Flares Unaccompanied by Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections and Solar Proton Events

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - For a coronal mass ejection (CME) to occur, the magnetic pressure of the overlying layers must be lower than that of the underlying layers, and the corresponding...     

Calculation of the Ionization Rate in the Atmosphere in the Polar Region during Solar Proton Events

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The results of a comparative analysis of the fluxes and spectra of solar protons measured in September 2017 by satellites at different orbits (ELECTRO-L No. 2, GOES 13,...     

Mechanism of solar-terrestrial relations and changes of atmospheric circulation

Summary As a result of investigating the relations between the variations of geomagnetic activity and meteorological factors [1, 2] a mechanism of solar-terrestrial relationships and a model of the changes of atmospheric circulation in the Northern Hemisphere are proposed; this provides an explanation of the causes of the fluctuation of the climate, of dry and cold periods and differing vegetation conditions in various years in dependence on the intensity of geomagnetic activity.     

Recent warming in the Yellow/East China Sea during winter and the associated atmospheric circulation

We examine characteristics in the variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Yellow/East China Sea during the boreal winter (December–January–February) for the period 1950–2008 in observations. It is found that the mean SST in the Yellow Sea/East China Sea gradually increases during recent decades. A warming trend of a basin scale SST is significant in most of the regions in the Yellow/East Sea, which is well explained by the variability of the first empirical orthogonal function SST mode. We suggest one candidate mechanism that the North Pacific oscillation (NPO)-like sea level pressure play an important role to warm the Yellow/East China Sea. Anomalous anticyclonic circulation, which is the southern lobe of NPO-like sea level pressure over the North Pacific, causes a weakening of northerly mean winds over the Yellow/East China Sea during winter. This contributes to increase in the SST in the Yellow/East China Sea through the changes in the latent heat and sensible heat fluxes.     

Modern representation of databases on the example of the Catalog of Solar Proton Events in the 23rd Cycle of Solar Activity

The development of studies of solar sources and their effects on the state of the near-Earth space required systematization of the corresponding information in the form of databases and catalogs for the entire time of observation of any geoeffective phenomenon that includes, if possible at the time of creation, all of the characteristics of the phenomena themselves and the sources of these phenomena on the Sun. A uniform presentation of information in the form of a series of similar catalogs that cover long time intervals is of particular importance. The large amount of information collected in such catalogs makes it necessary to use modern methods of its organization and presentation that allow a transition between individual parts of the catalog and a quick search for necessary events and their characteristics, which is implemented in the presented Catalog of Solar Proton Events in the 23rd Cycle of Solar Activity of the sequence of catalogs (six separate issues) that cover the period from 1970 to 2009 (20th–23rd solar cycles).     

Effect of atmospheric pressure and temperature on entrapped gas content in peat

Entrapped biogenic gas in peat can greatly affect peatland biogeochemical and hydrological processes by altering volumetric water content, peat buoyancy, and ‘saturated’ hydraulic conductivity, and by generating over‐pressure zones. These over‐pressure zones further affect hydraulic gradients which influence water and nutrient flow direction and rate. The dynamics of entrapped gas are of global interest because the loss of this gas to the atmosphere via ebullition (bubbling) is likely the dominant transport mechanism of methane (CH₄) to the atmosphere from peatlands, which are the largest natural terrestrial source per annum of atmospheric CH₄. We investigated the relationship between atmospheric pressure and temperature on volumetric gas content (VGC) and CH₄ ebullition using a laboratory peat core incubation experiment. Peat cores were incubated at three temperatures (one core at 4 °C, three cores at 11 °C, and one core at 20 °C) in sealed PVC cylinders, instrumented to measure VGC, pore‐water CH₄ concentrations, and ebullition (volume and CH₄ concentrations). Ebullition events primarily occurred (71% of the time) during periods of falling atmospheric pressure. The duration of the drop in atmospheric pressure had a larger control on ebullition volume than the magnitude of the drop. VGC in the 20 °C core increased from the onset of the experiment and reached a fluctuating but time‐averaged constant level between experiment day 30 and 115. The change in VGC was low for the 11 °C cores for the initial period of the experiment but showed large increases when the growth chamber temperature increased to 20 °C due to a malfunction. The core maintained at 4 °C showed only a small increase in entrapped gas content throughout the experiment. The 20 °C core showed the largest increase in VGC. The increases in VGC occurred despite pore‐water concentrations of CH₄ being below the equilibrium solubility level. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Great Ice Age cycles associated with the variation of the atmospheric heat engine efficiency

Investigating all the Great Ice Age events throughout the Earth's history, each was found to follow a strong mountain-making process. Therefore, a hypothesis was put forward with its causality chain as: strong mountain-making process→great disparity in topography on the Earth surface→introducing efficient atmospheric circulation system (plateau monsoon)→increase in global atmospheric heat engine efficiency→generating more atmospheric kinetic energy→enhancing the planetary westerly (under the condition that the huge relief is longitudinal on the whole )→widening the temperature difference between the equator and the polar regions (restrained by the thermal wind law)→sharp cooling in high latitudes and the polars (supposing the solar radiation was approximately constant)→forming a Great Ice Age event.     

Seawater temperature changes associated with the North Brazil current dynamics

This study used hydrographic data (CTD and ADCP) collected along the north Brazilian continental shelf and the adjacent oceanic area (the north Brazilian zone) and 13 years of monthly data of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite microwave images. In July and August 2001, the core of the North Brazil Current (NBC) with a velocity exceeding 1.2 m s^?1 in the upper 150 m was observed near the break of the north Brazilian continental shelf. The satellite and in situ SSTs from the same time indicate that relatively cold waters (<27.5 °C) extended throughout the NBC region where the vertical distribution of temperature displayed a rise of the 26 °C isotherm to near the surface on transects where the NBC was more intense. These observations indicated that the NBC plays an important role in temperature changes in the water column near and/or over the north Brazilian continental shelf margin even at times when, theoretically, the NBC may be expected to be less intense (April–May) and warm waters dominate the area. The distribution of accumulated temperature change reveals that the NBC may contribute to possible nutrient upwelling of the bottom boundary layer along the continental shelf to surficial areas and offshore following the NBC deflection or merely into the North Atlantic.     

Response of atmospheric circulation to multiscale SST anomaly associated with Kuroshio Extension decadal variability warming in winter

The response of atmospheric circulation to sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) of different scales in extra-tropical oceans has always been a popular issue i...     

东北夏季气温变异的区域差异及其与大气环流和海表温度的关系

利用1951～2000年中国东北地区23个台站资料，对东北夏季气温的时空分布进行了研究，发现其变化除具有整体的一致性外，东北南部和北部的夏季气温在年际和年代际时间尺度都表现出很大不同，其中北部区域的夏季气温在1987～1988年间发生了一次显著的气候突变. 另外，剔除夏季气温全区一致变化的年份后，南北两区夏季气温与大气环流和海表温度的关系表明：突变前，影响北部和南部冷/热夏季的大气环流形势存在显著的不同，关键海域亦有很大差异：影响南部的为中纬度西太平洋和印度洋部分海域，影响北部的主要为ENSO事件；突变后，两区的夏季气温及相应大气环流和关键海区都趋于一致. 在整个分析时段内，北部夏季气温与东亚夏季风存在显著负相关，而南部的关系则不明显.     

Changes in the geomagnetic field and solar wind — causes of changes of climate and atmospheric circulation

Summary The analyses of various types of geomagnetic and atmospheric manifestations have disclosed certain associations. The agreement in the occurrence of the increased spectral densities as regards geomagnetic activity and the variations of atmospheric pressure over the geomagnetic pole proves the relation between their periodicities. The results imply that the changes in the intensity of corpuscular radiation, indicated by geomagnetic activity, affect the pressure patterns over the geomagnetic pole and polar region significantly, so that a pronounced modification of the general circulation may take place, as shown schematically in Figs 14a,b.Dedicated to Prof. RNDr. Emil Buchar, DrSc., Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, on the Occasion of His 75^th Birthday     

Solar cycle changes to planetary wave propagation and their influence on the middle atmosphere circulation

Recent observations suggest that there may be a causal relationship between solar activity and the strength of the winter Northern Hemisphere circulation in the stratosphere. A three-dimensional model of the atmosphere between 10–140 km was developed to assess the influence of solar minimum and solar maximum conditions on the propagation of planetary waves and the subsequent changes to the circulation of the stratosphere. Ultraviolet heating in the middle atmosphere was kept constant in order to emphasise the importance of non-linear dynamical coupling. A realistic thermo-sphere was achieved by relaxing the upper layers to the MSIS-90 empirical temperature model. In the summer hemisphere, strong radiative damping prevents significant dynamical coupling from taking place. Within the dynamically controlled winter hemisphere, small perturbations are reinforced over long periods of time, resulting in systematic changes to the stratospheric circulation. The winter vortex was significantly weakened during solar maximum and western phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation, in accordance with reported 30 mb geopotential height and total ozone measurements.     

气温气压与断层气氡浓度短期变化的相关性分析

以嘉峪关断层气氡为研究对象, 利用气氡和气温、 气压的日值, 通过计算气温气压与气氡浓度的相关系数, 分析了气温和气压对断层气氡浓度短期变化的影响. 结果显示, 气温和气压对气氡浓度的短期影响显著, 其表现为既具有相似性特征, 又存在明显的差别: ① 在对气氡浓度的影响程度上, 气压明显大于气温. ② 气温和气压对气氡浓度的影响均具有明显的滞后效应, 如离取样时间最近的0—8时, 它们对气氡浓度的影响均逐渐减弱, 但气温对气氡浓度的影响于7时达到最低, 8时仍在低位变化; 而气压对气氡浓度的影响则在8时达到最低值. 9时气温和气压的影响都出现快速上升, 之后气压对气氡浓度的影响表现为波动缓慢上升变化, 18—19时达到最高值; 9时之后气温对气氡浓度的影响则表现为波动缓慢下降变化. ③ 不同月份气压和气温对气氡浓度的影响也存在明显的差异. 气压的影响具有很好的规律性, 1—4月为高影响状态, 5月份开始出现快速下降变化, 8月份达到最低值, 9月份略有回返, 10—12月又达到了全年的最高值; 而气温对气氡浓度的影响除3月份和4月份比较高之外, 其它月份都在低值变化, 并且差别不大. ④ 对震例的分析结果表明, 嘉峪关气氡浓度大幅正突跳变化不具备预报地震的能力.      

近60年全球大气环流经向模态的气候变化

本文根据1948～2004年NCEP/NCAR 1000 hPa、500 hPa、100 hPa高度场逐月再分析资料,分析了近60年全球大气环流经向模态的气候变化. 结果表明：近60年来第一模态从低层到高层都表现出高纬与低纬地区之间明显的反向变化关系,且随时间有明显的增强趋势. 第一模态位相发生了相反的改变,低纬地区由负距平演变为正距平,高纬地区由正距平演变为负距平. 1000 hPa和500 hPa高度场上的南半球比北半球变化激烈,而100 hPa高度场上的北半球比南半球变化激烈. 第二模态在1000 hPa高度场上,主要表现为南极涛动（AAO）和北极涛动(AO),且两涛动在年际、年代际尺度上表现出明显的负相关关系;在100 hPa高度场上,主要表现为南北半球高纬度地区之间的反向变化;500 hPa高度场是1000 hPa和100 hPa的一个过渡层次,主要表现出明显的南极涛动(AAO). 第二模态可能是南北半球中高纬环流相互作用的桥梁.     

冬季太阳11年周期活动对大气环流的影响

利用气象场的再分析资料和太阳辐射活动资料,对太阳11年周期活动影响北半球冬季(11月~3月)大气环流的过程进行了统计分析和动力学诊断.根据赤道平流层纬向风准两年振荡(QBO)的东、西风状态对太阳活动效应进行了分类讨论,结果表明：东风态QBO时,太阳活动效应主要集中在赤道平流层中、高层和南半球平流层,强太阳活动时增强的紫外辐射加热了赤道地区的臭氧层,造成平流层低纬明显增温,同时加强了南半球的Brewer-Dobson(B-D)环流,引起南极高纬平流层温度增加;而北半球中高纬的环流主要受行星波的影响,太阳活动影响很小.西风态QBO时,太阳活动效应在北半球更为重要,初冬时强太阳活动除了加热赤道地区臭氧层外,还抑制了北半球的B-D环流,造成赤道平流层温度增加和纬向风梯度在垂直方向的变化,从而改变了对流层两支行星波波导的强度;冬末时在太阳活动调制下,行星波向极波导增强,B-D环流逐渐恢复,造成北半球极地平流层明显增温,同时伴随着赤道区域温度的下降.     

Changes in reference evapotranspiration over China during 1960–2012: Attributions and relationships with atmospheric circulation

This study investigates reference evapotranspiration (ET₀) trends in China from 1960 to 2012 based on the Penman–Monteith equation and gridded meteorological measurements. Under the combined impacts of factors influencing ET₀ (i.e., net radiation [RN], mean temperature [TAVE], vapour pressure deficit [VPD], and wind speed [WND]), both seasonal and annual ET₀ for the whole China and more than half of the grids decreased over the past 53 years. The attribution analyses suggest that for the whole China, the WND is responsible for annual and seasonal ET₀ decreases (excluding summer, where RN is responsible). Across China, the annual cause of WND with the largest spatial extent (43.1% of grids) mainly derives from north of the Changjiang River Basin (CJRB), whereas VPD (RN) as a cause is dispersedly distributed (within and to the south of the CJRB). In summer, RN is dominant in more than half of the grids, but the dominance of VPD and WND accounts for approximately 90% of grids during the remaining seasons. Finally, the correlation coefficients between ET₀ and the Atlantic Oscillation (AO), North AO, Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices with different lead times are calculated. For the whole China, annual and seasonal ET₀ always significantly correlate with these indices (excluding the IOD) but with varied lead times. Additionally, near half of the grids show significant and maximum (i.e., the largest one between ET₀ and a certain index with a lead time of 0–3 seasons) correlation coefficients of ET₀ with PDO in spring and summer, ENSO in autumn, and AO in winter. This study is not only significant for understanding ET₀ changes, but it also provides preliminary and fundamental reference information for ET₀ prediction.