海底冷泉环境中的白云石(岩)研究现状

白云岩成因问题一直是个未解之谜,近年提出的微生物成因模式受到了广泛关注。白云石在现代和古代冷泉环境中普遍发育,以白云石为主的冷泉白云岩主要呈烟囱状和管状产出,微观上可见菱形白云石,也有梭形和哑铃状的白云石。冷泉白云石碳同位素值变化较大,指示了可能主要来源于冷泉渗漏甲烷、海水溶解无机碳、有机质氧化和产甲烷残余的CO2等,而氧同位素值的变化可能与甲烷水合物的生成与分解、黏土矿物的脱水和沉积温度等有关。半封闭的冷泉渗漏环境中的微生物甲烷缺氧氧化和硫酸盐还原作用可能有利于白云石的沉淀。与微生物实验相结合的冷泉白云岩研究可能是"白云岩问题"取得突破的新方向。     

四川盆地东南缘下志留统龙马溪组白云岩特征及成因分析

发育在前寒武系—古生界、中生界黑色页岩中的白云岩夹层常见，但研究甚少，对其特征和成因不甚明晰。位于四川盆地东南缘的黔北地区广泛发育龙马溪组黑色页岩，在桐梓赵家湾、桐梓白杨树等剖面见页岩中夹中层状深灰色白云岩，笔石种属鉴定显示白云岩沉积于龙马溪组第5段笔石层(LM5)。本次研究利用显微薄片观察及扫描电镜、阴极发光、电子探针、微量元素、碳氧同位素等测试分析，对该套白云岩进行了岩石学、矿物学和地球化学研究。测试结果表明，桐梓白杨树剖面中白云岩呈纹层状产出，为泥晶—粉晶白云岩，粉晶白云石常具环带结构，在镜下可见“雾心亮边”结构。在阴极发光下白云石整体发光性较差，个别晶体发暗红色光。白云岩的碳、氧同位素均负偏于同时期海水，δ¹⁸O负偏程度更大，推测为受到埋藏作用的影响。电子探针测试显示白云石的“雾心亮边”所含成分不同，“亮边”中FeO和MnO含量更高，显示为两期白云石化作用的产物。白云岩的亚毫米极纹层可能显示着微生物/有机质作用下原生白云石沉淀，在埋藏过程中白云石发生重结晶，在此过程里铁、锰元素加入，从而形成交代成因的含铁白云石及铁白云石，交代不彻底者具“雾心亮边”或环带结...     

塔北地区寒武系下丘里塔格群白云石化模式

针对塔北上寒武统下丘里塔格群复杂的白云石化作用,通过岩石学和地球化学分析认为下丘里塔格群埋藏后主要经历3期白云石化流体作用：早期浅埋藏环境下高浓度卤水在台缘带的迁移促进了渗透回流白云石化作用发生,形成残余颗粒幻影结构的粉晶白云岩,具有碳氧同位素负偏和微量元素Fe、Mn、Sr、Ba元素质量分数较低的特征;第二期流体主要为地层孔隙残余高盐度海水,在埋藏压实作用下白云岩发生重结晶作用,晶粒结构广泛发育,具有同位素碳正氧负和微量元素呈现富Mn贫Fe及低Sr高Ba的特征,该时期是晶间孔和晶间溶孔发育的主要时期;第三期流体主要为沿基底断裂上涌的高温富镁热液流体,发育构造-热液白云石化作用形成大量鞍状白云石,具有富Mn贫Fe和氧同位素负偏明显等特征。     

渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷沙河街组白云岩成因机理

为了研究渤海湾盆地黄河口凹陷沙河街组白云岩成因机理,通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、阴极发光、X衍射、扫描电镜、背散射、碳氧同位素等方法,分析白云石岩石学、形貌学和同位素地球化学特征.结果表明,白云岩呈黄棕色,发育大量溶蚀孔和高岭石、燧石等矿物,δ13C值为-0.50‰~4.58‰,δ18O值为-14.58‰~-2.19‰,总体具有δ13C低正值,δ18O负值的特点.泥晶白云石,由微米级球状白云石和白云石化蓝细菌组成,亚微米级孔隙发育,见薄片状细菌丝和草莓状黄铁矿;纤维状白云石环边胶结物充填在溶蚀孔洞或围绕颗粒表面生长;菱形白云石,漂浮状分散在孔隙中.准同生期,硫酸盐还原菌的催化作用形成球形白云石;随后,受大气淡水淋滤,在湖底成岩环境微生物影响下形成纤维状白云石环边胶结物;浅埋藏期,由于埋藏白云岩化形成菱形白云石.这为古老湖相白云岩微生物成因提供具体实例,且对该地区勘探提供参考.      

基于镁同位素的规模埋藏白云岩形成过程——以塔里木盆地蓬莱坝组为例

地下富镁流体运移机制问题,制约着规模埋藏白云岩形成过程的认识,一直是白云岩成因中地质学家争论的焦点。以塔里木盆地蓬莱坝组埋藏白云岩为研究对象,在岩石学和碳氧同位素、锶同位素与锶元素含量等常规地球化学分析的基础上,通过镁同位素分析,认识了规模埋藏白云岩的形成过程。分析显示,蓬莱坝组不同类型白云岩的镁同位素分布虽有重叠,但是差异明显,藻纹层白云岩镁同位素为2. 34‰~2. 02‰;细中晶残余颗粒白云岩的镁同位素分布范围较广,为2. 24‰~1. 66‰,平均为2. 04‰;粗晶白云岩的镁同位素主要集中在2. 24‰~1. 89,平均为2. 05‰;蓬莱坝组灰岩镁同位素为3. 63‰和2. 82‰,较白云岩明显更偏负。镁同位素与氧同位素、锶同位素和锶元素含量在高频旋回中表现出规律性的旋回变化,对应三种白云岩形成过程：向上变轻- 渗透回流叠加埋藏云化、向上变重- 蒸发泵叠加埋藏云化和向上变重- 埋藏云化模式。进一步,通过白云石晶体变化与锶元素含量变化明确了埋藏云化流体的侧向运移和白云石晶体响应规律。认识到厚层白云岩是由多期白云石化作用叠加而成,既有层内云化流体也受源外云化流体影响,受沉积相和构造埋藏演化史共同控制,海平面波动下大量叠置发育的准同生白云岩是规模埋藏白云岩形成的关键。特别是,基质孔发育的渗透回流型准同生白云岩,在高频层序格架下占比越高、越频繁,越有利于埋藏云化的顺层渗透扩散,进而形成规模埋藏白云岩。     

徐州地区下古生界碳酸盐岩的碳、氧同位素研究

在已有的对徐州地区下古生界碳酸盐岩详细岩石学研究基础上，系统测试了碳酸盐岩方解石和白云石的碳、氧同位素组成特征；地球化学和岩石学研究相结合，综合提取了碳酸盐岩碳、氧同位素组成的沉积、成岩地质信息；初步探讨了同位素组成的地层变化及其意义。研究结果表明：碳酸盐岩碳同位素组成特征可以指示沉积环境及其演化，开阔陆表海、灰质障壁砂坝、局限陆表海、潮下带、潮渠、藻坪诸沉积相间碳酸盐岩的δ^13C值表现出规律性变化，碳同位素组成变化曲线上的显著正偏移与海侵有关；碳酸盐岩氧同位素组成对成岩环境及其演化有明显响应，淡水成岩环境、潮上成岩环境、潮间成岩环境、潮下成岩环境和埋藏成岩环境具有不同的碳酸盐岩氧同位素组成特征；徐州地区大北望寒武系剖面地层界线附近都有碳、氧同位素组成变化的特征显示，研究工作证实了徐州地区下古生界同位素地层划分的可行性。     

渤海海域石臼坨地区古近系沙河街组湖相生屑白云岩成因*

渤海海域石臼坨地区石臼坨凸起东倾末端南北两侧的陡坡带在古近系沙河街组发育多套生屑白云岩,其中南侧生屑白云岩主要发育在沙河街组二段,北侧生屑白云岩集中在沙河街组一段。为了明确该区生屑白云岩的成因,通过古生物、岩石薄片和地球化学等资料对该区生屑白云岩的岩石学、地球化学特征进行较为系统的研究。按照岩石组分特征,研究区生屑白云岩可划分为亮晶生屑白云岩和泥晶生屑白云岩2种类型。生屑的主要组分腹足类及介形类典型属种分析显示,南北两侧生屑白云岩均形成于浅水湖泊环境。地球化学Pr/Ph(姥鲛烷/植烷)参数反映,南侧生屑白云岩形成于氧化环境,北侧以还原性环境为主。碳氧同位素数据反映南侧生屑白云岩形成于低温高盐的封闭湖泊环境,以准同生期的回流渗透成因为主。北侧生屑白云岩的碳氧同位素相对分散,显示为受不同流体介质作用的结果,可以划分出3种成因类型: 准同生期的回流渗透成因、埋藏期的铁白云石化交代成因和晚期局部受热液作用影响,因此,北侧生屑白云岩是多期次多成因综合作用的结果。该研究成果对开展这类中深层优质储集层预测具有重要意义。     

渤海海域石臼坨地区古近系沙河街组湖相生屑白云岩成因

渤海海域石臼坨地区石臼坨凸起东倾末端南北两侧的陡坡带在古近系沙河街组发育多套生屑白云岩,其中南侧生屑白云岩主要发育在沙河街组二段,北侧生屑白云岩集中在沙河街组一段。为了明确该区生屑白云岩的成因,通过古生物、岩石薄片和地球化学等资料对该区生屑白云岩的岩石学、地球化学特征进行较为系统的研究。按照岩石组分特征,研究区生屑白云岩可划分为亮晶生屑白云岩和泥晶生屑白云岩2种类型。生屑的主要组分腹足类及介形类典型属种分析显示,南北两侧生屑白云岩均形成于浅水湖泊环境。地球化学Pr/Ph(姥鲛烷/植烷)参数反映,南侧生屑白云岩形成于氧化环境,北侧以还原性环境为主。碳氧同位素数据反映南侧生屑白云岩形成于低温高盐的封闭湖泊环境,以准同生期的回流渗透成因为主。北侧生屑白云岩的碳氧同位素相对分散,显示为受不同流体介质作用的结果,可以划分出3种成因类型:准同生期的回流渗透成因、埋藏期的铁白云石化交代成因和晚期局部受热液作用影响,因此,北侧生屑白云岩是多期次多成因综合作用的结果。该研究成果对开展这类中深层优质储集层预测具有重要意义。     

白云岩有机成因模式:机制、进展与意义

白云岩是一种常见的碳酸盐岩,它广泛分布在古代碳酸盐岩台地中,却很少见于全新世沉积物中,这构成了一个未解之谜。近20多年的研究成果表明,早期成岩过程中微生物参与的硫酸盐还原反应、甲烷生成和厌氧氧化反应以及有氧呼吸作用能够促进白云石的沉淀:细菌细胞和胞外聚合物(EPS)带有负电荷,能够聚集溶液中Mg2+和Ca2+;同时上述氧化还原反应产生HCO3-,提高了孔隙水中反应物的浓度;这样在细菌细胞周围形成一个对白云石超饱和的微环境,有利于白云石的沉淀。这是一种新的白云石成因模式,微生物活动和有机质是影响白云石形成最重要的因素,特殊的球状形态和碳同位素特征是鉴别有机成因白云石的重要标志。白云岩有机成因模式为认识地质历史时期大套白云岩的成因、探索"白云岩之谜"提供了新的思路。     

南海北部神狐水合物赋存区浅表层沉积物自生矿物特征及其成因探讨

通过对南海北部神狐海域Site5B和Site4B站位岩心柱沉积物中自生矿物的类型、形貌特点、丰度和稳定同位素特征的研究,探讨了自生矿物的成因机制。研究表明,沉积物中主要发育黄铁矿和碳酸盐类自生矿物。两个站位中发育的自生矿物的丰度、分布位置、晶体形貌和个体大小等存在明显差异,可能与不同站位中甲烷通量和深部构造有关。自生黄铁矿可能是硫酸盐与甲烷等烃类气体或有机质的厌氧氧化作用的产物,极低负值的硫同位素值可能与硫酸盐还原菌和单质硫歧化菌共同参与有关。自生碳酸盐矿物的成因则相对复杂,其形成过程受多种因素的综合影响。碳同位素值未表现出极低负值,可能是甲烷、有机质和正常海水等碳源混合的结果。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861