巴西桑托斯盆地白垩系湖相藻叠层石礁特征及主控因素分析

湖相碳酸盐岩研究正处于不断探索和认识阶段,近年来国内外大量湖相碳酸盐岩储层的发现,使主要借鉴海相碳酸盐岩理论的湖相碳酸盐岩研究得到关注和重视,并取得一定的成果和认识。巴西桑托斯盆地白垩系藻叠层石礁是湖相碳酸盐岩一种特殊的储层类型,对于丰富湖相碳酸盐岩理论具有重要意义。通过对地震剖面的振幅反射结构,钻井岩性剖面,岩芯沉积结构、构造观察,岩芯薄片孔渗及成岩分析,测井曲线反映的沉积物粒序变化及旋回组合特征等现象的综合分析,总结出了白垩系藻叠层石礁的主要特征及主控因素。藻叠层石礁以叠层石为格架,藻类的黏结作用使其成为大面积连片发育的黏结礁,其孔渗发育,是良好的储层。发育和分布主要受物源供给、古隆起、水体变化和藻类改造四种因素的控制。咸水环境下,在远离碎屑物源影响的水下古隆起上,水侵体系域时期,适应环境较强的叠层石繁盛,藻类的黏结作用使其成为具有格架结构的黏结礁,沿巴西桑托斯盆地东部隆起带大面积发育。     

柴达木盆地西部新生界陆相湖盆碳酸盐岩沉积环境与沉积模式*

利用野外露头、岩心、测井录井和分析化验资料,对柴达木盆地西部(简称“柴西地区”)新生界干柴沟组湖相碳酸盐岩进行了研究,划分了其沉积微相类型,研究了其分布规律,分析其形成环境和控制因素,并建立了相应沉积模式。该区湖相碳酸盐岩在垂向上与碎屑岩频繁互层,湖相碳酸盐岩包括颗粒灰岩、藻灰岩、泥晶灰岩和混积岩4大类11种,划分出了灰泥坪、颗粒滩、藻丘(礁)、浅湖湾以及(半)深湖泥灰岩相等5种沉积微相。通过分析不同碳酸盐岩及其微相时空展布特征,认为其发育主要受控于湖盆构造运动、湖平面变化、陆源碎屑注入、古气候与古水介质条件、古地貌与古水深环境,并在此基础上建立了柴西湖相碳酸盐岩的沉积模式。研究认为柴达木盆地西部干柴沟组沉积时期,湖盆为典型咸化湖盆,构造活动相对稳定,湖平面上升达到峰值。碳酸盐岩主要发育在湖侵期,高频湖平面变化形成了碳酸盐岩与碎屑岩频繁互层。在枯水期,盆地坡折处发育碎屑岩滩坝或三角洲前缘沉积;在湖侵期,盆地坡折处发育了鲕粒滩及藻灰岩,盆地洼陷区发育泥灰岩或灰质泥岩。     

柴达木盆地古近纪—新近纪湖相叠层石与藻礁的沉积组合特征与意义

在柴达木盆地发育了各种类型的渐新世—中新世湖相叠层石，其中丘状叠层石具有重要的地质意义，丘状叠层石直接生长在砾岩上，并向上逐渐演化为藻礁，藻礁向上又重新转化为叠层石沉积。通过对内部纹层特征和沉积组分的研究并结合叠层石的同位素、地球化学以及古生物资料分析表明，微生物自身的钙化作用以及微生物引发的沉淀作用形成了这种具有典型内部纹层的丘状叠层石。较高的温度、炎热和干燥的气候条件、坚硬的基底以及较少的藻类干扰作用是叠层石生成的主要因素。总体上，叠层石形成于较为低能的环境中，与高能环境中所形成的藻礁完全不同，而且两者具有明显的相互竞争作用。因此，与气候和水体条件密切相关的后生生物的生长和真核藻类的发育是叠层石在显生宙迅速衰落的主要因素。     

柴达木盆地西部古近纪—新近纪湖相生物礁的发现及意义

在柴达木盆地西部古近纪和新近纪地层中发育了典型的湖相生物礁,可以分为由基质支撑的叠层石礁、凝块礁和骨架支撑的藻礁3大类型,并对每种类型中亚类的特征和建造生物进行了简要介绍。生物礁孔隙度高、渗透性好,是优质储层。孔隙类型丰富多样,主要有骨架孔隙、体腔孔隙、粒内孔隙、溶孔等10种孔隙类型。生物礁的地震响应和测井曲线特征明显,在研究取心井段生物礁地球物理响应特征的基础上可以有效的识别和预测生物礁。综合应用古生物分析、孢粉分析、同位素分析、古地磁分析、地球化学分析和地球物理特征分析等技术手段,并结合生物礁发育的沉积条件和构造背景,初步探讨了生物礁对柴达木盆地古气候、古地理位置、古构造、古水介质、古沉积环境和青藏高原的隆升等方面的研究意义以及对油气勘探方面的意义。     

济阳坳陷古近系湖相生物礁油气藏研究

济阳坳陷局部地区古近系发育以藻礁为主的生物礁,作为一种高产油气的储集体,礁体呈复式,可分为礁核、礁前及礁后相。礁体在成分上以枝管藻、龙介虫等构成的藻白云岩为主,具有良好的储集性能。根据组成礁体的岩性特征,生物礁可分为藻礁、藻礁丘及藻生物层三种类型。其中藻礁储集性能最佳,对生物礁储层影响较大的成岩作用有白云岩化、同生胶结、大气渗流溶蚀及深埋藏溶蚀作用。生物礁油藏主要产于邻近洼陷的构造台地或边缘地区。根据构造、岩性及地层的匹配关系,可分为礁型地层、断块—岩性及岩性三种类型。     

柴达木盆地西部地区古近系及新近系碳酸盐岩沉积相

柴达木盆地西部地区古近系和新近系湖相碳酸盐岩主要分布于下干柴沟组上段到油砂山组,其中,下干柴沟组上段和上干柴沟组的碳酸盐岩更发育。碳酸盐岩主要岩石类型有泥晶灰岩、藻灰岩和颗粒灰岩等三大类,此外,还普遍发育由石灰质、白云质和陆源碎屑等3种组分构成的混积岩。碳酸盐岩沉积相可划分为滨湖灰泥坪、滨湖藻坪、浅湖颗粒滩、浅湖藻丘以及半深湖泥灰岩相。滨湖灰泥坪的主要岩石类型有泥晶灰岩、含陆屑泥晶灰岩、陆屑泥晶灰岩以及陆屑泥灰岩等;滨湖藻坪为藻泥晶灰岩、藻纹层灰岩、含陆屑藻泥晶灰岩;浅湖颗粒滩有亮晶或泥微晶的鲕粒灰岩、生屑灰岩和内碎屑灰岩,其次为含陆屑颗粒灰岩;浅湖藻丘为藻叠层灰岩、藻团块灰岩、藻泥晶灰岩和含陆屑藻泥晶灰岩;而半深湖泥灰岩相的主要岩石类型为泥晶灰岩、泥灰岩以及含少量陆屑泥和粉砂的泥晶灰岩或泥灰岩。碳酸盐岩沉积相表现出很强的由西南向东北的迁移性。     

浙江桐庐冷坞二叠纪生物礁的发育模式

礁体底部具脉状层理的潮坪相碎屑沉积,礁体内部藻叠层岩夹层的存在,及礁体上部为煤系地层覆盖等都表明冷坞生物礁是一个典型的二叠纪岸礁;海绵骨架岩的存在表明它是个骨架型岸礁。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部奥陶系马五1+2微生物碳酸盐岩沉积特征及储集意义

基于岩芯、薄片及物性资料,研究鄂尔多斯盆地东北部奥陶系马五₁₊₂微生物岩沉积特征及其油气储集意义。研究区发育有不同规模的由蓝细菌群落构成的微生物碳酸盐岩建造,由叠层石、菌纹层白云岩、蓝细菌凝块岩以及菌黏结颗粒岩构成了藻坪和微生物丘建造。微生物丘纵向上建造规模较小,单旋回厚度一般小于1 m,发育于潮下高能环境,并由花斑状砂屑云岩、蓝细菌凝块岩、菌黏结砂屑云岩、菌纹层白云岩构成了丘基-丘核-丘坪的向上变浅序列,也常与颗粒滩相伴生构成丘滩复合体。其中,发育于丘核部位的蓝细菌凝块岩和菌黏结砂屑云岩中窗格孔和粒间孔发育,表现为中孔低渗特征,可作为盆地东北部的储集岩之一。     

南海南部北康盆地生物礁的类型及油气勘探前景

南海南部北康盆地发育大量的生物礁,蕴藏丰富的油气资源。文章基于北康盆地高精度地震数据及钻井数据的研究表明,北康盆地的生物礁成像较好、类型齐全,有点礁、台地边缘礁、块状礁、层状礁、塔礁、环礁共6类型。其发育演化可以分为4个阶段,分别为早中新世的初始发育阶段、中中新世早期的繁盛阶段、中中新世晚期的衰退阶段和晚中新世的淹没阶段。古近纪及早中新世的断裂活动产生了大量的构造高点,为生物礁的初始发育创造了条件,而中中新世以来基底快速沉降导致的相对海平面的快速上升决定了生物礁主要发育于中中新世时期,而晚中新世以来相对海平面持续上升,致使生物礁退积到隆起顶部,从而进入淹没阶段。北康盆地的生物礁数量多、规模大,而且很少受后期成岩作用的二次改造,具备优质储层形成的前提。同时,区域烃源岩、疏导体系、盖层及生物礁的分布等油气地质条件,决定了中部隆起西部和东部隆起东部是北康盆地今后生物礁油气勘探的重点区域。     

柴达木盆地新生界湖盆咸化特征及沉积响应

柴达木盆地新生界发育咸化湖盆沉积,但是对于湖盆的咸化程度一直没有详细论述,其沉积响应特征亦不清楚。文中利用系统测试得到的硼元素及黏土矿物资料来开展古水体盐度恢复,结果表明:(1)柴达木盆地新生界为咸化湖盆沉积,最高盐度大于20‰;(2)不同盐度地区的沉积响应特征不同,其中陆源碎屑物供给区古盐度小于12‰,滨浅湖区古盐度在10‰～18‰之间,半深湖区古盐度大于18‰。在中高咸化湖盆水介质的控制作用下,沉积物分布表现为单层厚度小(一般为1～3m)、砂/泥岩互层频繁、三角洲沉积相带分布较窄、细粒沉积物分布范围较广、发育特有湖相碳酸盐岩和膏盐岩及与陆源细碎屑呈混积等特征。     

Mesoproterozoic deep-water reefs from Borden Peninsula, Arctic Canada

A superbly exposed stromatolite reef complex occurs in the Victor Bay Formation near Strathcona River on northern Baffin Island. Individual reefs are up to 130 m thick and nearly 1 km in length, and their development was clearly related to their position in the facies spectrum and to sea-level dynamics. In the first sea-level cycle, metre-scale reefs grew amongst mid-ramp calcarenites and outer-ramp shales during slow sea-level rise; a 25-m-thick oblate reef tract, separating mid-ramp and outer-ramp facies, formed during the highstand. The greatest period of reef growth was during the second sea-level cycle. Pinnacle reefs nucleated on the karsted upper surface of the oblate reef tract and aggraded rapidly in response to rising sea-level, producing structures with more than 75 m of depositional relief. A gradual symmetrical succession of stromatolite growth forms, from stratiform to cylindrical columns to conical columns and then back through cylindrical columns to stratiform, is mirrored by evidence in offreef deposits for deepening to a maximum flooding surface and then shallowing. The tops of these high-standing reefs were karsted during the following regression, while dolomite ‘cryptodomes’ grew as sheets on their submerged flanks and as progradational tongues extending basinward of the reefs. Continued sea-level fall resulted in subaerial exposure of the entire reef complex and the extensive formation of surface and subsurface karst. These Proterozoic slope buildups are similar to Phanerozoic deep-water reefs in size, shape, prevalence of synsedimentary lithification, presence of Neptunian dykes and in their well-developed vertical zonation of reefbuilders. However, they differ in being constructed exclusively by stromatolites rather than being mud mounds with small skeletal elements, and in lacking halos of perireefal sand- and gravel-sized calcareous debris. Their responses to changes in sea-level were strikingly similar to those shown by their younger counterparts, and suggest that sequence-stratigraphic concepts derived from studies of Phanerozoic reefs can also be applied to the Proterozoic.     

海南岛排浦珊瑚礁区的现代沉积体系及其演化过程

海南岛排浦礁区由珊瑚岸礁和堤礁及其间水域组成。因堤礁的障壁作用和丰富的陆源物质供应,研究区内形成清水和浑水两类沉积环境,产出清水碳酸盐和浑水碳酸盐两列沉积体系,并形成礁源沉积、陆源沉积和混合沉积三类沉积物。文中详细论述了各类沉积的特征,讨论了沉积体系的演化过程:全新世早期是单一的陆源碎屑沉积体系,全新世中期海侵,气温转暖,形成早期排浦岸礁与大铲堤礁的雏型,全新世晚期堤礁进入成熟阶段,其障壁作用加强,最终形成清水与浑水两种沉积环境和两列沉积体系。     

Devonian Reef Formation in the Caspian Basin Framing

The Devonian reef formation in the Caspian Basin framing is related to two different formations. The Middle Devonian reefs are confined to an autochthonous terrigenous?carbonate sequence of the Eifelian–lower Frasnian interval marked by the appearance of isolated domal reefs. The middle–upper Frasnian reefs are related to the carbonate formation and represented by two types: (i) asymmetric reefs on walls of the deep-water bays opening toward the Caspian microcean-bay; and (ii) solitary, relatively symmetric (in transverse section) reefs within these bays. The reef formation was characterized by prominent cyclic pattern. The framework reef formation ended before the terminal Frasnian, i.e., before the Kellwasser Event, with which the biotic crisis and faunal mass extinction was related.     

鄂西二叠系生物礁的基本特征及其发育规律

鄂西二叠系生物礁分布于利川县境,它是由海绵、水螅等造架生物组成的典型的生物礁,其层位属晚二叠世长兴组,出露于见天坝、黄泥塘等地(图1)。此生物礁从出露之完整、化石之丰富、结构之清楚来看,是我国最发育的生物礁之一。     

贵州中三叠世生物礁

贵州中三叠世生物礁,早在六十年代中期,殷鸿福、杨遵仪就已提出线索。作者在六十年代初研究贵州三叠纪地层时,已对三叠系相变带的特征和规模,以及板庚碳酸盐岩体有了初步认识。七十年代初,作者又到花江进行调查,发现一套壮观的藻礁灰岩。     

河北柳江盆地中晚寒武世藻类丘礁的演化

河北柳江盆地中晚寒武世藻类丘礁十分发育，并形成完好纵向演化序列。藻礁具有两个演化方向，其一是骨骼钙藻Ｅｐｉｐｈｙｔｏｎ向非骨骼蓝绿藻方向演化；其二是块状藻丘向厚层状叠层石礁方向演化。藻类丘礁的演化特征及其沉积相序揭示了该区中晚寒武世时从碳酸盐台地边缘斜坡至台缘浅滩和潮坪环境的演化历史。     

微生物碳酸盐岩分类体系的修订:对灰岩成因结构分类体系的补充

微生物沉积作用在前寒武纪地层中普遍发育,在显生宙的一些地层中也较为发育。在碳酸盐岩地层之中,以叠层石为代表的微生物岩尤为引人注目。经过长期研究,2000年Riding曾经将微生物碳酸盐岩分为叠层石、凝块石、树形石和均一石4大类型。实际上,核形石以其较为广泛的发育和特殊的微组构也应该作为一种典型的微生物碳酸盐岩类型而纳入微生物碳酸盐岩的分类体系之中,而不能简单地作为球状叠层石。而那些纹理石灰岩,较厚的纹理和较深的产出沉积环境与叠层石形成明显的区别,也应该作为一种微生物碳酸盐岩的类型。生物沉积作用所形成的碳酸盐岩,以生物礁岩最为典型,在20世纪70年代曾经被Embry和Kloven归为骨架岩、障积岩、粘结岩三大类型,后来又增加了胶结岩,这是对20世纪50年代Folk、Dunham关于灰岩成因结构分类体系的良好补充。这些生物礁岩石以其高能量形成环境而有时又几乎见不到颗粒而与"颗粒含量越高沉积环境的能量越高"的基本理念不相符,所以Wright在1992年将它们归为生物作用类岩石,从而将灰岩划分为沉积作用、生物作用、成岩作用三大类。根据该分类,Folk和Dunham所描述的分类则属于沉积作用类灰岩,而Embry和Kloven所描述的生物礁岩石则归为生物作用类灰岩。微生物碳酸盐岩,总体上构成生物作用类碳酸盐岩中的粘结岩类,以其明显的微生物作用特点而具有自己的分类体系;它不但作为生物礁岩石的主要类型,而且也常常以生物礁、生物层和生物丘三种形式发育在地层之中。因此,上述概念和认识的进步,在强调微生物沉积作用的重要性的同时,有必要将微生物碳酸盐岩重新分为6大类:叠层石、凝块石、核形石、树形石、纹理石和均一石。     

贵州紫云石炭纪叶状藻礁:藻类繁盛的标志

紫云晚石炭世叶状藻礁发育在碳酸盐台地边缘。叶状藻礁体具有多样性，有叶状藻点礁、多层迭置叶状藻礁和大型叶状藻礁体。叶状藻礁体的建造过程是由叶状藻群落的发展和沉积环境所决定的，叶状藻具有主动建造礁体的能力，构成骨架礁灰岩。礁体建造过程大体上分为三个阶段:①生物碎屑滩的形成；②叶状藻生长及礁体建造；③造礁结束。多层迭置叶状藻礁为以上三个阶段的多次重复；大型叶状藻礁是在礁体发育过程的第二阶段由连续生长的叶状藻五次集中发育建造而成。     

Microbial mounds prior to the Frasnian‐Famennian mass extinctions,Hantang, Guilin,South China

Late Frasnian mounds of the Yunghsien Formation, Guilin, South China, developed as part of the Guilin platform, mostly in reef‐flat and platform margin settings. Microbial mounds in platform margin settings at Hantang, about 10 km west of Guilin, contain Frasnian biota, such as Stachyodes and Kuangxiastraea and, thus, occur below the Frasnian‐Famennian mass extinction boundary. Platform margin facies were dominated by microbes, algae and receptaculitids. Massive corals and stromatoporoids are not common and rarely show reef‐building functions as they did in Givetian time. The margin mounds are composed of brachiopod‐receptaculitid cementstone, and a variety of boundstones that contain Rothpletzella, Renalcis, thrombolite and stromatolite. Other microbial communities include Girvanella, Izhella, Ortonella and Wetheredella. Solenoporoid algae are abundant locally. Zebra structures and neptunian dykes are well‐developed at some intervals. Pervasive early cementation played an important role in lithification of the microbial boundstones and rudstones. Frasnian reefs of many regions of the world were constructed by stromatoporoids and corals, although a shift to calcimicrobe‐dominated frameworks occurred before the Famennian. However, the exact ages of many Frasnian margin outcrops are poorly constrained owing to difficulties dating shallow carbonate facies. The Hantang mounds represent a microbe‐dominated reef‐building community with rare skeletal reef builders, consistent with major Late Devonian changes in reef composition, diversity and guild structure occurring before the end of the Frasnian. A similar transition occurred in the Canning Basin of Western Australia, but coeval successions in North America, Western Europe and the northern Urals are either less well‐known or represent different bathymetric settings. The transition in reef‐building style below the Frasnian‐Famennian boundary is documented here in the two best exposed successions on two continents, which may have been global. Set in the larger context of Late Devonian and Mississippian microbial reef‐building, the Hantang mounds help to demonstrate that controls on microbial reef communities differed from those on larger skeletal reef biota. Calcimicrobes replaced stromatoporoids as major reef builders before the Frasnian‐Famennian extinction event, and increasing stromatoporoid diversity towards the end of the Famennian did not result in a resurgence of skeletal reef frameworks. Calcimicrobes dominated margin facies through the Famennian, but declined near the Devonian‐Carboniferous boundary. Stromatolite and thrombolite facies, which occurred behind the mound margin at Hantang, rose to dominate Mississippian shallow‐water reef frameworks with only a minor resurgence of the important Frasnian calcimicrobe Renalcis in the Visean when well‐skeletonized organisms (corals) also became volumetrically significant frame builders again.     

Upper Silurian lithistid sponge reefs on Somerset Island, Arctic Canada

The Upper Ludlow Douro Formation contains the first reported Silurian sponge reefs. These relatively small (5–35 m diameter), mound-shaped structures contain, on average, 35% lithistid demosponges. Reefs are surrounded by irregular haloes of crinoid debris; abundance and diversity of all fossil groups decreases away from the reefs. Each reef is underlain by a lens of crinoid wackestone to grainstone rich in crinoid holdfasts; trepostomate bryozoans, solenoporacean algae and rhynchonellid brachiopods are locally common. The bulk of each reef consists of lime mudstone with abundant lithistid sponges. This is capped by a thin layer of wackestone with abundant tabulate and rugose corals and fewer lithistid sponges, calcareous algae, trepostomate bryozoans and stromatoporoids. This zonation, in which a sponge colonization community was replaced by a coral diversification community, is similar to that reported from some Middle Ordovician, Upper Jurassic and Holocene sponge reefs. The Douro sponge reefs were relatively low structures, with about 3 m maximum topographic relief. They grew on a broad carbonate platform, probably in warm, tranquil, turbid waters of normal or near-normal marine salinity. Periodic influxes of terrigenous mud adversely affected reef size, and caused biotic changes. Some of the reef lime mud was derived from non-reef sources, but significant quantities were also produced on the reefs. Reefs underwent synsedimentary lithification, bioerosion and minor storm erosion. Fabrics and compositions of sparry calcite in cavities record three generations of meteoric cementation. Originally siliceous spicules of the lithistid sponges were dissolved and the moulds later filled with sparry calcite. Early dissolution of siliceous spicules is common in reef environments, and may have caused fossil sponges to be under-represented in ancient reefs.