. 4 Ma、112. 5 ± 1. 1 Ma 和 108. 2 ± 4. 2 Ma。结合锆石晶形和CL 图像特征,进一步确定流纹岩的成岩时代为早白垩世晚期,岩浆房冷却到岩浆热液期经历约8 Ma,成矿作用与富林组火山作用有关,发生在108 Ma 之后,其成矿与中国东北部陆缘晚中生代浅成热液金矿大规模成矿时代相一致。     

Geochemistry of metabasites of the Kolpakov Group of the Sredinny crystalline Massif in Kamchatka

Metabasites (amphibolites, garnet amphibolites, and basic crystalline schists) compose numerous sheeted bodies (often highly boudined) from a few to 100 meters thick in the plagiogneisses and migmatites of the Kolpakov Group. Chemically, they are reconstructed as basalts and picrites that were metamorphosed, as host terrigenous rocks, under the kyanite-sillimanite subfacies of the amphibolite facies (t = 620–650°C, P _s = 5.9–6.9 kbar). Metabasites are dominated by amphibolites and basic crystalline schists distributed throughout the entire section of the Kolpakov Group, whereas garnet amphibolites are more typical of the upper parts of the group, where they are intercalated with amphibolites, basic crystalline schists, plagiogneisses, and quartzites. Metaultrabasites (plagioclase-free amphibolites) occur much more rarely as small boudins up to few meters in size. According to U-Pb SHRIMP zircon dating, the plagiogneiss protolith age corresponds to the end of the Early-Late Cretaceous (90–100 Ma), which is similar in age to the weakly metamorphosed terrigenous deposits of the Kikhchik Group of the Sredinny Range. This allows us to consider the terrigenous rocks of these groups as isofacial sedimentary rocks. The same age (Early-Late Cretaceous boundary) was taken for protoliths of metabasites forming interbeds among metaterrigenous deposits of the Kolpakov Group. The interval of 100?90 Ma coincides with the beginning of the formation of the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogenic marginal-continental belt in East Asia. It is shown that the Kolpakov Group possesses the geochemical features of tholeiitic basalts of different geodynamic settings and comprises both typically island arc (low-Ti) and oceanic (moderate to high-Ti) tholeiites associated with ultrabasic volcanic rocks—picrites. Such a chemical peculiarity of basic rocks is typical of the marginal-continental extension zones (pull-apart basin) that were initiated on the sialic crust. It is obvious that similar geodynamic setting of the basite magmatism existed for the Sredinny Range of Kamchatka. The ascent of the mantle matter beneath the extension zone of the continental crust of the sedimentary basin and its intersection by faults that formed simultaneously with the Okhotsk-Chukotka volcanogenic belt served as the beginning of the basite volcanism in the sedimentary basin. They provided an intense fluid effect and a temperature increase in the crust with subsequent granitization and metamorphism of volcanogenic-terrigenous deposits and, finally, the development of the modern structure of the Sredinny Kamchatka Massif. The intense Late Cretaceous basite volcanism and associated granitoid magmatism in Kamchatka were presumably caused by the ascent of mantle plumes bearing hydrogen fluids.     

鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系粘土矿物的分布特征及其沉积-成岩环境意义

系统地分析了鄂尔多斯盆地白垩系粘土矿物的特征及其沉积、成岩环境意义。研究结果表明:白垩系砂岩、泥质岩的粘土矿物组合以I+C+I/S型、I+C型为主,具有高伊利石含量,较高绿泥石、伊/蒙混层矿物含量的粘土矿物组成特点;其中泥质岩粘土矿物主要为陆源碎屑成因,次为沉积成岩过程中形成的自生粘土矿物,而砂岩粘土矿物兼有陆源碎屑成因和沉积成岩过程自生成因的特征;白垩系沉积时气候总体特征为干旱—半干旱,但局部时段发生干—湿气候波动而处于短暂的湿热气候环境;白垩系沉积物源富含长石等硅酸盐矿物,沉积物质主要自北、南、西向盆地内部搬运沉积;白垩系沉积和埋藏成岩过程中水介质整体上具有盐度较高,偏碱性,富K+、Fe2+、Mg2+的特点,且总体上盆地南部水介质中的这些指标都高于北部。     

Early Cretaceous transpressional and transtensional tectonics straddling the Sulu orogenic belt,East China

The Sulu orogenic belt (SOB) separates the North and South China blocks in East Asia and formed during Triassic continent-continent collision. However, late Mesozoic post-collisional exhumation is poorly understood due to lack of surface evidence for Paleo-Pacific subduction and associated effects. This paper interprets the tectonic history of the SOB using detrital zircon age data from Early Cretaceous sedimentary units along with previously published geochronologic and geochemical data to reconstruct sedimentological and tectonic history. Detrital zircon age distributions obtained from sedimentary units include a 2.0 Ga subpopulation that appears only in turbidite units to the southeast. This sediment probably derived from the Yangtze Block. Terrestrial facies from the Jiao-Lai basin to the northwest appear to derive from the North China Block. Geochronologic and geochemical data indicate that Early Cretaceous, post-collisional volcanism was compositionally bimodal (mafic-felsic) with associated intrusive activity that peaked at 120 Ma. Seismic images of northerly regions of the study area indicate this occurred in an extensional setting. Sedimentary facies and field structural analyses revealed an unconformity interpreted to reflect rapid uplift with NW–SE compression to the south. Given observed sinistral movement along the Tan-Lu fault, we interpret northwest and southeast regions of the SOB as experiencing transtensional and transpressional tectonics, respectively, driven by continuous subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate. Intrusion of the Late Yanshannian granitoids marked the final formational stage of this unique tectonic setting.     

Tectonic evolution of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Back-arc Basin,SE Korea: Transition from sinistral transtension to strike-slip kinematics

The Gyeongsang Basin, the largest Cretaceous nonmarine sedimentary basin in Korea, formed as a continental back-arc basin related to NNW-directed subduction of the (proto-) Pacific Plate underneath the Eurasia Plate. The basin can be divided into an earlier-formed western back-arc depression and a later-formed eastern volcanic arc platform. We investigated the basin evolution and the associated tectonic settings, largely based on an analysis of structures individuated in the field in the back-arc region. From 127 Ma, the basin initiated as a NNE-trending narrow depression bordered by NNE-striking sinistral faults, and then progressively expanded under a transtensional kinematics induced by progressive trench roll-back. Sinistral shearing of inherited NNE-striking structures played an important role in basin subsidence, and secondary WNW- to NW-striking transverse faults acted as normal faults. The NNE-striking principal displacement zone in the west of the basin runs along the western marginal area of the Jinju and Daegu domains and passes through the Uiseong domain from south to north, but most of this zone is now preserved as deep structures. Volcanic activity starting at ca. 115 Ma was characterized mainly by episodic basaltic eruptions occurring contemporaneously with back-arc deposition of a sedimentary sequence. After ca. 90 Ma, a transtensional kinematics changed to a strike-slip one, and the basin expansion and sedimentation in the back-arc region terminated. During the strike-slip event, rhyolitic-dacitic volcanism increased in intensity as a large NE-trending volcanic arc developed close to subduction zone and its loading caused the stratal flexure in the back-arc region, and the orientations of the shortening and stretching axes remained NW–SE and NE–SW, respectively. Additionally, continuing sinistral shear generated local depressions along the faults located in the west of the back-arc region and within the volcanic arc.     

Late Cenozoic evolution of epithermal gold metallogenic provinces in Kyushu, Japan

Kyushu Island, Japan, is located at the junction of the Southwest Japan arc and the Ryukyu arc. There are two major late Cenozoic epithermal gold-silver provinces in Kyushu, which are termed the Northern and Southern provinces. The provinces are characterized by: 1) Pliocene volcanism dominated by calc-alkaline andesite, followed by Quaternary volcanism including extrusion of both calc-alkaline and tholeiitic magmas; 2) formation of extensional grabens; 3) Pliocene to Pleistocene mineralization, which was dominated by abundant low sulfidation (LS) epithermal deposits with a few high sulfidation (HS) examples. The two epithermal gold-silver provinces have evolved differently since about 5 Ma; the Northern province has exhibited diminished hydrothermal activity from the Pliocene to Pleistocene, whereas the Southern province has witnessed increased hydrothermal activity mainly in easterly and northerly directions. Changes of tectonic setting from the Pliocene to Pleistocene account for the variable trends in epithermal gold deposit formation. Westward oblique subduction of the Philippine Sea plate beneath the Southwest Japan arc caused development of the Hohi graben and arc-related volcanism at about 6 Ma. This was associated with widespread LS mineralization in and surrounding the Hohi graben, as is represented by the Bajo and Taio deposits. The subduction of the relatively buoyant Kyushu-Palau ridge during the early Pliocene strengthened the coupling between the slab and overriding Ryukyu arc, leading to polygenetic andesite volcanism with associated HS (Kasuga, Iwato, and Akeshi) and LS (Kushikino) mineral deposits forming in the Southern province. A change of the subduction direction of the Philippine Sea plate, from west to north-northwest in the early Pliocene, increased the orthogonal convergence rate between the Southwest Japan arc and the Philippine Sea plate, resulting in a decrease of volcanic and hydrothermal activity in the Hohi graben of the Northern province. The more northerly subduction of the Philippine Sea plate shifted the locus of the Kyushu-Palau ridge subduction northward, resulting in underplating of the older (85–60 Ma), negatively buoyant Amami basin oceanic slab in the Southern province, rather than continued subduction of the young (27–15 Ma), buoyant Shikoku basin slab. This replacement caused steepening of the slab angle and slab-rollback in the Southern province, which was associated with regional extension, an eastward shift of the Ryukyu volcanic front, and development of the Kagoshima and Shimabara grabens, as well as the Okinawa trough. Rhyolite and basalt volcanism, in addition to andesite volcanism, have occurred since 2 Ma in the area of the Ryukyu back arc; coincident LS mineralization at Hishikari and Ohkuchi was affiliated with the rhyolite volcanism. Another change of the subduction direction of the Philippine Sea plate to the northwest occurred at 2–1 Ma. The forearc sliver of the Southwest Japan arc shifted westward, in association with right-lateral strike-slip faulting along the Median tectonic line, due to the increase of the westward convergence rate. This shift resulted in shortening and cessation of graben development in the Hohi area, restricting the subsequent volcanism and related hydrothermal activity to the central part of the graben.     

江西省峡江-广丰地区白垩纪红盆-火山盆地对铀成矿的制约探讨

江西峡江-广丰地区产铀盆地常具有特殊的三元结构:含铀火山岩发育在燕山早期的断陷区内,火山岩之下为一(几)套煤系地层,火山岩系之上为一套红色碎屑岩层,构成“黑-灰-红”特色三层结构的叠合式盆地。本文在总结前人工作的基础上,分析了该区叠合式盆地的空间分布、组成结构、形成演化和矿化等特征,并探讨区域构造演化对铀成矿富集的控制作用,以期为研究区铀矿勘查提供新的思路。研究表明:(1)叠合式盆地主要由多旋回的火山岩及其上部的巨厚红层组成,发育在前寒武系变质基底及较薄的峡山群(D2X)、安源群(T3A,含煤层)和林山群(J1L)之上。下白垩统武夷群(K1W)与火把山群(K1H)之间存在构造挤压事件,时限约为132~110 Ma,主要表现为近SN向的挤压和区域性抬升剥蚀,并导致NE和NW向两组共轭断裂分别发生左行和右行压扭,派生的近SN向断裂以张性为主。这些断裂构造是主要的控矿-赋矿构造,特别是近SN向张性断裂,富大矿体均赋存其中;(2)铀矿化时代晚于火山岩围岩的成岩时代,与红层沉积时代有很大程度上的重叠,暗示红盆发育过程对区内铀成矿起重要控制作用;(3)与铀矿物相伴生的萤石、石英中H、O、C同位素指示大气水对铀成矿的贡献,大气水对红层中的Fe^3+、F、Cl、H2S、(U)等进行淋滤,并携带至火山岩的构造裂隙中,在与深部来源流体共同作用下,使火山岩普遍发育水云母化、铀矿化等,因而成矿作用应滞后于火山作用。     

150 Million year history of North China Craton disruption preserved in Mesozoic sediments of the Ordos basin

ABSTRACT

The Ordos Basin, situated in the western part of the North China Craton, preserves the 150-million-year history of North China Craton disruption. Those sedimentary sources from Late Triassic to early Middle Jurassic are controlled by the southern Qinling orogenic belt and northern Yinshan orogenic belt. The Middle and Late Jurassic deposits are received from south, north, east, and west of the Ordos Basin. The Cretaceous deposits are composed of aeolian deposits, probably derived from the plateau to the east. The Ordos Basin records four stages of volcanism in the Mesozoic–Late Triassic (230–220 Ma), Early Jurassic (176 Ma), Middle Jurassic (161 Ma), and Early Cretaceous (132 Ma). Late Triassic and Early Jurassic tuff develop in the southern part of the Ordos Basin, Middle Jurassic in the northeastern part, while Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks have a banding distribution along the eastern part. Mesozoic tectonic evolution can be divided into five stages according to sedimentary and volcanic records: Late Triassic extension in a N–S direction (230–220 Ma), Late Triassic compression in a N–S direction (220–210 Ma), Late Triassic–Early Jurassic–Middle Jurassic extension in a N–S direction (210–168 Ma), Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous compression in both N–S and E–W directions (168–136 Ma), and Early Cretaceous extension in a NE–SW direction (136–132 Ma).     

湘鄂西褶皱带中-新生代剥蚀特征及其构造指示:来自磷灰石裂变径迹的证据

恢复湘鄂西褶皱带中-新生代以来的剥蚀历史, 探讨其变形的时空格架, 对于研究陆内褶皱造山以及指导该地区的油气勘探具有重要的意义.利用该地区磷灰石样品进行裂变径迹年龄测定与热史模拟, 对中-新生代的剥蚀厚度和速率进行分析.结果表明, 湘鄂西地区磷灰石裂变径迹的年龄为71~100 Ma, 与川东隔挡式褶皱带中的磷灰石样品年龄进行对比, 具有由SE到NW向递进变新的趋势; 中新生代以来的热史呈现出"三段式"的特征, 这3个阶段的转折时期为115~90 Ma和35~20 Ma, 分别对应了从晚侏罗世-早白垩世挤压造山到晚白垩世伸展成盆再到新生代整体抬升的构造转换; 燕山期为湘鄂西褶皱带的主变形期, 变形时序呈现出由SE到NW向递进变新的趋势, 剥蚀程度呈现出由SE到NW向变弱的趋势.这些认识为燕山期湘鄂西-川东褶皱带陆内递进变形的形成演化研究提供了有力的证据.      

Types,characteristics, and time–space distribution of molybdenum deposits in China

Molybdenum exploration activity in China has accelerated tremendously during the past decade owing to the continuous, increasing demand for Earth resources. China possesses the largest Mo reserves in the world (exceeding 19.6 Mt). The major ore deposits are of porphyry, porphyry–skarn, skarn, vein, and sedimentary types. Porphyry molybdenum deposits contain 77.5% of the Chinese Mo reserves, with lesser amounts in porphyry–skarns (13%), skarns (5.1%), and veins (4.4%). Exploitation of sedimentary-type molybdenum deposits thus far has been uneconomical. The six Mo provinces are in the Northeast China, Yanliao, Qinling–Dabie, middle–lower Yangtze River Valley, South China, and Sanjiang areas. We recognize six ore-forming periods: (1) Precambrian (>541 Ma), (2) Palaeozoic (541–250 Ma), (3) Triassic (250–200 Ma), (4) Jurassic–Early Cretaceous (190–135 Ma), (5) Cretaceous (135–90 Ma), and (6) Cenozoic (55–12 Ma). The abundance of Mo ore deposits in China reflects the occurrence of multiple periods of tectonism, involving interactions between the Siberian, North China, Yangtze, India, and Palaeo-Pacific plates. Precambrian molybdenum deposits are related to Mesoproterozoic volcanism in an extensional setting. Palaeozoic Cu–Mo deposits are related to calc-alkaline granitic plutons in an island arc or a continental margin setting. Triassic Mo deposits formed in the syn-collision–postcollision tectonic setting between the Siberian and North China plates and between the North China and Yangzi plates. Jurassic–Early Cretaceous molybdenum deposits formed along the eastern margin of Asia and are associated with the palaeo-Pacific plate-subduction tectonic setting. Cretaceous Mo deposits are related to high-K calc-alkaline granitic rocks and formed in a lithospheric thinning setting. Cenozoic molybdenum deposits formed in a collision setting between the Indian and Eurasian continents and the subsequent extensional setting.     

Detrital zircon ages in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic basement assemblages of the Peninsular Ranges batholith,Baja California,Mexico: constraints for depositional ages and provenance

The origin and continuity of Phanerozoic lithostratigraphic terranes in southern and Baja California remain an unsolved issue in Cordilleran tectonics. We present data from eight detrital zircon samples collected across the southern extent of the Peninsular Ranges that help constrain the provenance of detritus and the depositional ages of these basement units. Detrital zircon signatures from units in the eastern Peninsular Ranges correlate with Palaeozoic passive margin assemblages in the southwestern North American Cordillera. Units in the central belt, which consists of Triassic–Jurassic metasedimentary turbidite assemblages that probably deformed in an accretionary prism setting, and Cretaceous metasedimentary and metavolcanic units that represent the remnants of a continental margin arc, were derived from both proximal and more distal sources. The westernmost units, which are locally structurally interleaved with the Triassic through Cretaceous units of the central belt, are Cretaceous deposits that represent a series of collapsed basin complexes located within and flanking the Cretaceous Alisitos volcanic island arc. Cretaceous intra-arc units show little influx of cratonal material until approximately 110 Ma, whereas coeval sediments on the northern and eastern flanks of the Alisitos arc contain abundant cratonal detritus. Intra-arc strata younger than approximately 110 Ma contain large amounts of Proterozoic and older detrital zircons. These data suggest that basins associated with the Alisitos arc were either too distant or somehow shielded from North American detritus before 110 Ma. In the case of the former, increased influx of continental detritus after 110 Ma would support a tectonic model in which the arc was separated from North America by an ocean basin and, as the arc approached the continent, associated depositional centres were close enough to receive input from continental sources.     

浙江中生代火山岩时代厘定和问题讨论：兼评Lapierre等关于浙江中？…

浙江中生代火山岩的时代长期以来存在不同意见,主要分岐为浙江磨石山群和浙西建德群时代窨是晚侏罗世、早白垩世、抑或晚白垩世。Ｌａｐｉｅｒｒｅ等（１９９７）的一文中据两条Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线年龄,给出了如下论断;浙西火山活动（建德群）时代为１２４Ｍａ,划归为第一幕第一次岩浆事件;浙东（磨石山群）时代为９７Ｍａ,划归为第一幕第二次岩浆事件,而第二幕岩浆事件（指永康群）时代〈９７Ｍａ,本文就Ｌａｐｉｅｒｒｅ等文     

Early Cretaceous provenance change in the southern Hailar Basin,northeastern China and its implication for basin evolution

Gamma-ray (GR) logging and detrital zircon geochronology provide new constraints on changing provenance in the southern Hailar Basin of northeastern China. The basement of this region is characterized by low GR values of 70–90 API. This is overlain by a rift-fill sequence, the GR values of which exhibit a broad range in its lower part (70–160 API), but a more restricted range (80–110 API) in its upper part. Post-rift sediments dominate the basin fill, and are characterized by higher GR values of 120–160 API. Detrital zircon samples from the lower rift sequence and post-rift sediments share similar age distributions, with a single dominant age population of 150–110 Ma. Samples from the upper rift sequence exhibit a bimodal age distribution with peaks at 180–150 Ma and 360–300 Ma. The synchronous changes in zircon age populations and GR values in the strata suggest changing sedimentary source characteristics, thus revealing a rapid shift from active rifting to post-rift thermal sagging of the Hailar Basin in the Early Cretaceous. The basal rift-fill deposits are interpreted to have been mainly derived from erosion of local highs internal to the basin itself, although acidic air-fall ash from the extensive late Mesozoic volcanism in the Great Xing'an Range probably also contributed. Post-rift sediments are dominated by materials shed from the Great Xing'an Range magmatic belt.     

Major types and time–space distribution of Mesozoic ore deposits in South China and their geodynamic settings

The ore deposits of the Mesozoic age in South China can be divided into three groups, each with different metal associations and spatial distributions and each related to major magmatic events. The first event occurred in the Late Triassic (230–210 Ma), the second in the Mid–Late Jurassic (170–150 Ma), and the third in the Early–Mid Cretaceous (120–80 Ma). The Late Triassic magmatic event and associated mineralization is characterized by peraluminous granite-related W–Sn–Nb–Ta mineral deposits. The Triassic ore deposits are considerably disturbed or overprinted by the later Jurassic and Cretaceous tectono-thermal episodes. The Mid–Late Jurassic magmatic and mineralization events consist of 170–160 Ma porphyry–skarn Cu and Pb–Zn–Ag vein deposits associated with I-type granites and 160–150 Ma metaluminous granite-related polymetallic W–Sn deposits. The Late Jurassic metaluminous granite-related W–Sn deposits occur in a NE-trending cluster in the interior of South China, such as in the Nanling area. In the Early–Mid Cretaceous, from about 120 to 80 Ma, but peaking at 100–90 Ma, subvolcanic-related Fe deposits developed and I-type calc-alkaline granitic intrusions formed porphyry Cu–Mo and porphyry-epithermal Cu–Au–Ag mineral systems, whereas S-type peraluminous and/or metaluminous granitic intrusions formed polymetallic Sn deposits. These Cretaceous mineral deposits cluster in distinct areas and are controlled by pull-apart basins along the South China continental margin. Based on mineral assemblage, age, and space–time distribution of these mineral systems, integrated with regional geological data and field observations, we suggest that the three magmatic–mineralization episodes are the result of distinct geodynamic regimes. The Triassic peraluminous granites and associated W–Sn–Nb–Ta mineralization formed during post-collisional processes involving the South China Block, the North China Craton, and the Indo-China Block, mostly along the Dabie-Sulu and Songma sutures. Jurassic events were initially related to the shallow oblique subduction of the Izanagi plate beneath the Eurasian continent at about 175 Ma, but I-type granitoids with porphyry Cu and vein-type Pb–Zn–Ag deposits only began to form as a result of the breakup of the subducted plate at 170–160 Ma, along the NNE-trending Qinzhou-Hangzhou belt (also referred to as Qin-Hang or Shi-Hang belt), which is the Neoproterozoic suture that amalgamates the Yangtze Craton and Cathaysia Block. A large subduction slab window is assumed to have formed in the Nanling and adjacent areas in the interior of South China, triggering the uprise of asthenospheric mantle into the upper crust and leading to the emplacement of metaluminous granitic magma and associated polymetallic W–Sn mineralization. A relatively tectonically quiet period followed between 150 and 135 Ma in South China. From 135 Ma onward, the angle of convergence of the Izanagi plate changed from oblique to parallel to the coastline, resulting in continental extensional tectonics and reactivation of regional-scale NE-trending faults, such as the Tan-Lu fault. This widespread extension also promoted the development of NE-trending pull-apart basins and metamorphic core complexes, accompanied by volcanism and the formation of epithermal Cu–Au deposits, granite-related polymetallic Sn–(W) deposits and hydrothermal U deposits between 120 and 80 Ma (with a peak activity at 100–90 Ma).     

Regional sandstone-type uranium mineralization rooted in Oligo–Miocene tectonic inversion in the Songliao Basin,NE China

The tectonic inversion of the Songliao Basin during the Oligo–Miocene may have played an important role in controlling the development of sandstone-type uranium deposits (SUDs). Here we investigate drill holes along a southeast to northwest section in this basin based on apatite fission-track (AFT) and zircon fission-track (ZFT) techniques. We present 50 data from 15 deep boreholes at different depths between 665 and 3956 m and different structural units including grabens and horsts formed in the Early Cretaceous beneath the basin. The results of the effective AFT ages are 100 ± 11 to 2.3 ± 0.4 Ma (P(x²) > 5%) and ZFT ages are 97.5–20.4 Ma (including binomial peak ages). These results reveal that the basin underwent two distinct stages of rapid cooling after Late Cretaceous. In the first stage, during the Late Cretaceous–Early Paleogene (~80–50 Ma), tectonic uplift occurred in all of the structural units including grabens and horsts, which was marked by an unconformity between the latest Cretaceous Mingshui and the Eocene Yi'an formations. In the second stage, during the Oligo–Miocene (~40–10 Ma), tectonic uplift occurred mainly in the grabens but not in the horsts, corresponding with a few sediments of the Neogene Da'an and Taikang formations. We propose that the folds and the thrust faults mostly characterize in the second stage indicating a major tectonic inversion in the basin. The shifting of the two stages was probably in response to differences in the subduction angles and directions of motion of the Paleo-Pacific Plate from the southeast. Combined with previous information, it was demonstrated that most of the U mineralization ages are younger than 40 Ma, with a peak in the Miocene or later (<20 Ma). We thus propose that the SUDs have been redistributed and redeposited locally in successive stages during and after the Oligo–Miocene tectonic inversion.     

黑龙江永新金矿地质特征及成因

黑龙江永新金矿床的发现是多宝山矿集区外围地质找矿取得的一项新成果.矿床赋存在早白垩世火山盆地与古生代糜棱岩带接触地带的一个浅成相和潜火山岩相小侵入体及岩脉密集分布地段.潜火山相的潜英安岩、潜流纹岩等形成于成矿前或成矿期,受蚀变矿化;浅成相的花岗斑岩、闪长玢岩等形成于成矿后,破坏矿体.金矿体及矿化主要赋存在隐蔽爆破作用形成的蚀变角砾岩体中,其次赋存在蚀变角砾岩体外侧的糜棱岩类围岩中.该矿床的发现显示在黑龙江省西部的古生代糜棱岩带中存在与早白垩世火山作用有关的潜火山热液型金矿,也表明黑龙江多宝山斑岩铜矿老矿区的外围仍具有找矿潜力.