有无台风影响下陕西西北涡暴雨特征对比分析

基于2010—2020年地面日降水量资料、高空观测资料以及ERA5(0.25°×0.25°)逐小时再分析资料,对影响陕西的西北涡暴雨天气过程进行统计,并对有无台风影响下西北涡暴雨天气特征进行对比分析。结果表明：陕西西北涡暴雨多发生在7—8月,陕北为暴雨多发区,西北涡暴雨夜雨特征明显;有台风影响时暴雨强度更强,落区比无台风影响时偏北2个纬度。造成陕西暴雨的西北涡位于西太平洋副热带高压脊线北侧7～8个纬度处,西北涡具有低层辐合、高层辐散的动力特征,地形强迫抬升加强了西北涡上升运动,低层水汽输送和水汽辐合为西北涡暴雨发生提供了有利条件。台风影响时,副热带高压偏西偏北,台风外围水汽、能量随着西南低空急流向西北涡输送,西北涡低层呈对流不稳定,高空槽前正涡度平流及高空急流右侧强辐散促使西北涡发展加强,低涡东侧和南侧强上升运动触发不稳定能量释放,在陕北形成强锋区,锋生进一步增强了低涡东侧与南侧垂直运动,造成该区域大暴雨;无台风影响时,副热带高压偏东偏南,西南风风速较小,水汽输送较弱,高原槽前西南风将孟加拉湾和南海水汽向陕西输送,西北涡低层大气层结稳定,低涡中心南部为强上升运动区,冷暖空气在陕西中南部...     

2012年夏季四川东部一次大暴雨过程分析

本文使用常规观测资料、四川省自动站降水资料、0.1°×0.1°的FY－2E云顶亮温资料和1°×1°的NCEP再分析格点资料对2012年7月20～23日四川东部强降水过程的主要影响系统、水汽源地、动力、热力条件等进行诊断分析,结果表明:(1)本次暴雨过程中伴有500hPa高空槽东移至四川并向南加深发展,槽后冷空气与槽前暖湿气流在四川汇合,低层有低涡发展,配以高低空急流耦合的有利形势;(2)暴雨前期水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,随着南海台风西进,其外围偏东气流向西输送增强,西南暖湿气流北上受到抑制,使得雨带南压;(3)降水以对流性降水为主,暴雨期间水汽凝结潜热在对流层中低层起主要作用,强上升运动将低层的潜热加热向上输送,形成高空的热源中心,强降水期间大气的加热是与大气的垂直上升运动密切相关的;在本次暴雨过程垂直输送项是视热源Q1和视水汽汇Q2的主要贡献者,尤其是在强降水阶段;(4)在低涡在发展阶段,低层正涡度局地变化项首先得到发展,在低涡减弱阶段,正涡度局地变化项的峰值中心由低层向中低层抬升;(5)中尺度对流系统与小时降水分布一致,MCS的发展是触发降水的重要因素之一。      

大陆高压对强热带风暴碧利斯内陆强降水影响

强热带风暴碧利斯 (0604)(简称碧利斯) 登陆后造成极其严重的灾害。对该次强降水过程诊断分析发现,除强盛的西南季风外,深厚的大陆高压也起着重要作用。自高层向低层逐渐加强的大陆高压,其东南侧深厚的偏东北气流,与碧利斯登陆后西北象限的东北风相叠加,配合强盛的西南季风,使得碧利斯残涡以及槽区得以长时间维持。涡度收支表明:长时间维持的台风槽,其低层强烈的辐合效应,对暴雨区低涡发展作用显著,致使中尺度对流系统不断发展而造成内陆连续强降水。数值试验表明:在强盛西南季风背景下,大陆高压的增强东伸,不仅能够提供高空强辐散,而且能增强碧利斯西北象限东北风,使得登陆后减弱的碧利斯残涡和台风槽得以长时间维持,致使内陆暴雨区各层涡度增加而导致暴雨维持与增幅。     

福州市地表干湿分布特征及其与农业干旱的关系

利用常规资料、NCEP再分析等资料,对0604号强热带风暴碧利斯造成华南持续特强暴雨的特点及成因进行了综合分析.结果表明:虽然碧利斯最强时只达强热带风暴强度,但在其登陆后与强西南季风持续地相互作用,在台风南侧形成强盛的水汽输送和辐合上升机制,且辐合上升运动、高层辐散及水汽辐合中心强度异常强盛,为近年台风少有,且大暴雨区与强水汽辐合上升中心十分吻合;华南持续5天强暴雨与台风低压与西南季风持续结合及副高断裂有密切关系;碧利斯对促使西南季风明显增幅北抬也起了重要作用.     

南宁城区"7.18"灾害性强降水分析

对发生在南宁市区由台风低压"碧利斯"引发的灾害性强降水过程进行了分析.结果表明,500hPa强大的大陆高压和西太平洋副高使台风低压稳定少动,西南季风为台风低压附近提供了充足的水汽条件;高空槽前的正涡度平流和低层辐合切变线的动力抬升作用导致中β尺度低压的生成和发展.低层对流不稳定,中低层有强烈的垂直上升运动,促使低层水汽、能量向上混合输送,充足的水汽条件和强烈的辐合上升运动使得大气层结不稳定能量释放,促使中尺度系统的不断发展,南宁市区在短时间内出现强降水,导致城市出现洪涝灾害.     

2007年7月18-19日山东省大暴雨天气分析

应用常规观测资料、中尺度站资料、卫星云图、雷达回波和T213数值预报产品,对2007年7月18-19日山东省大范围对流性暴雨天气的成因进行了分析.分析了产生暴雨的天气系统特征,大气垂直稳定度和对流有效位能,产生暴雨的水汽条件和动力触发机制,给出了产生暴雨的对流云团演变特征.研究结果表明,对流性大暴雨是由东北冷性低涡、前倾槽、副热带高压边缘西南暖湿气流和冷空气的共同影响产生的.低层强盛的偏南气流建立起水汽通道,把水汽源源不断地向暴雨区输送.前倾槽结构和低层增温增湿使得大气强烈的对流不稳定和对称不稳定.低层较强的东北气流与强盛的西南暖湿气流侧向汇合,垂直涡度增大,辐合上升运动增强,对流不稳定能量释放,产生中尺度对流云团.地面冷锋前生成中尺度低压,加强了辐合上升运动.高层辐散与低层辐合相配合,有利于上升运动发展和维持.卫星云图中显示两个对流云团合并发展形成中尺度对流复合体(MCC).雷达回波中表现为两个东西向的带状强降水回波相衔接,缓慢南移;暴雨区上空东北气流、西北气流和西南气流相汇合;低层东北气流逐渐增大.冷空气从低层侵入.     

2013年6月23日江淮地区梅雨锋暴雨的发展和维持机制

利用WRF模式对2013年6月23日江淮地区的梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,并利用模式输出的细网格资料进行诊断分析。结果表明：地面梅雨锋、高低空急流耦合、低层辐合高层辐散以及中层短波槽的配置有利于暴雨的发生发展;暴雨主要由两个中尺度对流系统的发展、维持、合并造成;低层辐合、高层辐散为暴雨提供了动力条件;高温高湿环境为暴雨提供水汽及热力条件。水汽及凝结潜热的诊断分析表明,高空槽的抽吸作用与潜热反馈的配合表现为两个方面,一是向中层输送水汽,使最大凝结发生在中层,加强低层的正涡度中心,二是向高层输送源源不断的热量,避免凝结潜热在中层堆积,有利于不稳定形势和上升运动的维持,从而影响中尺度对流系统的移动和发展。     

一次西南低涡东移引发长江中下游暴雨的诊断研究

利用常规观测资料和NECP再分析资料,对2013年6月6—7日西南低涡东移加强发展造成长江中下游大暴雨过程进行了诊断分析,重点探讨了西南低涡东移和发展维持的物理机制以及最强降水的变化特征。结果表明,沿着700 hPa高空切变线东移的西南低涡是造成此次长江中下游地区暴雨的直接影响系统,西南低涡沿着700 hPa切变线东移发展,深厚阶段正涡度柱伸展到400 hPa高度,自下而上呈近垂直结构。西南低涡附近低层辐合与高层辐散的大尺度环境条件、西南低涡与西南低空急流耦合发展动力结构、低空暖平流和高空槽前正涡度平流输送等条件是导致西南低涡东移到长江中下游后加强发展的主要因子。与西南低涡相伴随的强降雨区主要位于低涡南部3个纬距以内,该处的西南季风和副高西南侧东南气流两支水汽输送的汇合为暴雨发生提供了充沛的水汽和对流不稳定能量,而对流层中低层携带的冷空气侵入低层低涡的后部,不仅加强了低涡的斜压性,也促进了上冷下暖不稳定层结的产生和发展,为强降水的发生提供了不稳定对流触发条件。     

2016年6月赣北两次对流性暴雨过程对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°FNL资料和多普勒雷达、卫星TBB等资料,对2016年6月1—2日和18—19日江西省北部两次对流性暴雨过程进行对比分析。结果表明,高空冷涡、西太平洋副热带高压、中低层急流、高空槽等共同作用导致两次暴雨发生。中层有冷空气影响,低层深厚西南急流维持时,更利于降水的对流性特征维持。两次暴雨过程强降水由低质心较强回波的“列车效应”造成。强降水回波带有多单体风暴和强降水超级单体风暴特征时,强降水效率更高。两次过程水汽收支中水汽通量散度项由正转负,水汽垂直输送项由负转正,中低层水汽辐合将低层大量水汽向上输送至中高层,利于强降水的形成。差动涡度平流中心与上升运动中心吻合,其导致垂直动力强迫,促进扰动不稳定和垂直运动的发展。强上升运动区南北两侧垂直经向环流和反环流的形成,为强暴雨的发生维持提供了持续的强水汽水平输送和辐合抬升条件。     

“2018·8”特大暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用地面气象观测资料和NCEP2.5°×2.5°再分析资料,对"2018·8"特大暴雨过程从动力、水汽和不稳定条件等方面进行诊断分析。结果表明:该次特大暴雨过程主要是季风低压与西南季风配合下造成的;西南暖湿气流为该次过程提供源源不断的水汽输送;特大暴雨区高层辐散低层辐合的高低空配置为暴雨维持提供有利的条件。850 hPa假相当位温随高度递减,700 hPa以下湿位涡MPV1均为负值,表明暴雨区对流层中低层均为对流层不稳定区;MPV2的正值区逐渐向850 hPa以上移动,说明大气的斜压性特别强,一旦有不稳定能量释放的触发机制将发生强对流天气。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;