固体矿产勘查规范初步评述及修订建议——以岩金矿勘查规范为例

对《固体矿产资源/储量分类》、《固体矿产地质勘查规范总则》、《岩金矿地质勘查规范》进行了初步评述,提出了修订建议。     

福建省煤炭资源地质勘查方法探讨

根据福建省煤炭资源地质特点,结合《煤炭资源地质勘探规范》和《联合国国际储量／资源分类框架》,提出福建省煤炭资源地质勘查方法。     

国内外煤炭资源量报告对比研究——以南澳WINTINNA矿区为例

以南澳州WINTINNA煤炭勘查区为实例,选取以我国《固体矿产资源储量分类GB／T17766—1999）标准为勘查标准的《南澳WINTINNA勘查区详查地质报告》和以《澳大利亚矿产资源和矿石储量公布规范（JORC规范）2004）为标准的《WINTINNA煤炭资源量评述报告》作为对照,从报告结构、矿产资源量估算、煤炭资源量结果、资源量变化原因四个方面进行了详尽的对比研究,通过算理与算法对资源量变化原因进行剖析,深入阐述了以JORC标准为主导的国际资源储量估算领域的指导思想和国际通行估算方法,指出了国内外在煤炭资源储量估算领域的不同,对提高我国的资源储量报告在国外市场上的效力、实现国内外主要资源储量标准分类下该类型资源储量报告的快速准确映射和转换具有实际意义。     

关于煤炭预测的资源量(334)?问题的讨论

通过对煤炭预测的资源量(334)?问题产生的原因以及煤与非煤矿产资源差异化管理的历史和现状进行梳理和分析,认为煤炭预测的(334)?资源量从《煤、泥炭地质勘查规范》的工程控制要求来看,与《固体矿产资源/储量分类》、《固体矿产地质勘查规范总则》中推断的内蕴经济的333基本相当。建议在现有固体矿产资源储量相关标准、规范不变的前提下,对煤炭资源实行差异化管理,由国家资源储量管理部门行文,明确规定将煤炭预测的资源量(334)?纳入查明矿产资源之中,对其按查明资源储量进行管理。     

对勘查规范中“可行性评价”的理解与建议

经过对国家和行业标准中有关煤矿床经济意义可行性评价工作要求的梳理,认为《煤、泥炭地质勘查规范》和《煤炭地质勘查报告编写规范》中有关可行性评价的规定由地勘单位提交可行性研究相关内容,与《关于全面实施〈固体矿产资源/储量分类〉国家标准和勘查规范有关事项的通知》有相抵之处,一是地勘单位一般不具备可行性评价的资质,也不拥有从勘探到开采再到营销各环节的专业人员,提供准确的可行性评价内容困难;二是若由非勘查部门提供相关内容,则地质报告的评审与可行性评价的研究则存在程序的不可操作性。建议修改现行《煤、泥炭地质勘查规范》与《煤炭地质勘查报告编写规范》中的相应条款,规定地勘单位在各勘查阶段仅进行概略研究的相关工作并体现在地质报告中。     

浅谈矿产储量与资源量分类

1959年、1961年我国先后颁发过《矿产储量分类暂行规范（总则）》和《煤矿储量分类暂行规范》。其它矿种的储量分类规范因故未继续制定。后来因实际需要,地质、冶金、煤炭、石化、二机、建材部门又相继制定了本部门主要矿种的勘探规范、条例或规定,在储量分类上各有特色,但也出现术语与类级标准不一致。1980年美国矿业局和地质调查所制定的《矿产资源和储量分类原则》（以下简称美国分类）很有参考价值。1982年苏联     

苏联新的矿产储量分类规范几个主要特点

苏联国家矿产储量委员会,根据苏联部长会议1980年11月30日批准的《固体矿产储量和预测资源分类》,陆续颁发了40余种新的矿产储量分类规范,它是以近年来苏联的立法及有关矿产环境保护和矿物原料综合利用规定为准则,始终贯穿了矿产勘查工作为矿山建设服务的精神,综观起来有以下几个主要特点.     

矿产储量与铀矿储量计算中几个问题的探讨

本文简要介绍了新的矿产资源 /储量概念及其分类框架 ,指出储量计算与勘查规范之间的关系 ,认为铀矿应分不同开采方法类型制定必要的勘查规范。当前急需制定可地浸开采的砂岩型铀矿勘查规范 ,以重点解决 8个方面的问题 ,使该类型铀矿储量计算有章可循。文章还重点探讨了可地浸开采的砂岩型铀矿储量计算中的工业指标、计算方法、块段划分、矿体圈定、特高值处理等问题。     

矿物、岩石与金矿——为《矿物岩石》庆祝建院三十周年专刊而作

金矿是我国“七五”期间矿产地质工作中重点寻找的矿种之一。为扩大我国金矿储量,增加我国黄金储备,全国从事金矿地质勘查工作的数万名职工,正战斗在高山峻岭之上,峡谷深山之间。成都地质学院的教师们,为促进我国金矿的找矿与评价工作,遵循教育必须为地质工作服务的原则,集体编写了《金矿床地质及找矿方法》,四川省科技出版社即将出版。将为从事金矿地质勘查工作的同志们,系统提供金矿床矿物、金地球化学、金矿床、金矿找矿与评价,以及金矿床研究方法等方面的理论与方法,或许会对同志们有所裨益。这里仅向《矿物岩石》的读者们,介绍与金矿有关的矿物、岩石方面的点滴问题。     

专家介绍

四川省冶金他质勘查柏万灵 柏万灵（1961-）,男,教授级高级工程师、矿产储量评估师、国土资源部“资源储量分类及勘查规范标准修订”特聘专家,现任四川省冶金地质勘查院总工程师。1982年毕业于昆明工学院地质系矿产普查与勘探专业,先后在西南冶金地质勘查局603队、昆明地质调查所、四川省冶金地质勘查院工作。     

Bulletin of China Mineral Exploration Results in 2020

On May 11,2021,the General Office of the Ministry of Natural Resources issued the Bulletin of China Mineral Exploration Results in 2020 (Natural Resources Offic...     

Fine and ultrafine gold in placers of northeastern Russia

The main features of the migration and accumulation of fine and ultrafine gold during the evolution of placer-forming processes in northeastern Russia are discussed. The results of loose sediment sampling (over 2000 samples) with a screw separator and strake facilities have been taken into consideration. The approximate grades and potential resources of gold were estimated for various genetic types of placers. The most favorable conditions for the mobilization and accumulation of fine and ultrafine gold in the placers of northeastern Russia prevailed during the Paleogene to Miocene stage of the evolution of orogenic morphostructures, when the residual (illuvial and alluvial) placers were formed. During the Pliocene to Quaternary stage, the tectonic activation caused the reworking of placers by slope and fluvial processes and resulted in the formation of new hillside and alluvial placers. At this stage, the dispersal of fine gold fractions prevailed over accumulation. Under conditions of the periglacial lithogenesis of the Pliocene to Quaternary tectonic activation, the formation of new placers with fine and ultrafine gold derived from primary sources was suppressed due to the low rate of metal release in the process of physical weathering. In terms of the economic importance of placers with fine and ultrafine gold, residual, eluvial, or hillside placers, as well as alluvial stratal placers located in low-order (and partly medium-order) stream valleys, are the most attractive in northeastern Russia. The primary sources of such placers comprise gold-bearing porphry copper, gold-sulfide-quartz, and other hydrothermal deposits with similar placer-forming capability, as well as gold-quartz stockworks. The grade of fine and ultrafine gold in such placers may be as high as a few g/m³. The placers located in the constratal alluvium of graben-type valleys and the bar and floodplain placers in the areas with stockwork-like orebodies containing fine (<0.25 mm) gold are regarded as prospective objects.     

中国浅成低温热液金矿床

浅成低温热液金矿床在中国传统上称为陆相火山岩型金矿床,主要发现在中国东部,后来在北疆地区也有新的发现.根据产出的大地构造背景,它们集中分布在3个带,并分属于3个成矿时期.它们包括:(1)新生代台湾东部岛弧带;(2)晚古生代北疆岛弧带;(3)中生代沿中朝克拉通北界的大陆边缘带;(4)中生代中国东南沿海地区的大陆边缘带.绝大多数矿床是低硫化型的,只有3个是高硫化型的,另有1个是与碱性岩系有关的Au-Te型矿床.除了中国最大的金矿床金瓜石矿床外,迄今为止中国大陆上的浅成低温热液金矿床总的来说只有较小的经济重要性.在中国东部发现的浅成低温热液金矿床的总储量,与区内广泛分布的中生代陆相火山岩十分巨大的体积极不相称.较古老的成矿年龄,中国东部的中生代和北疆的晚古生代,是中国大陆浅成低温热液金矿床的一个鲜明的特点.根据中国的成矿条件和保存条件的分析,以及与美国西部和俄国东部的对比,提出了中国浅成低温热液金矿床成矿潜力的一个初步评估.北疆可能有较大的寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的潜在重要性.     

Genesis of gold and silver sulfides at the Ulakhan deposit (northeastern Russia)

Geology and mineralogy of the Ulakhan Au-Ag epithermal deposit (northeastern Russia, Magadan Region) are considered. A four-stage scheme of mineral formation sequence is proposed. Concentrations of Au and Ag in minerals of early and late parageneses were determined. It has been established that uytenbogaardtite is associated with native gold and hypergenesis stage minerals — goethite, hydrogoethite, or limonite replacing pyrite. The compositions of uytenbogaardtite (Ag₃AuS₂), acanthite (Ag₂S), and native gold were studied. The composition of the Ulakhan uytenbogaardtite is compared with those of Au and Ag sulfides from other deposits. Thermodynamic calculations in the system H₂O–Fe–Au–Ag–S–C–Na–Cl were carried out, which simulate the interaction of native gold and silver with O₂- and CO₂-saturated surface waters (carbonaceous, sulfide-carbonaceous, and chloride-sodium-carbonaceous) in the presence and absence of acanthite and pyrite at 25 °C and 1 bar. In closed pyrite-including systems, native silver and kustelite are replaced by acanthite; electrum, by uytenbogaardtite, acanthite, and pure gold; and native gold with a fineness of 700–900‰, by pure gold and uytenbogaardtite. Under the interaction with surface waters in the presence of Ag₂S and pyrite, Au-Ag alloys form equilibrium assemblages with petrovskaite or uytenbogaardtite and pure gold. The calculation results confirmed that Au and Ag sulfides can form after native gold in systems involving sulfide-carbon dioxide solutions (H₂Saq > 10^–4 m). The modeling results support the possible formation of uytenbogaardtite and petrovskaite with the participation of native gold in the hypergenesis zone of epithermal Au-Ag deposits during the oxidation of Au(Ag)-containing pyrite, acanthite, or other sulfides.     

Methodology of natural risk assessment in Russia

The Russian Federation territory is prone to various natural hazards. The paper analyzes the most hazardous natural processes that may cause human deaths, injuries and health damage, as well as considerable economic loss. The history of studies in the assessment of different natural risk indices in the interests of particular end-users is described, and the conceptual instruments used in the assessment of natural risk indices are considered. The principle GIS-based methodical approaches to the assessment and mapping of natural risk are provided. The examples of estimation and mapping of natural risk are cited and their application by different end-users (i.e., state and municipal authorities, Ministry of Construction of Russia, Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defence, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters (Emercom of Russia)).     

沁水盆地东部Y井煤系页岩元素地球化学及其沉积-构造环境

为探讨沁水盆地东部Y井煤系页岩的元素地球化学特征,对下二叠统山西组、太原组的煤系页岩进行了系统采样,并应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)对18个煤系页岩样品的微量及稀土元素进行了分析测试。结果表明,煤系页岩的Sr、Sr/Ba、V/(V+Ni)、Ce_anom等地球化学指标的垂向变化,反映了从太原组到山西组沉积时期,水体古盐度整体逐渐降低的还原环境;物源主要来自盆地北邻阴山古陆前寒武纪花岗岩、麻粒岩及各时代侵入岩,源区构造背景主要为与大陆岛弧相关的活动大陆边缘。     

Multielemental Neutron Activation Analysis of Chinese Geochemical Reference Samples

The concentrations of 36 elements in geochemical reference samples issued by the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources of China were determined by neutron activation analysis. Three main variants of the technique, instrumental, epithermal, and nreirradiation separation neutron activation analysis (INAA, ENAA, PNAA), were employed in a systematic study of the samples by three laboratories: the Institute of Atomic Energy of the Academia Sinica (INAA, ENAA), the Institute of High Energy Physics of the Academia Sinica (INAA), and the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Prosnecting of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral resources (INAA,PNAA). Both long and short irradiations and both Ge(Li) and HPGe detectors were used. A supplementary software nackage for data processing was developed. About 81% of the data determined by neutron activation agreed with recomended values with in 15%.     

A Study on the Geological—Geochemical Dynamics of Hydrothermal Ore Deposition as Exemplified by the Muping—Rushan Gold Deposit Belt,Eastern Shandong,China

This paper presents a method of establishing a hydrothermal ore-forming reaction system.On the basis of the study of four typical hydrothermal deposits,the following conclusions concerning geochemical dynamic controlling during hydrothermal mineralization have been sions concerning geochemical dynaamic controlling during hydrothermal mineralization have been drawn:(1)The regional tectonic activities control the concentration and dispersion of elements in the ore-forming process in terms of their effects on the thermodynamic nature and conditions of the ore-forming reaction system.(2)During hydrothermal mineralization the activites of ore-bearing faults can be divideb into two stages:the brittle splitting stage and the brittle-tough tensing stage,which would create characteristically different geodynamic conditions for the geochemical thermodynamic ore-forming system.(3)The hydrothermal ore-forming reaaction system is an open dynamic system.At the brittle splitting stage the system was so strongly supersaturated and unequilibrated as to speed up and enhance the crystallization and differentiation of ore-forming fluids.And at the brittle-tough tensing stage,the ore-forming system was in a weak supersaturated state;with decreasing temperature and pressure the crystallization of oreforming material would show down,and it can be regarded as an equilibrated state.(4)In the lates stages of hydrothermal evolution,gold would be concentrated in the residual ore-forming solution.The pulsating fracture activite in this stage led to the crush of pyrite ore and it was then filled with gold-enriched solution,forming high-grage“fissure”gold ore.This ore-forming process could be called the coupling mechanism of ore formation.     

内蒙古二道河子铅锌银多金属矿床流体包裹体红外显微测温研究

二道河子铅锌银多金属矿床是得耳布干成矿带具有代表性的铅锌矿床之一。闪锌矿作为主要矿石矿物,可分为早期黑色-中期红棕色或棕色-晚期黄褐色或浅黄色三个世代。采用红外显微镜技术和激光拉曼技术对不同世代闪锌矿及共生石英中的流体包裹体进行显微测温和成分测试,初步认为三个世代闪锌矿基本与石英内的三次流体活动相对应,推测它们形成于同一物理化学条件,捕获同一成矿流体,但闪锌矿流体包裹体能更直观而细致地勾勒出成矿流体的演化过程。从成矿早期至晚期,随着流体演化,流体包裹体的均一温度、盐度及CO2含量均明显下降,流体从中温、中低盐度、CO2-H2O-NaCl体系向低温、低盐度、H2O-NaCl体系演化。此外,在整个主成矿过程中,影响成矿物质沉淀富集的机制也随时间变化有所差异:早期流体沸腾是黑色闪锌矿等硫化物形成的重要因素;中期以流体自然冷却作用为主,形成了红棕色闪锌矿等硫化物;至晚期,随着大气水的混入,流体混合作用是形成晚期闪锌矿等硫化物的重要原因。二道河子矿床为与火山-次火山有关的浅成中低温热液矿床。     

四种浙江青田石矿物学特征与颜色成因

青田石品种众多,从颜色角度出发选取代表性的4个青田石品种:紫罗兰、荠菜绿、红花星、红木冻,通过偏光显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、电子探针、电感耦合等离子质谱仪等测试方法,对其矿物学特征进行研究,对其颜色成因进行探讨。结果表明,紫罗兰主要矿物为伊利石,含蓝线石、高岭石,Ti、Mn、Fe含量高,使其整体呈蓝紫色;荠菜绿主要矿物为叶蜡石,与绿泥石伴生,Fe、Cr、Ni含量高呈绿色,但Fe含量过高使整体带灰色调;红花星主要矿物为叶蜡石,含高岭石,主体Ti、Fe含量极少,但红色包裹体Ti、Fe含量较高,再加上Cr元素的作用,使其呈鲜艳红色;红木冻主要矿物为叶蜡石,Fe、Ti含量最高,使其呈现深红褐色。