云南白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床铂族元素地球化学及其对矿床成因的制约

采用镍硫火试金ICP-MS法分析了白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床矿石及其主要围岩铂族元素(PGE)含量,结果表明铂族元素总量(ΣPGE)普遍较低,且ΣPGE由矿床核部的块状矿石(78.15×10-9~555.92×10-9)向外围矿化橄榄岩(6.77×10-9~70.95×10-9)至辉长岩(3.02×10-9)逐步降低。煌斑岩脉岩的ΣPGE也较低,为6.86×10-9~17.03×10-9。ΣPGE与Ni含量呈明显的正相关。不同种类岩石和矿石的PGE原始地幔配分模式明显不同,块状矿石为Pt-Pd配分型,Ir较明显亏损;矿化橄榄岩配分曲线较平坦,IPGE和PPGE分异不明显,但均出现Ru正异常。辉长岩样品和煌斑岩PGE配分模式几乎一致,也均出现明显的Ru正异常。矿石和围岩的Cu/Pd值远高于原始地幔,表明原生岩浆发生了较强的硫化物熔离作用。块状富镍矿石的(Pt+Pd)/(Os+Ir+Ru)和Pd/Ir分别为138.24和24.7,指示其母岩浆为演化较为彻底的玄武质岩浆,而矿化橄榄岩的相应值分别为3.02和16.09,具有科马提质岩浆的特征参数,因此白马寨块状矿石和矿化橄榄岩之间可能没有成因联系。块状硫化物熔体侵位前,其母岩浆经历过长时间强烈的硫化物熔离作用,硫化物熔浆作为独立的侵入相而侵入于III号岩体核部。这个过程反映了峨眉山地幔柱尾部岩浆演化和成矿可能经历过高度的S饱和过程。白马寨矿床形成过程中可能受到地壳物质的混染。     

云南二叠纪白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床的成因:地壳混染与矿化的关系

云南金平白马寨-营盘街-带的奥陶纪变砂岩和板岩中出露大量小型约260Ma的镁铁-超镁铁质岩体,其中白马寨地区三个岩体具明显铜-镍硫化物矿化：三号岩体有一个中型铜镍硫化物矿床,一号和二号岩体可见微弱矿化。一号岩体的Ni／Cu值为0．7～2．2,二号岩体的Ni／Cu值为1．4～4．0,与三号岩体的比值（Ni／Cu=-0．5～6．7）相近,说明他们的母岩浆成分接近,为富Mg的镁铁质或苦橄质岩浆。三个岩体遭受不同程度的地壳混染,表现为强烈的Nb（Ta）异常,很低的Nb／La值（O．5～O．7）和很负的￡。。（f）值（一5．1～一9．O）。根据全岩的Th／Yb和Nb／Th值估算,一号岩体的地壳混染程度为5％～20％,二号岩体的地壳混染程度为5％～10％,而三号岩体的地壳混染程度高达35％。三个岩体的地壳混染程度与岩体中硫化物的含量呈正相关关系,表明地壳混染是导致白马寨岩体硫化物饱和的主要因素。     

云南白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床Re-Os同位素定年及其地质意义

采用Carius管溶矿、蒸馏法分离Os、丙酮萃取Re和电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)联合测定法,对云南白马寨岩浆岩型铜镍硫化物矿硫化物矿石进行了Re-Os同位素精确定年,得出其等时线年龄为259±18Ma(MSWD=0.028),187Os/188Os初始值为0.455±0.024,相当于γ(Os(t)为+263.硫化物矿石Re/Os比值为11.56～21.04.研究结果显示,白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床成矿时代与峨眉大火山岩省主喷发期基本同时,其物质来源属壳-幔混合来源,壳源Os的加入量约为30%左右.     

云南白马寨Cu-Ni硫化物矿微量和铂族元素地球化学和矿床成因意义

利用锍镍试金富集-等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)测定法较系统分析了云南白马寨主要Cu-Ni硫化物矿石和主要围岩的PGE、Au、Cu和Ni含量,发现PGE含量均较低,其中块状硫化物矿石的∑PGE为78.2×10-9～556×10-9,橄榄辉石岩为0.472×10-9～67.0 ×10-9,辉长岩为0.847×10-9,二辉岩为0.76×10-9～0.809 ×10-9.后期煌斑岩的PGE也很低(2.98×10-9～4.07×10-9).各类矿石和围岩中∑PGE与Au, Ni与Cu之间呈明显的正相关关系.各类矿石的PGE原始地幔标准化曲线和Pt/Pd和Cu/Pd值与其各主要围岩非常相似,说明该矿Cu-Ni硫化物矿石为岩浆成因,且与围岩有成因上的联系.矿石和围岩较高的Pt/Pd值(平均0.83)显示其主要形成于单独的硫化物饱和事件,矿石中较高的Ir (0.77×10-9～5.52×10-9, 平均2.35×10-9)和Pd/Ir值 (4.76～296,平均138)显示硫化物矿石可能受到后期强烈的热液蚀变.白马寨硫化物矿石较高的187Os/188Os 初始值(0.456± 0.026)显示地壳物质的加入是成矿的重要因素.计算显示该矿硫化物矿石中地壳来源Os超过30%.     

云南金宝山和白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床铂族元素(PGE)地球化学的差异及其成因意义

金宝山和白马寨铜镍硫化物矿床均主要赋存在峨眉山大火山岩省中,但其矿化特征存在许多不同。本文着重对比了金宝山铂钯矿床和白马寨铜镍矿床的铂族元素(PGE)地球化学特征,发现前者表现为高ΣPGE及低的(Cu Ni)、Pd/Ir(3.84~26.49)、Cu/Pd(46.91~1309.58)值和Au/Pd值,相反,后者表现为低ΣPGE、高(Cu Ni)、Pd/Ir(4.72~297.2)、Cu/Pd(10875.13~974788.55)值和较高的Au/Pd值。金宝山和白马寨PGE原始地幔标准化配分模式均主要表现为左倾型,但二者表现为镜像关系。金宝山较白马寨的PGE间相关性好,可能说明白马寨母岩浆经历了较为复杂的地质过程,其铂族元素体系因此受到较大的扰动。结合前人有关杨柳坪铜镍铂族元素矿床的铂族元素数据,认为峨眉地幔柱形成铜镍铂族元素矿床大致可以分成3个阶段:1金宝山阶段:即为S的低度饱和阶段,为峨嵋地幔柱上升初期,吸收少量壳源物质,由于PGE在硫化物中很高的分配系数,导致少量硫化物熔体从硅酸盐中萃取大量PGE和少量Cu-Ni熔离出来,与铬铁矿、橄榄石和辉石等,于高温下结晶分异堆积而成金宝山岩体,形成独立铂钯矿床。...     

铜镍硫化物矿床研究进展

从赋矿岩体、控矿因素、成矿作用和矿体类型等方面综述了铜镍硫化物矿床的最新研究进展和成果。认为赋矿岩体由镁铁质—超镁铁质的不同岩石组成,其锶同位素组成显示深源的特点;岩浆的深部熔离作用使岩体的出露大小与矿床规模没有正相关性;成矿界面主要有岩性组合界面、构造界面、构造物理—化学界面和构造流体界面等,它们严格控制成矿物质的最终定位;除岩浆熔离和结晶分异成矿作用外,成矿作用强调厂硫化作用、热液成矿作用和接触交代成矿作用,相应的形成了热液型矿体和矽卡岩型矿体。     

我国首例与俄罗斯Noril'sk-Talnakh类似的岩浆铜镍硫化物矿床——四川丹巴杨柳坪矿床

与大陆溢流玄武岩有关的Cu-Ni-(PGE)硫化物矿床,是指形成于与大陆溢流玄武岩同源的镁铁-超镁铁侵入体中的岩浆硫化物矿床,是目前镍和铂族元素最重要的来源之一.典型代表是与俄罗斯西伯利亚暗色岩有关的Noril'sk-Talnakh矿床,其镍储量世界第一,铂族元素储量仅次于南非Bushveld[1].研究表明底部成矿的Noril'sk和Talnakh岩席是岩浆通道,大量硫不饱合的玄武岩浆随着玄武岩浆分离结晶,尤其是围岩硫的混入而逐渐达到硫饱和,从而使Cu、Ni和PGE这些具有很高硫化物熔体/硅酸盐熔体分配系数的元素进入硫化物熔体,并从玄武岩质岩浆中分离出来形成巨大的矿体,残余岩浆喷出形成玄武岩或形成新的不含矿岩体[2].     

云南金平白马寨铜镍(铂族)矿床地质特征、Ar-Ar定年及矿床成因研究

白马寨镍铜(铂族)硫化物矿床赋存于二叠纪峨眉山大火成岩省内的基性-超基性侵入岩体之中。矿床地质特征表明矿床可能遭受了二叠纪后的区域构造及热事件的改造作用,这些特征主要有:含矿岩体中部分硫化物与热液蚀变矿物如黑云母、蚀变成因角闪石和绿泥石等紧密共生;硫化矿石相对富集Cu、Pd和Au;含矿岩石的Ar-Ar法同位素坪年龄值为160～170Ma,晚于峨眉山大火成岩省的年龄等。本文提出了两种可能的改造成矿模式:①后期热液沿变形的块状硫化矿的角砾化边缘带入,对原生矿石、岩石产生改造作用形成新的硫化物;②块状-浸染状原生矿石产生变形时,热液流体优先渗入到浸染状矿石中,从而对原生矿石产生改造作用。     

四川会理小关河地区岩浆硫化物矿床的类型和成因的PGE示踪

峨眉山大火成岩省产出的铜镍铂族元素矿床在成矿元素组成上差异很大。有以铂族元素为主的矿床,如金宝山铂钯矿(Tao et al.,2007);有铂族元素含量非常低的铜镍硫化物矿床,如力马河镍矿(陶琰等,2007)和白马寨镍矿(WangCY et al.,2005,2006;陶琰等,2004);也有含铂     

峨眉山大火成岩省晚期酸性火山岩的岩石地球化学特征

峨眉山大火成岩省出露有少量酸性火山岩,它们与基性火山岩共生,表现出双峰式的特征,为研究峨眉山地幔柱晚期岩浆活动提供了重要的窗口。本文通过对双峰式火山岩主、微量元素和斑晶电子探针分析研究表明,基性火山岩属于碱性玄武岩,酸性火山岩主要由粗面岩组成;相对玄武岩,粗面岩中MgO、Fe2O3、P2O5、TiO2、CaO含量明显降低;粗面岩与玄武岩具有相互平行的REE配分模式,但粗面岩出现明显的Eu负异常,以及Sr、Ti等元素的强烈亏损;粗面岩与玄武岩具有同源的特征,通过稀土元素模拟计算表明粗面岩可以由玄武质岩浆经过80%分离结晶作用(辉石、斜长石和Fe-Ti氧化物)而形成。在峨眉山大火成岩省晚期出现双峰式火山岩,可能与地幔柱活动晚期岩浆供给少,在地壳岩浆房中停留时间长,岩浆发生强烈分离结晶作用有关。     

斜长石和橄榄石成分对四川攀枝花钒钛磁铁矿床成因的指示意义

攀枝花岩体下部和中部岩相带各旋回中磁铁辉长岩和辉长岩的岩相结构特征表明,钛铁氧化物和斜长石、橄榄石的结晶发生在相近的温度区间内,这为我们利用斜长石和橄榄石的成分探讨磁铁矿形成时温度、氧逸度和岩浆成分的变化提供了可能.电子探针分析结果表明,下部和中部岩相带中斜长石An牌号自下向上有规律地逐渐降低,而在每一个旋回内部,橄榄石的F(o)值总是由磁铁辉长岩向辉长岩表现出强烈降低的趋势.这些特征说明攀枝花岩体经历了多次富铁钛的岩浆的补充.斜长石An牌号小幅度的规律性降低说明岩浆氧逸度和Fe3/Fe2+比值变化对斜长石成分影响很小,因此,我们可以根据斜长石成分估计钛铁氧化物结晶过程中温度变化.然而,同一旋回中橄榄石Fo值变化较大说明橄榄石成分在很大程度上取决于岩浆中的Fe3+/Fe2+和Fe2 +/Mg含量,因此,可以根据橄榄石成分分析磁铁辉长岩与辉长岩形成过程中氧逸度和Fe3+/Fe2比值的相对变化.计算得到下部和中部岩相带中斜长石的结晶温度介于1079～1121℃之间,认为钛铁氧化物的结晶也大致发生在此温度区间;根据同一旋回中磁铁辉长岩与邻近辉长岩中橄榄石Fo值的差异,发现每次新补充的岩浆分离结晶过程中氧逸度总是逐渐降低,这与前人对封闭体系岩浆结晶分异过程中氧逸度变化规律的认识一致.     

Platinum-Group Element Geochemical Characteristics of the Picrites and High-Ti Basalts in the Binchuan Area,Yunnan Province

The Binchuan area of Yunnan is located in the western part of the Emeishan large igneous province in the western margin of the Yangtze Block.In the present study,the Wuguiqing profile in thickness of about 1440 m is mainly composed of high-Ti basalts,with minor picrites in the lower part and andesites,trachytes,and rhyolites in the upper part.The picrites have relatively higher platinum-group element（PGE） contents（ΣPGE=16.3-28.2 ppb）,with high Cu/Zr and Pd/Zr ratios,and low S contents（5.03-16.9 ppm）,indicating the parental magma is S-unsaturated and generated by high degree of partial melting of the Emeishan large igneous province（ELIP） mantle source.The slightly high Cu/Pd ratios（11 000-24 000） relative to that of the primitive mantle suggest that 0.007%sulfides have been retained in the mantle source.The PGE contents of the high-Ti basalts exhibit a wider range（ΣPGE=0.517-30.8 ppb）.The samples in the middle and upper parts are depleted in PGE and haveε_Nd（260 Ma） ratios ranging from -2.8 to -2.2,suggesting that crustal contamination of the parental magma during ascent triggered sulfur saturation and segregation of about 0.446%-0.554% sulfides,and the sulfide segregation process may also provide the ore-forming material for the magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE sulfide deposits close to the studied basalts.The samples in this area show Pt-Pd type primitive mantle-normalized PGE patterns,and the Pd/Ir ratios are higher than that of the primitive mantle（Pd/Ir=1）,indicating that the obvious differentiation between Ir-group platinum-group elements（IPGE） and Pd-group platinum-group elements（PPGE） are mainly controlled by olivine or chromites fractionation during magma evolution.The Pd/Pt ratios of most samples are higher than the average ratio of mantle（Pd/Pt=0.55）,showing that the differentiation happened between Pt and Pd.The differentiation in picrites may be relevant to Pt hosted in discrete refractory Pt-alloy phase in the mantle;whereas the differentiation in the high-Ti basalts is probably associated with the fractionation of Fe-Pt alloys,coprecipitating with Ir-Ru-Os alloys.Some high-Ti basalt samples exhibit negative Ru anomalies,possibly due to removal of laurite collected by the early crystallized chromites.     

Genesis of the Permian Baimazhai magmatic Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposit, Yunnan, SW China

The ~260 Ma-old Baimazhai Ni–Cu–(PGE) sulfide deposit in the Jinping region, Yunnan, SW China, is hosted in a small mafic–ultramafic intrusion, which intruded Ordovician sandstone and slate. The intrusion is concentric with lens shape, about 530 m long, 190 m wide and 24 to 64 m thick, trends 296°, and dips 22°NE. The massive sulfide ore body forms the core of the intrusion and is surrounded by variably mineralized orthopyroxenite, websterite and barren gabbro. The proportion of gabbro, websterite, orthopyroxenite and massive ore is approximately 30, 30, 20 and 20 vol.%, respectively. Magmatic pyrrhotite, pentlandite and chalcopyrite make up more than 90% of the massive ores. The massive ores contain high Ni (1.6 to 4.2 wt%) and Cu (0.4 to 6.5 wt%) and low ∑PGE contents (85 to 524 ppb). They have Pd/Ir ratios ranging from 6.7 to 530, Pd/Pt ratios from 0.7 to 2.6 and Cu/(Pd×1,000) ratios from 31 to 400, which are comparable with those of the silicate rocks [Pd/Ir = 4 to 183, Pd/Pt = 0.7 to 3.5, and Cu/(Pd×1,000) = 100 to 400]. Similar Pd/Pt and Cu/Pd ratios of the silicate rocks and massive ores throughout the intrusion indicate a single sulfide segregation event. Excess sulfide melt segregation resulted from intensive crustal contamination that formed Si-rich and Mg-rich basaltic magmas in a deep-seated staging chamber before magma emplacement. The immiscible sulfide melts and the silicate melts were eventually evacuated from the staging magma chamber by compressive forces. Flow differentiation under high velocity concentrated the sulfide melts toward the middle of the magma flow, and consequently, formed a massive sulfide ore body in the central part of the intrusion. Low concentrations of PGEs and general absence of platinum-group minerals in the massive ores may have resulted from a relatively large mass fraction of the sulfide melts (e.g. R-factor = ~70) in Baimazhai compared with other intrusions elsewhere, such as Noril’sk-Talnakh with a R-factor of >10,000.     

REE geochemistry of lamprophyres in Baimazhai nickel deposit, Yunnan Province, China： implication for the mantle source region

Lamprophyresarewidespreadinthe“Sanjiang”(tri river)alkali richintrusiverockbelt(Ailaoshan Jinshajiangalkali richintrusiverockbelt)insouth westernChinaandhaveaclosetemporalandspatialre lationwithAu,Cumineralization(HuYunzhonget al.,1995;HuangZhilongetal.,1999).Therefore,thereiscrucialsignificanceinsuchaspectsastectonic environment,mantlemetasomatism,crust mantlein teraction,magmaticevolutionandassociatedminerali zation.TheBaimazhainickeldepositislocatedinthe southernsegmentofthe“Sanjiang…     

峨眉火成岩省内带岩浆硫化物含矿岩体橄榄石的成因意义

峨眉火成岩省内带出露数十个含Ni-Cu-铂族元素(PGE)硫化物矿床(或矿化)的镁铁质-超镁铁质侵入岩体.根据铂族元素(PGE)含量的不同,这些岩浆硫化物矿床可分为Ni-Cu型(如力马河和清水河)、Ni-Cu-PGE型(如清矿山和黄草坪)和PGE型(如金宝山和杨合武).不同类型含矿岩体的橄榄石电子探针分析表明,除了清矿山岩体少数几个橄榄石晶体属于镁橄榄石外(Fo90.1～Fo93.1),其余均为贵橄榄石(Fo76.8～Fo89.6).不同矿化类型的岩体的橄榄石成分差异明显.Ni-Cu型硫化物含矿岩体的橄榄石Fo为77～87,Ni含量变化范围为(976～2176)×10-6.Ni-Cu-PGE型硫化物含矿岩体的橄榄石Fo为80～86,Ni含量范围为(1024～2543)×10-6.PGE型硫化物含矿岩体的橄榄石Fo为78～84,Ni含量在(776～1755)×10-6之间变化.清矿山Ni-Cu-PGE型硫化物含矿岩体橄榄石具有高Fo(最高达93.1)和CaO含量(0.245%～1.14%)、以及非常低的Ni(266×10-6)的特征,可能是同化混染作用的结果.利用力马河岩体最高Fo含量的橄榄石成分计算表明,母岩...     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baimazhai Ni-Cu-（PGE） sulphide deposit in Yunnan, China

The sulphide ores of the Baimazhai deposit, although typically orthomagmatic, locally exhibit peculiar textural features and are intimately associated with hydrothermal minerals, such as biotite, amphibole and chlorite. This association suggests that the magmatic sulphide ores were subjected to hydrothermal alteration and subsequent redistribution, resulting in the observed textural features. Geochemically, the Baimazhai sulphide ores are enriched in Cu, Pd and Au, which,according to previous studies, reflects the action of hydrothermal fluids. Interestingly, Ar-Ar dating yielded the plateau ages of about 160–170 Ma, which are at odds with the established Permian age of the Emeishan large igneous province. We interpreted these younger ages as due to thermal resetting during post-Permian tectonothermal events. We have proposed a model in which tectonic movements and hydrothermal fluids related to these events modified the pre-existing magmatic sulphides. Given the degree of overprint, we suggested two possible scenarios: 1) the sulphide disseminations that surround the massive magmatic ores are the result of deformation and hydrothermal alteration; and 2) there were both magmatic massive and disseminated sulphides, in which case the scale and relocation of remobilization would have been smaller, but still detectable.