Optimum combination of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection in coal-accumulated basin of North China

The conflict among water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection is getting more and more serious due to the irrational drainage and exploitation of ground water resources in coal-accumulated basins of North China. Efficient solutions to the conflict are to maintain long-term dynamic balance between input and output of the ground water basins, and to try to improve resourcification of the mine water. All solutions must guarantee the eco-environment quality. This paper presents a new idea of optimum combination of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection so as to solve the problem of unstable mine water supply, which is caused by the changeable water drainage for the whole combination system. Both the management of hydraulic techniques and constraints in economy, society, ecology, environment, industrial structural adjustments and sustainable developments have been taken into account. Since the traditional and separate management of different departments of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection is broken up, these departments work together to avoid repeated geological survey and specific evaluation calculations so that large amount of national investment can be saved and precise calculation for the whole system can be obtained. In the light of the conflict of water drainage, water supply and eco-environment protection in a typical sector in Jiaozuo coal mine, a case study puts forward an optimum combination scheme, in which a maximum economic benefit objective is constrained by multiple factors. The scheme provides a very important scientific base for finding a sustainable development strategy.     

Coal mine water management: optimization models and field application in North China

Abstract

This paper considers the complexity in resolving the conflicts between mine drainage, water supply, and environmental protection for the coal basin of North China, and presents a management optimization framework that addresses these multiple conflicting issues simultaneously in the most cost effective manner. Due to the various unpredictable accidents which may occur in the coal mining process, such as water bursts, gas leaks, fire and collapse of coal beds, the beneficial use of drainage water from the coal mines is generally low. This case study attempts to address the problem of low beneficial usage for drainage water using the Jiaozuo coal mining district in Henan Province, China. By combining a finite-element groundwater simulation model with an optimization code, the economic benefits of using the drainage water as a stable water supply is maximized, while the adverse impact of mine drainage on the environment is controlled. The results indicate that the management model developed in this study achieves an excellent economic outcome and can serve as a potentially powerful tool for solving mining-related water management problems in the coal basin of North China.

Citation Wu, Q., Hu, B. X., Wan, L. & Zheng, C. (2010) Coal mine water management: optimization models and field application in North China. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(4), 609–623.     

南北同枯场景下南水北调中线丹江口水库供水调度方式

南北同枯场景下南水北调中线丹江口水库供水调度是保障水源工程有效供给、优化配置供水水源的重要课题,如何科学制定不同供水对象的供水水量、兼顾水源区及受水区用水需求、充分发挥丹江口水利枢纽的调蓄作用,是南水北调中线工程功能效益发挥的关键.以南水北调中线水源工程丹江口水库为研究对象,深入分析了中线工程通水后丹江口水库供水现状及面临的技术难题,从而提出南北同枯场景的判别标准及相应水库供水调度的方法,揭示了汉江中下游、清泉沟和南水北调中线供水对水库起始供水水位的响应机理,提出"蓄丰补枯、均衡减少"的方法是南北同枯场景下丹江口水库的供水调度方式,不同供水起始水位及供水方式情况下供水调度仿真结果表明,本文所得结论可为丹江口水库在实际运行中制定调度方案提供参考.     

基于发展权价值评估的太湖东部水源保护区生态补偿标准

生态补偿是协调环境保护与区域发展机会公平的重要手段.太湖东部湖区是苏州市、嘉兴市和上海市重要饮用水源供给地.本文分析了苏州市滨湖地区水源地水质保护行为与发展权价值损失的关系.应用区域比较法,在地理要素修正的基础上评价了太湖东部水源保护区发展权价值损失,以此作为生态补偿的标准.研究表明,2009年太湖东部地区水质保护行为的发展权损失为42.39亿元,地方财政收入损失占75.88%;农民收入损失占13.58%;城镇居民收入损失占10.53%.为了缩小城乡居民的收入差距,应优先对农民实施生态补偿.水质保护行为产生的外部收益超出了水源供给价值,需要在更大范围内统筹生态补偿问题.     

沈阳市供水系统抗震功能可靠性分析

城市供水管网的抗震研究能够服务于供水管网的规划、设计和改造。以沈阳市供水管网系统为背景,介绍了一类求解大型供水网络节点及系统功能可靠度的方法。对沈阳市主干供水网络进行了抗震功能可靠性分析。研究结果证明,建议方法是合理评价供水管网地震后工作性能的工具,可以为大型供水管网的抗震可靠度分析及抗震设计服务提供基础。     

Floridians’ propensity to support ad valorem water billing increases to protect water supply: a panel evaluation

ABSTRACT

While threats to water availability are concerning worldwide, the coastal, rapidly urbanizing state of Florida, USA, is especially at risk. This study used a value approach to determine the propensity to support 10 and 50% monthly water bill increases to inform potential social marketing strategies to protect Florida’s freshwater supply from depletion. The results from five years of public opinion data indicate an increasing percentage of consumers who are willing to support the protection of Florida’s water supply since 2013, with a slight dip in 2017. Upon examination of socio-demographic characteristics, income appeared consistently as an influencer of the propensity to support water bill increases, while factors such as age and race inconsistently appeared throughout the models. Decision makers should consider the significance of income along with heterogeneity in the propensity to support water bill increases to protect Florida’s freshwater. The recommendations for application and research incorporate insights from social marketing, agricultural economics, extension education and sociology.     

利用瞬变电磁技术进行地下水资源勘察

为解决内蒙古白旗地区水资源严重短缺的问题,采用瞬变电磁技术进行水资源勘察.本文通过分析平原地区含水层的矿化度和孔隙度对岩石电阻率的影响,得出在内蒙古干旱牧区浑善达克沙地的含水砂砾岩电阻率值为75~150 Ω·m之间变化.以导电球体为模型来计算地下含水层异常的可分辨时间窗口,确定该区地下含水层异常出现最大值的探测条件.瞬变电磁技术在结合已知自流井的电性差异基础上,可以对地下水的含水层和含水深度进行准确勘察,确定新的水井5位置,经钻孔验证喷水量达到每小时100 m3以上,满足白旗供水需求.验证了瞬变电磁技术在地下水资源勘察中的有效性,为西部地区水资源的评价提供了重要的技术依据.     

Optimal interventions for flood control,drainage and irrigation project improvements

ABSTRACT

A Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model is formulated and solved in this study to optimize environmental sustainability of flood control, drainage, and irrigation (FCDI) projects in the deltaic regions of Bangladesh. The model optimizes the value of integrated resource benefit, a dimensionless variable defined to measure the environmental sustainability based on the water, agricultural and ecological resources, with a set of project interventions being the major drivers. The resource benefits were evaluated with the help of several indicators, such as flood, navigability, salinity, waterlogging, cropping intensity, land loss and vegetation. The solution of MINLP model provided optimal values of the decision variables, which are the quantities of project interventions (e.g. length and height of dike, number of sluices and drainage inlets, lengths of drainage canals, erosion protection and afforestation works). The approach and the MINLP formulation presented in this study can be used for any real-life FCDI project improvements.     

基于水质-水位二元响应关系推求过水型湖泊适宜生态水位研究

适宜的生态水位能够反映湖区生态系统的多种需求,是湖泊长期稳定健康运转的基本保障.目前湖泊适宜生态水位的推求大多侧重恢复天然水位情势.然而过水型湖泊承担着防洪、供水、航运等多种功能,频繁的人类活动导致湖泊水位情势异常复杂.同时随着社会经济的快速发展,水质恶化对过水型湖泊生态系统造成了较大的负面影响,仅恢复天然水位情势难以反映过水型湖泊的生态需求.因此,在IHA-RVA法的基础上,本文针对过水型湖泊吞吐性强的特点,利用水质-水位二元响应关系系统地提出了一套逐月修正过水型湖泊适宜生态水位阈值,并确定适宜水位变动率的方法.以洪泽湖为应用实例,结果表明:1)根据湖泊水文情势和入湖污染物变化情况,湖泊调度周期可以划分为平水期(1-4月)、泄水期(5-6月)、蓄水前期(7-9月)和蓄水后期(10-12月);2)各时期内,洪泽湖水位和水质呈现较强的相关性,其中平水期、泄水期和蓄水后期水质均随着水位上升而下降,平均Pearson系数达-0.77,仅在蓄水前期水质随水位上升而改善;3)现阶段洪泽湖的自净能力和污染物滞留比例竞争关系激烈,逐月适宜生态水位阈值为:12.92～12.99、12.79～12.99...     

Quantitative research on the water ecological environment of dam-controlled rivers: case study of the Shaying River,China

ABSTRACT

To solve the contradiction between regulation and protection of the water ecological environment in a dam-controlled river, it is necessary to identify the main influencing factors of that environment and the interactions between the water quantity, quality and ecology. In this paper, the redundancy analysis (RDA) technique is used to identify the key influencing factors of water eco-environment in the Shaying River, China. The multivariate nonlinear quantization method is used to quantify the interactive relationship between water quantity, water quality and water ecology, and a quantitative model of the dam-controlled river eco-environment is constructed. The results show the relative importance of the various environmental factors. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index is used to assess phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos (P-SWI, Z-SWI and B-SWI, respectively). The R² of the quantization models for P-SWI, Z-SWI and B-SWI in the fitting phase were 0.81, 0.72 and 0.66, respectively, and, in the validation phase, they were 0.36, 0.31 and 0.41, respectively. The results of this study can provide reference and support for the environmental regulation of dam-controlled rivers.     

The role of science in setting water resource use limits: case studies from New Zealand

Abstract

Water resource use limits ensure protection of environmental values and define the availability and reliability of water supply for out-of-channel use. We examined how three types of scientific tools (environmental flow setting methods, hydrological analyses for setting total allocations and spatial frameworks) have been used to define limits across jurisdictional regions comprising multiple catchments in New Zealand. We found that recently developed minimum flow and total allocation setting tools are widely used. Spatial frameworks are increasingly used to discriminate and account for variation in environmental characteristics, thereby increasing the specificity of water resource use limits. The uptake of scientific tools has enabled improvements in the clarity of water management objectives and the transparency of limits defined by regional water management plans. We argue that more integrated use of scientific tools could improve the clarity and transparency of regional limits by explicitly demonstrating the trade-off between out-of-channel use and protection of environmental values.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. Acreman

Citation Snelder, T.H., Rouse, H.L., Franklin, P.A., Booker, D.J., Norton, N., and Diettrich, J., 2014. The role of science in setting water resource use limits: case studies from New Zealand. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 844–859.     

鄱阳湖典型洲滩湿地水分补排关系

湿地水分在地下水含水层-土壤-植物-大气界面的运移和转换是维持能量和营养物平衡的重要环节,水分运移是湿地生态水文过程研究的关键.数值模型模拟已成为水分运移研究的重要手段,然而限于复杂的湿地自然条件及有限的监测手段,部分界面水分通量连续动态变化数据的获取及定量化工作较为困难,目前应用数值模拟法于湿地水分运移研究的案例仍不多见.本文以鄱阳湖典型湿地为研究区,构建垂向一维数值模型,阐释了湖泊水位显著季节性变化条件下,湿地水分在不同界面的传输过程,量化了湿地水分的补排关系.结果表明:(1)界面水分通量季节性差异大,降雨入渗地面和根系层水分渗漏均对降雨变化响应敏感,主要集中在4—6月,分别占年总量(1450和1053 mm)的65%和73%.土面蒸发和植物蒸腾年总量为176和926 mm,土面蒸发主要受气候条件影响,植物蒸腾还与植物生长特征有关,均集中在7—8月,分别占年总量的30%和47%.深层土壤向浅层根系层的水分补给集中发生在地下水浅埋时段6—8月,占年总量(609 mm)的76%;(2)湿地植物根系层水分补排受鄱阳湖水位季节性波动影响显著.除丰水期(7—9月)主要补给为深层土壤水外,退、枯、涨水期的主要补给均为降水入渗.涨水期(4—6月)和枯水期(12—3月)的主要排泄为根系层水分渗漏,丰水期以植物蒸腾排泄为主,退水期(10—11月),土面蒸发与植物蒸腾为主要排泄,且比重相当.本文定量了鄱阳湖典型湿地不同界面水分连续交换关系,区分了土面蒸发和植物蒸腾,辨析了各界面水分的主要影响因子,研究结果有助于深入理解水分在湿地生态系统地下水含水层-土壤-植物-大气界面的相互作用机制,认识湖泊洲滩湿地水量平衡,为揭示湖泊水情变化对湿地生态的可能影响提供依据,为湿地生态水文过程研究提供重要方法和理论参考.     

太湖与长三角区域一体化发展:地位、挑战与对策

太湖及太湖流域在长三角自然和经济地理空间具有举足轻重的地位,更是长三角区域一体化发展国家战略实施的关键地区.在当前区域一体化高质量发展背景下,太湖治理面临新的形势和任务,也面临一系列新的挑战,着重体现在水环境治理形势更加复杂严峻和水资源供给压力不断提升两方面.传统水陆分割治理难以解决湖泊问题,行政区治理难以适应区域一体...     

安徽省河流和湖库型饮用水水源地水质评价

饮用水水源地的保护问题是关系国计民生的重大问题,饮用水水源地的水质问题越来越受到社会的关注.运用单因子标准指数法以及卡尔森指数法对安徽省境内91个县级以上的饮用水水源地的水质状况以及31个湖库型水源地富营养化程度进行了综合评价,并提出相应的防护措施.结果表明,全省91个饮用水水源地中水质达标的有83个,达标率为91.2%,其中,河流型水源地达标率为93.3%,湖库型水源地达标率为87%,地下水型水源地达标率为87%.     

供水水池的震害预测

供水系统作为城市生命线工程系统的重要组成部分,在日益发展的城市正常的生产和生活中起着越来越重要的作用,这不仅体现在平时,而且在震后其重要性更是明显,然而,地震对供水系统的破坏也是十分严重的,这可以从历次大的破坏性地震中得到验证。供水系统有三大部分组成：水源-输送体系-用户。水池作为水源部分的重要构筑物设施,在整个供水系统中处于关键地位,如果水池破坏,则整个供水系统就会失去服务功能。所以有必要对它在地震中的破坏情况进行专门研究,以提高其在地震中的安全可靠性。本文主要对水池的震害预测方法进行探讨。     

Quantification of peatland water storage capacity using the water table fluctuation method

Peat specific yield (S_Y) is an important parameter involved in many peatland hydrological functions such as flood attenuation, baseflow contribution to rivers, and maintaining groundwater levels in surficial aquifers. However, general knowledge on peatland water storage capacity is still very limited, due in part to the technical difficulties related to in situ measurements. The objectives of this study were to quantify vertical S_Y variations of water tables in peatlands using the water table fluctuation (WTF) method and to better understand the factors controlling peatland water storage capacity. The method was tested in five ombrotrophic peatlands located in the St. Lawrence Lowlands (southern Québec, Canada). In each peatland, water table wells were installed at three locations (up‐gradient, mid‐gradient, and down‐gradient). Near each well, a 1‐m long peat core (8 cm × 8 cm) was sampled, and subsamples were used to determine S_Y with standard gravitational drainage method. A larger peat sample (25 cm × 60 cm × 40 cm) was also collected in one peatland to estimate S_Y using a laboratory drainage method. In all sites, the mean water table depth ranged from 9 to 49 cm below the peat surface, with annual fluctuations varying between 15 and 29 cm for all locations. The WTF method produced similar results to the gravitational drainage experiments, with values ranging between 0.13 and 0.99 for the WTF method and between 0.01 and 0.95 for the gravitational drainage experiments. S_Y was found to rapidly decrease with depth within 20 cm, independently of the within‐site location and the mean annual water table depth. Dominant factors explaining S_Y variations were identified using analysis of variance. The most important factor was peatland site, followed by peat depth and seasonality. Variations in storage capacity considering site and seasonality followed regional effective growing degree days and evapotranspiration patterns. This work provides new data on spatial variations of peatland water storage capacity using an easily implemented method that requires only water table measurements and precipitation data.     

The role of land surface versus drainage network characteristics in controlling water quality and quantity in a small urban watershed

The processes that control run‐off quantity and quality in urban watersheds are complex and not well understood. Although impervious surface coverage has traditionally been used to examine altered hydrologic response in urban watersheds, several studies suggest that other elements of the urban landscape, particularly those associated with urban infrastructure and the drainage system, play an equally important role. The relative importance of impervious surfaces, stormwater ponds, expansion of the drainage network, and drainage network structures in controlling hydrologic response was examined in the subwatersheds of the Kromma Kill, an urban watershed located in Albany County, NY. In this study, geographic information systems was used to compute geospatial land surface and drainage network properties of 5 Kromma Kill subwatersheds. In these same subwatersheds, water quantity (rainfall and run‐off) and quality (macroinvertebrates, nitrate, total nitrogen, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids, and nonpurgable organic carbon) parameters were measured. Strong and significant correlations were identified between land surface and drainage network properties and field observations. Causal relationships were then tested using the Environmental Protection Agency's Stormwater Management Model. Field and model analyses suggest that whereas percent imperviousness is a dominant control on water quality, drainage density and slope are equally important. However, for water quantity, whereas imperviousness is positively correlated with increased run‐off volumes, drainage network properties and slope are the dominant controls on run‐off volumes. Results have important implications for stormwater management plans, especially those aimed at reducing the effective impervious surface coverage of urban watersheds. Reducing the percentage of effective imperviousness in a watershed is not a “one size fits all” solution and can help to meet some management objectives, such as reducing nitrogen concentrations and improving water quality, but may not serve as the most effective, and therefore economical, solution for every management objective including reducing run‐off volumes.     

The performance of rainwater tanks for stormwater retention and water supply at the household scale: an empirical study

Urban stormwater run‐off degrades the ecological condition of streams. The use of rainwater tanks to supplement water supply can reduce the frequency and volume of urban stormwater run‐off that is otherwise conveyed directly to streams via conventional stormwater drainage systems. Few studies, however, have examined the use of tanks in the context of managing flow regimes for stream protection, with most focussed uniquely on their water conservation benefits. We used measured tank water level data to assess the performance of 12 domestic rainwater tanks against the dual criteria of their ability to (i) reduce potable mains water usage and (ii) retain run‐off from rainfall events and thus reduce the volume and frequency of stormwater run‐off. We found that five households relied almost entirely on tank water. Three of the tanks achieved stormwater retention performance approaching that of the same area of pre‐developed land, although nine did not – a consequence of limited demand and small tank capacity. Our results suggest that tank water usage can result in substantial reductions in mains water use, if regular and sufficiently large domestic demands are connected to tanks. In many cases, such demands will also result in the best stormwater retention performance. Our results highlight an opportunity to design tank systems to achieve multiple objectives. Application of similar analyses in different locations will help to optimize tanks for simultaneous water supply and stormwater retention purposes. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Analyzing urban water supply through an acceptability-index-based interval approach

Incorporation of uncertainties within an urban water supply management system has been a challenging topic for many years. In this study, an acceptability-index-based two-step interval programming (AITIP) model was developed for supporting urban water supply analysis under uncertainty. AITIP improved upon the traditional two-step interval programming (TIP) through incorporating the acceptability level of constraints violation into the optimization framework. A four-layer urban water supply system, including water sources, treatment facilities, reservoirs, and consuming zones, was used to demonstrate the applicability of proposed method. The results indicated that an AITIP model was valuable to help understand the effects of uncertainties related to cost, constraints and decision maker’s judgment in the water supply network, and capable of assisting urban water managers gain an in-depth insight into the tradeoffs between system cost and constraints-violation risk. Compared with TIP, the solutions from AITIP were of lower degree of uncertainty, making it more reliable to identify effective water supply patterns by adjusting decision variable values within their solution intervals. The study is useful in helping urban water managers to identify cost-effective management schemes in light of uncertainties in hydrology, environment, and decisions. The proposed optimization approach is expected to be applicable for a wide variety of water resources management problems.     

腾冲地震台数字化水温观测数据异常分析

腾冲地震台数字化水温记录多次出现数据突跳,影响观测资料质量。引入1套相同型号的水温仪进行对比观测,对可能引起原水温仪数据突跳的因素(静电干扰、供电电压、仪器探头故障等)进行一一排查,结果表明,水温仪主机数据转换模块工作不正常是引起水温数据突跳、阶变的主要原因,仪器供电电压不稳、雷电因素对数据突跳的产生有促进作用。消除水温数据突跳干扰的有效解决办法是更换1套水温观测仪器。