Study of elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil with high organic content

On the basis of elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil, the authors took organic contents into reasonable damage variable evolution equation in order to seek relation between the organic contents and parameters in the equation, and established the elastic-plastic damage model of cement consolidated soil considering organic contents. The results show that the parameters change correspondingly with difference of the organic contents. The higher the organic contents are, the less the valves of the parameters such as elastic modulus （E）, material parameters （K, n） and damage evolution parameter （ε） become, but the larger strain damage threshold value （εd） of the sample is. Meanwhile, the calculation results obtained from established model are compared with the test data in the condition of common indoors test, which is testified with reliability.     

A novel model to assess soil productivity in the dry-hot valleys of China

Accurate evaluation of soil productivity has been a long-standing challenge. Although numerous models for productivity assessment exist, most are cumbersome to use and require substantial parameter inputs. We developed a new empirical soil productivity model based on field investigations of soil erosion, soil physicochemical properties, and crop yields in the dry-hot valleys (DHVs) in China. We found that soil pH, and organic matter and available potassium contents significantly affected crop yields under eroded conditions of the DHVs. Moreover, available potassium content was the key factor affecting soil productivity. We then modified an existing soil productivity model by adding the following parameters: contents of effective water, potassium, organic matter, and clay, soil pH, and root weighting factor. The modified soil productivity model explained 63.5% of the crop yield. We concluded that the new model was simple, realistic, and exhibited strong predictability. In addition to providing an accurate assessment of soil productivity, our model could potentially be applied as a soil module in comprehensive crop models.     

Time-dependent squeezing deformation mechanism of tunnels in layered soft-rock stratum under high geo-stress

Large squeezing deformation of layered soft rock tunnel under high geo-stress has a significant time-dependent deformation behavior. In this paper, we studied the deformation mechanism during the construction period of deep-buried softrock tunnel by means of a combination of field observations and a numerical method. First, a new classification criterion for large deformations based on the power exponent variation law between the deformation and the strength-stress ratio is proposed. Then, the initial damage tensor reflecting the bedding plane(joint) distribution and an equivalent damage evolution equation derived from the viscoplastic strain are introduced based on the geometric research method, i.e., a new rheological damage model(RDL model) of layered soft rock is established consisting of elastic, viscous, viscoelastic, viscoplastic and plastic elements. A field test was conducted on the Maoxian tunnel in Sichuan province, southwestern China, which is in broken phyllite(layered soft rock) under high geo-stress. The tunnel has experienced large deformation due to serious squeezing pressure, thus we adopted double primary support method to overcome the supporting structure failure problems. The rheological parameters of phyllite in the Maoxian tunnel were recognized by using SA-PSO optimization, and the RDL model does a good job in describing the time-dependent deformation behavior of a layered soft-rock tunnel under high geo-stress. Thus, the RDL model was used to investigate the supporting effect and bearing mechanism of the double primary support method. Compared with the single primary support method, the surrounding rock pressure, secondary lining force, surrounding rock deformation, and the depth of the damage to the rock mass was reduced by 40%-60% after the double primary support method was used.     

基于损伤分区与统一强度理论的岩石本构模型

自然界中岩石内部均存在一定程度的损伤,损伤的持续演化过程对岩体的稳定性极为不利。为了研究岩石的损伤演化过程,将岩石分为未损伤部分、闭合裂隙部分与张开裂隙部分,采用统一强度理论与统计损伤理论分析岩石微元强度的分布,通过分析变形协调条件下各部分的应力-应变特征得到岩石的损伤本构模型与损伤演化模型,与巴东组紫红色泥岩三轴压缩试验结果对比验证后将模型应用于某反倾层状岩质边坡的破坏深度分析。分析结果表明:提出的损伤本构模型可以较好地模拟巴东组紫红色泥岩的三轴压缩应力-应变特性,提出的损伤演化模型可以较好地分析巴东组紫红色泥岩的损伤演化过程,且模型参数具有明确的物理意义;此外,根据基于损伤演化模型的反倾层状岩质边坡破坏深度修正模型计算得到的结果偏保守,用于岩土工程设计偏安全。      

Experimental research on variation of porosity in destruction process of cement stabilized soil

Based on the process of reinforcing soft soil using cement in laboratory, the porosity of test samples under different pressures conditions were determined through mercury intrusion porosimetry. The experiment was introduced and the law of porosity variation was summarized. The results show that when stress is between 0 and 0.15--0.2 qu, porosity decreases along with the pressure, then porosity has increased in the wake of the pressure until the sample damaged. It can provide an experimental basis for exploring the failure mechanism of cement stabilized soil from the microscopic view and the study to establish the microcosmic constitutive model of cement stabilized soil.     

High-Speed Ring Shear Tests to Study the Motion and Acceleration Processes of the Yingong Landslide

In this paper, the motion and acceleration process, as well as the mechanism of a high speed and long run landslide are investigated by adopting high speed ring shear test and taking the landslide occurred at Yigong River in Bomi, Tibet on April 9, 2000 as the background. According to the motion characteristics of high-speed and long distance motion landside, the mechanism is studied under different conditions such as shear speed, consolidated drained and consolidated undrained status. Results show that high speed shearing process hinders and delays the dissipation of pore pressure, and drives pore water migrating to shear zone slowly. Both of water content and fine particle content at shear zone are obviously higher than those in other layers; and soil liquefaction occurs at shear zone in the saturated consolidated undrained ring shear tests. The effective internal friction angle of the consolidated undrained soil is much lower than that of the consolidated drained soil under ring shearing. The results also indicate that the shearing speed affecting the strength of soil to some extent. The higher the ring shearing speed is, the lower the strength of soil is. This investigation provides a preliminary interpretation of the mechanism of the motion and acceleration process of the Yigong landslide, occurred in Tibet in 2000.     

Soil organic carbon pool along different altitudinal level in the Sygera Mountains,Tibetan Plateau

Labile organic carbon (LOC) is one of the most important indicators of soil organic matter quality and dynamics elevation and plays important function in the Tibetan Plateau climate. However, it is unknown what the sources and causes of LOC contamination are. In this study, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and LOC were analyzed based on different soil horizons and elevations using turnover time in an experimental site (3700 m to 4300 m area) in Sygera. SOC and LOC in higher-elevation vegetation types were higher than that of in lower-elevation vegetation types. Our results presented that the soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN) were positively correlated with SOC. The content of easily oxidized carbon (EOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and light fraction organic carbon (LFOC) decreased with depth increasing and the content were the lowest in the 60 cm to 100 cm depth. The total SOC, ROC and POC contents decreased with increasing soil horizons. The SOC, TN, MBC and MBN contents increased with increasing altitude in the Sygera Mountains. The MBC and MBN contents were different with the changes of SOC (p<0.05), meanwhile, both LFOC and POC were related to total SOC (p<0.05). The physical and chemical properties of soil, including temperature, humidity, and altitude, were involved in the regulation of SOC, TN, MBC, MBN and LFOC contents in the Sygera Mountains, Tibetan Plateau.     

考虑水致劣化效应的库岸滑坡非饱和渗流应力耦合分析

水对岩土体的力学参数存在明显的劣化效应。开展了不同含水率条件下滑坡堆积体三轴力学试验, 建立了饱和度和力学参数之间的经验方程; 对建立的经验方程进行了二次开发, 通过饱和度和力学参数的耦合, 实现了库水位实时变动过程中考虑岩土体力学参数变化对滑坡稳定性的影响, 克服了库水位变动过程中岩土体物理力学参数不能随库水入渗变化的局限性。通过云南省兰坪县大华滑坡在库水位变动环境下的模拟结果和现场监测数据的比对, 验证了考虑岩土体力学参数水致劣化效应的合理性, 并对大华滑坡考虑水致劣化效应的变形演化规律进行了工程应用。      

Spudcan Penetration Simulation Using the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Method with Thermo-Mechanical Coupled Analysis

A novel modeling technique based on the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian(CEL) method is provided to solve the geotechnical problems with large deformations. The technique is intended to solve the update problem of soil mechanical properties during spudcan penetration in normally consolidated clay soil. In the CEL model, the normal method of assigning an increasing shear strength profile with depth(NA) is defective due to its Eulerian framework. In this paper, a new technique is proposed to update soil material properties by introducing thermo-mechanical coupled analysis(TMCA) to the CEL models. During establishment of the CEL models, the optimal penetration velocity and minimum mesh size are determined through parametric studies. Reasonability and accuracy are then verified through comparison of the preliminary results with the soil flow configuration and penetration resistance(Fv) of a centrifuge test, and the results of the proposed method are compared with those of the remeshing and interpolation technique with small strain(RITSS) method. To achieve a CEL model with satisfactory accuracy, the NA and TMCA methods implemented in the CEL models and the RITSS method are first adopted in weightless soil. Comparison of the findings with those obtained in previous studies shows that the TMCA method can update material properties and predict Fv. The TMCA method is then applied to soils with self-weight and different shear strength profiles. Results show that the proposed method is capable of accurately modeling the large deformation problem of spudcan penetration in non-homogeneous clay.     

Degradation induces changes in the soil C:N:P stoichiometry of alpine steppe on the Tibetan Plateau

Due to the Tibetan Plateau's unique high altitude and low temperature climate conditions,the region's alpine steppe ecosystem is highly fragile and is suffering from severe degradation under the stress of increasing population,overgrazing,and climate change.The soil stoichiometry,a crucial part of ecological stoichiometry,provides a fundamental approach for understanding ecosystem processes by examining the relative proportions and balance of the three elements.Understanding the impact of degradation on the soil stoichiometry is vital for conservation and management in the alpine steppe on the Tibetan Plateau.This study aims to examine the response of soil stoichiometry to degradation and explore the underlying biotic and abiotic mechanisms in the alpine steppe.We conducted a field survey in a sequent degraded alpine steppe with seven levels inNorthern Tibet.The plant species,aboveground biomass,and physical and chemical soil properties such as the moisture content,temperature,pH,compactness,total carbon(C),total nitrogen(N),and total phosphorus(P)were measured and recorded.The results showed that the contents of soil C/N,C/P,and N/P consistently decreased along intensifying degradation gradients.Using regression analysis and a structural equation model(SEM),we found that the C/N,C/P,and N/P ratios were positively affected by the soil compactness,soil moisture content and species richness of graminoids but negatively affected by soil pH and the proportion of aboveground biomass of forbs.The soil temperature had a negative effect on the C/N ratio but showed positive effect on the C/P and N/P ratios.The current study shows that degradation-induced changes in abiotic and biotic conditions such as soil warming and drying,which accelerated the soil organic carbon mineralization,as well as the increase in the proportion of forbs,whichwere difficult to decompose and input less organic carbon into soil,resulted in the decreases in soil C/N,C/P,and N/P contents to a great extent.Our results provide a sound basis for sustainable conservation and management of the alpine steppe.     

Practical method and application study for predicting cyclic accumulative deformations of the saturated soft clay

The distribution of saturated soft clay is greatly wide in China. The current main measures adopted to deal with soft soil foundations may lead to environmental pollution, even some engineering accidents may happen on soft soil foundations. In order to solve engineering problems of saturated soft soil foundations well, researches of mechanical properties of them are necessary. One of the most important mechanical characteristics of saturated soft clay is its cyclic accumulative deformation under cyclic loadings. For saturated soft clay, the cyclic accumulative deformation is similar to the creep behavior under static loadings. Therefore, the cyclic accumulative deformation is equivalent to the creep, the number of loading cycles is seen as the time, and this study develops a practical method for predicting the cyclic accumulative deformation of saturated soft clay with the creep theory. The method is a pseudostatic elasto-plastic finite element method implemented by ABAQUS software. A fitted equation between cyclic accumulative strain and number of loading cycles and the empirical relationship of parameters of fitted equation were established with a series of cyclic triaxial compression tests. Then with this empirical relationship of parameters, the method developed by this study was employed to predict the cyclic accumulative deformation under cyclic triaxial tension tests. Predicted results were in good agreement with test results, and the effectiveness of this method was thus validated for different stress states. The method was then applied in analyzing the cyclic accumulative deformation for soft soil foundation of a pile-supported wharf structure.     

Stability analysis of an unsaturated soil slope considering rainfall infiltration based on the Green-Ampt model

Based on the principle of saturated infiltration and the Green-Ampt model, an unsaturated infiltration model for a soil slope surface was established for either constant moisture content, or depth-varying moisture content and the slope. Infiltration parameters in the partially saturated slope were revealed under sustained rainfall. Through analysis of the variation of initial moisture content in the slope, the ponding time, infiltration depth, and infiltration rate were deduced for an unsaturated soil slope subject to rainfall infiltration. There is no ponded water on the surface of the slope under sustained low-intensity rainfall. The results show that the infiltration parameters of an unsaturated slope are influenced by the initial moisture content and the wetting front saturation, the soil cohesion and rainfall intensity under sustained rainfall. More short-term slope failures can occur with the decrease of cohesion of the soil of the slope. The ponding time and infiltration depth differ considering constant or different initial moisture content respectively in the soil slope. Then, best-fit curves of the infiltration rate, ponding time, and infiltration depth to the wetting front saturation were obtained with constant or different initial moisture contents. And the slope failure time is roughly uniform when subject to a rainfall intensity I5 mm/h.     

Factors acquisition and content estimation of farmland soil organic carbon based upon Internet of Things

Aiming at the shortage of sufficient continuous parameters for using models to estimate farmland soil organic carbon (SOC) content, an acquisition method of factors influencing farmland SOC and an estimation method of farmland SOC content with Internet of Things (IOT) are proposed in this paper. The IOT sensing device and transmission network were established in a wheat demonstration base in Yanzhou Distict of Jining City, Shandong Province, China to acquire data in real time. Using real-time data and statistics data, the dynamic changes of SOC content between October 2012 and June 2015 was simulated in the experimental area with SOC dynamic simulation model. In order to verify the estimation results, potassium dichromate external heating method was applied for measuring the SOC content. The results show that: 1) The estimated value matches the measured value in the lab very well. So the method is feasible in this paper. 2) There is a clear dynamic variation in the SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth in different growing periods of wheat. The content reached the highest level during the sowing period, and is lowest in the flowering period. 3) The SOC content at 0.2 m soil depth varies in accordance with the amount of returned straw. The larger the amount of returned straw is, the higher the SOC content.     

Soil nutrients in relation to vertical roots distribution in the riparian zone of Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Since the impoundment of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), the riparian zone has been subjected to numerous environmental changes. This study was conducted to recognize the distribution of grass roots and its impacts on soil nutrients in the water level fluctuation zone of TGR. Roots of four predominant herbaceous plants in the study area, specifically, Cynodon dactylon, Hemarthria altissima, Hemarthria compressa, and Paspalum paspaloides, and their corresponding relation with soil nutrient contents were investigated. Root surface area density was determined with WinRHIZO, and the relationships of root distribution with soil depths and soil nutrient contents were studied. The results indicates that most roots are distributed in the top soil layer of 0–10 cm. Estimated root surface area density for the selected grass species ranges from 0.16 to 13.44 cm2/cm3, and decreases exponentially with an increase in soil depth. Soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents are significantly lower on bare control area than the corresponding values on the grasslands. Total nutrient contents on grasslands of C. dactylon and H. compressa are higher than those of other grass areas. Root length density and root surface area density are significantly correlated with soil organic matter and total nitrogen content for the four grasslands. The present results suggests that plant roots have significant effects on the distribution of soil nutrients in soil profiles in the riparian zone along the TGR. Nevertheless, additional investigations are needed to reveal the specific interactions between plant roots distribution, soil nutrients and water level fluctuations.     

Effects of land management practices on labile organic carbon fractions in rice cultivation

A research trial with four land management practices, i.e., traditional tillage-fallow (TTF), traditional tillage-wheat (TTW), conservation tillage-fallow (CTF) and conservation tillage-wheat (CTW), was sampled in the 15th year after its establishment to assess the effects of different management practices on labile organic carbon fractions (LOCFs), such as easily oxidizable organic carbon (EOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), particulate organic carbon (POC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) in a typical paddy soil, Chongqing, Southwest China. The results indicated that LOCFs were significantly influenced by the combination of no-tillage, ridge culture and crop rotation. And, different combination patterns showed different effectiveness on soil LOCFs. The effects of no-tillage, ridge culture and wheat cultivation on EOC, DOC, POC and MBC mainly happened at 0–10cm. At this depth, soil under CTW had higher EOC, DOC, POC and MBC contents, compared to TTF, TTW and CTF, respectively. Moreover, the contents of LOCFs for different practices generally decreased when the soil depth increased. Our findings suggest that the paddy soil in Southwest China could be managed to concentrate greater quantities of EOC, DOC, POC and MBC. Foundation item: Under the auspices of Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40231016)     

潍坊北部地区土壤盐分光谱特征分析

为提高海水入侵地区土壤盐分的监测效率,以潍坊北部地区作为研究区,利用高光谱测量技术野外实地测量,获得高光谱数据,并对该区域土壤盐分高光谱数据进行分析,获得土样盐分含量相关数据,与光谱数据结合分析。通过分析各类离子与全盐量之间的相关关系,分析潍北地区土壤盐分的离子构成与离子的相关来源。对高光谱原始测量数据进行包络线去除、变换,选取特征波段、一阶二阶微分变换等提高模型精度,建立高光谱数据与土壤盐分数据之间的逐步回归模型,并对模型进行精度检验,对比各类模型检验结果,分析各类离子对高光谱数据的响应效果。其中,光谱数据一阶微分变换后的逐步回归模型对土壤中K+Na+估算精度较高,R2=0.894且均方根误差最小,精度较高,可为该地区的高光谱土壤盐分监测提供有力的数据分析结果。     

印度尼西亚方程的改进及其在大庆长垣低孔渗储层的应用

针对大庆长垣F油层储层具有孔隙度小、渗透率低、泥质含量高、微孔隙发育、束缚水饱和度高等特点,通过理论和实验分析长垣F油层低孔、低渗储层的主要导电因素,得出泥质附加导电和束缚水导电是该区F油层的低孔、低渗泥质砂岩储层的重要导电因素.考虑束缚水和可动水导电路径不同,基于三水导电模型的推导原理,建立混合水等效电导率方程;依据该区矿化度较低和含泥高的储层特征,对适用于淡水高泥储层的印度尼西亚方程进行改进,用混合水等效电导率代替原方程中的地层水电导率,建立长垣地区F油层低孔低渗泥质砂岩含水饱和度模型.利用岩心分析数据和常规测井资料,采用多元回归法确定长垣F油层饱和度模型中的泥质体积分数、孔隙度、束缚水饱和度.利用岩电实验数据,采用最优化方法确定长垣F油层饱和度模型中的饱和度指数、胶结指数等参数.经密闭取心井含水饱和度对比和试油结果验证,建立的含水饱和度模型可用于F油层的低孔低渗泥质砂岩储层定量评价.     

SORPTION AND DESORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF CADMIUM BY FOUR DIFFERENT SOILS IN NORTHEAST CHINA

1IN TR O D U C TIO NA s a persistentand toxic pollutant, cadm ium (C d) canresultin m any adverse health effects in a variety oftis-suesand organssuch asthe lung,kidney,urinary,blad-der,pancreas,breast and prostate (SA TA R U G etal.,2003).C adm ium in so…     

Key variables explaining soil organic carbon content variations in croplands and non-croplands in Chinese provinces

Soil organic carbon (SOC) plays an important role in global carbon cycles.Large spatial variations in SOC contents result in uncertain estimates of the SOC pool and its changes.In the present study,the key variables explaining the SOC contents of croplands (CPs) and non-croplands (NCPs) in Chinese provinces were investigated.Data on SOC and other soil properties (obtained from the Second National Soil Survey conducted in the late 1970s to the early 1990s),climate parameters,as well as the proportion of the CP to the total land area (Pcp) were used.SOC content variations within a province were larger than those among provinces.Soil clay and total phosphorus content,ratio of annual precipitation to mean temperature,as well as Pcp were able to explain 75% of the SOC content variations in whole soil samples.Soil pH,mean temperature during the growing season from May to October,and mean annual wind velocity were able to explain 63% of the SOC content variations in NCP soils.Compared with NCP soils,CP soils had lower SOC contents,with smaller variations within and among provinces and lower C/N ratios.Stepwise regression showed that the soil clay content was a unique factor significantly correlated with the SOC content of CP soils.However,this factor only explained 24% of the variations.This result suggested that variables related to human activities had greater effects on SOC content variations in CP soils than soil properties and climate parameters.Based on SOC contents directly averaged from soil samples and estimated by regression equations,the total SOC pool in the topsoil (0-20 cm) of China was estimated at 60.02 Pg and 57.6 Pg.Thousands of years of intensive cultivation in China resulted in CP topsoil SOC loss of 4.34-4.98 Pg.