复杂应力状态下土质高边坡稳定性分析

结合现有的实际滑坡场地,开展了关中盆地黄土塬边的高边坡稳定性研究。基于弹塑性理论和非关联流动法则,根据双剪统一强度理论,建立了双剪统一弹塑性本构模型的显式有限差分格式。针对陕西省泾阳县南塬高边坡滑坡的现场勘测和室内试验,分析了滑坡的规模和滑坡前后的地形特征。在此基础上,还原了滑坡前的边坡地形概状,建立三维计算模型并运用三维拉格朗日有限差分方法分析了中间主应力对高边坡稳定性的影响;然后考虑中间主应力的影响对不同地下水埋深和渗流时边坡的稳定性进行分析。结果表明,考虑中间主应力情况下,随着地下水位升高,坡顶水平向位移增大;当不考虑渗流时,坡顶水平位移增大到一定值后边坡达到稳定状态,而考虑渗流时坡顶水平位移持续增大,并且容易发生突然的破坏失稳。期望对泾阳南塬滑坡群的破坏机制研究提供一定参考。     

含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤机制研究

对消落带劣化岩体及水库诱发地震共同影响下三峡库区某典型危岩边坡的稳定性进行了研究,设计并开展了几何相似比为1:100的振动台模型试验,探讨了含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏演化全过程及其动力响应规律。研究表明：含消落带劣化岩体的危岩边坡动力累积损伤—失稳破坏全过程可归结为坡体内部损伤累积—裂隙发育—次级节理与深大裂隙贯通—失稳倾倒,同时伴随消落带岩体表层松动—掉落—破坏及内部出现渗流网—形成渗流通道—形成“凹腔”的复合破坏模式;随着地震动的持续,危岩体内部动力响应规律具有典型的“趋高”及“趋表”效应,危岩边坡表面累积位移不断增加,消落带处孔隙水压力整体增加,危岩边坡内部水平向及竖直向土压力在全阶段中整体均呈先增大后减小的规律;危岩边坡自振频率及阻尼比在全阶段整体呈减小和增加的趋势;在小震结束前阶段及强震阶段,危岩边坡损伤度曲线分别呈“S”型分布和指数型分布。     

Dynamic response characteristics of a rock slope with discontinuous joints under the combined action of earthquakes and rapid water drawdown

In order to study the dynamic response characteristics of a rock slope with discontinuities under the combined action of earthquakes and rapid water drawdown, a large-scale shaking table test was performed on a rock slope with discontinuous joints. Wenchuan earthquake (WE) seismic records were performed to investigate the horizontal and vertical acceleration response and displacement response. In particular, three-dimensional optical measurement techniques was used to obtain the slope surface displacements. A comparison was made on the seismic response according to the analysis of PGD (peak ground displacement) and M _PGA (acceleration amplification coefficient) of the modeled slope. The results show that the experimental slope mainly underwent settlement and horizontal deformation when the WE records were applied in the z and x directions, respectively. The slope was first shaken by the P wave, which caused the differential settlement to occur at the surface slope; then, the slope was shaken more severely by the S wave, which led to a greater horizontal deformation. Moreover, analysis of the ΔPGD (increment of PGD) and ΔM _PGA (increment of M _PGA) under rapid drawdown suggests that the rapid water drawdown mainly impacts the deformation of the surface slope, particularly between the high and low water levels. The water infiltration through the cracks softened the material of the surface slope, and the rapid drawdown also enhanced the slope deformation. In addition, the damage evolution process of the slope can be identified, mainly including three stages: an elastic stage (<?0.168 g), a plastic stage (0.168–0.336 g), and a failure stage (>?0.336 g).     

Levee failure mechanisms during the extreme rainfall event: a case study in Southern Taiwan

Extreme weather has recently caused many disasters worldwide. In August 8, 2009, Southern Taiwan suffered from serious floods during Typhoon Morakot. In this extreme rainfall event, the Chiuliao first levee in the Laonong River basin experienced catastrophic failure. Therefore, this study focuses on the levee failure mechanisms based on variations in levee water levels. Specifically, this study investigates four mechanisms based on limit state equilibrium. The first mechanism involves the slope stability under hydrostatic conditions at various water levels. The results of this analysis show that the levee cannot fail under this mechanism. The second mechanism involves the levee slope stability with steady-state seepage. Because the water levels are different on the protected and flood sides, the water recedes much faster on the flood side than the protected side. Based on this analysis, the levee slope might fail when the water level at the protected side is close to the top of levee and the water level at the flood side starts to recede. The third and fourth mechanisms involve the levee foundation failure in terms of sliding and overturning failure. The results of this study indicate that the levee foundation is more prone to sliding failure than overturning failure. Based on these results, this study shows that the levee failed when the water level at the protected side neared the top of levee while the water level at flood side started to recede. At this moment, the levee may fail because of both the slope failure with seepage and sliding failure of the levee foundation.     

充气截排水渗流与变形耦合数值模拟

为了探究坡体充气时土体渗流与变形之间的变化规律,利用有限元软件建立厚12m、长100m的二维边坡模型,进行渗流-变形的非完全耦合数值模拟,得到对坡体采取充气截排水方法降低地下水位时坡体内充气非饱和区的形成过程,以及坡体表面土体竖向位移的变化过程。结果表明:一个完整稳定的非饱和区形成过程可分为充气初始阶段、非饱和区扩大水位抬升阶段、不稳定两相流阶段和非饱和区稳定阶段,充气压力过大或过小都无法形成稳定完整的非饱和区;当充气压力为100kPa时,坡体表面土体的竖向位移均随时间呈现先增大后减小的规律,与土体中非饱和区的发展具有一定的协同性;不同充气压力下,偏向充气点上游的坡体表面土体竖向位移随充气压力的增大而增大,偏向充气点下游的坡体表面土体竖向位移的变化具有不确定性。     

河流冲刷对堤岸渗流和变形的影响研究

通过理论分析和有限元技术,建立了综合考虑河流冲刷力、渗透力、自重应力耦合力系下的堤岸（水上、水下）与河床的整体分析模型,直接分析河流冲刷作用对堤岸渗流和变形的影响,并结合强度折减有限元法分析河流冲刷对堤岸边坡整体稳定性的影响。结果表明,渗透流速的最大值出现在堤脚,冲刷作用使堤岸的渗透流速有所提高,并使堤岸坡脚沿外江方向的水平位移明显增加,愈靠近坡脚,外江方向水平位移增加的幅度愈大,在不同水位下堤脚都是最易受到渗流和冲刷影响的地方;河流冲刷进一步加大了堤岸和河床塑性区范围,堤岸的安全系数降低;河流冲刷对堤岸渗流和变形产生的影响随着河水位的上升而加剧,河水位越高,冲刷作用使堤岸稳定性降低的幅度越大。     

Applicability Research on the Dip Slope with Interbeddings of Weak and Strong Rocks Using Strength Reduction Method

Based on the combination of FLAC^3D software and strength reduction method, the applicability of three kinds of instability criterion of the stability of dip slopes with interbeddings of weak and hard rocks is studied. Then the failure process, failure mode and stability of the slopes are analyzed. The results show that: (1) the maximum unbalance rate affects the final calculated results; there is no certain relation between the convergence of calculation and the slope stability. The convergence of the displacement curves of key points and the ultimate displacement values should also be concerned to determine the slope stability. The maximum unbalance rate and the amplitude of the reduction affect the determination of the characteristic point in the displacement curve. It is difficult to quantitatively evaluate the shear strain rate when judging the slope stability, the judgment is not convenient and the error is large. Combining with calculation convergence criterion and feature point displacement mutation criterion is helpful to improve the accuracy of judgment on the limit state of the slope. (2) Slope deformation and failure process can be roughly divided into four stages qualitatively; the rock mass has buckling failure can be divided into three stages according to the deformation characteristics. The potential shear export of slope with buckling failure locates above the slope toe. Different combinations of weak and strong rock thickness does not affect the failure mode of slope, which all bellows to buckling failure mode, but it will affect the slope stability coefficient; with the increase of the thickness of strong rock and weak rock, the stability coefficient increases. If the thickness of the strong rock increases, the stability coefficient increases as well when the thickness ratio is constant.     

考虑吸湿膨胀及软化的膨胀土边坡稳定性分析

膨胀土是一种具有显著的吸水膨胀和失水收缩特性的特殊黏性土,暴露于大气中的膨胀土边坡处于连续的干湿循环过程中,在降雨条件下极不稳定.基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论,对降雨条件下膨胀土边坡的非饱和渗流过程和吸湿过程进行了数值模拟.编写了相应的FORTRAN语言程序,考虑了渗流过程中基质吸力变化、渗流软化和吸湿膨胀的影响,分析了强...     

尾矿渗透破坏及其导波监测试验研究

采用自主设计的尾矿渗透破坏仪,模拟上游水位不断升高,水力梯度持续增加的情况下尾矿发生渗透破坏的全过程。总结了尾矿渗透破坏现象和演化过程,分析了尾矿中的孔隙水压力和弯曲导波参数随时间的变化规律,研究了尾矿渗透破坏过程中弯曲导波信号b值和分形维数的演化规律。根据孔隙水压力和弯曲导波特征参数的变化特征,提出尾矿渗透破坏等级的评价标准。结果表明：（1）在尾矿渗透破坏过程中,孔隙水压力随着水力梯度的增加而增加,但当水力梯度增加到一定程度时,孔隙水压力会出现突降现象。（2）尾矿渗透破坏是一个循序渐进的过程,在这一过程中的弯曲导波参数表现为基本无信号、微弱信号、强信号和剧烈信号,分别对应尾矿正常运行阶段、发展阶段、破坏前期和最终渗透破坏阶段。（3）导波的b值和分形维数在尾矿最终渗透破坏前一直处于低水平状态,在临近渗透破坏时剧烈震荡。（4）通过对弯曲导波参数分析,提出了尾矿渗透破坏程度的量化指标,将尾矿渗透破坏分为4个预警级别,并用蓝、黄、橙、红4种警报颜色对应相应级别的预警。     

水位波动下非饱和心墙土坝体的渗流和稳定性

基于Richards方程,对坝体的饱和-非饱和渗流场进行了模拟,再根据饱和-非饱和渗流场和非饱和土抗剪强度公式,对坝体的稳定性进行了分析。结果表明,水位骤降过程中坝体的安全系数通常呈现先缓慢增加后迅速减小的变化过程,分析坝体失稳时塑性区和位移场发现,水位下降的初期,坝体左侧坡体的安全系数要低于坝体右侧坡体,但水位下降到一定程度,右侧坡体的安全系数迅速减小,并先于左侧坡体失稳;采用有限元强度折减法用于多坡面边坡稳定分析时,只能获得最小安全系数的包络线;心墙具有隔水防渗的作用,对水位变化渗流具有阻尼作用。     

渐进坍塌型崩岸的力学机制及模拟

针对渐进坍塌型崩岸,从土力学和河流动力学两方面理论出发,建立了岸坡稳定的力学模式,结合室内概化模拟试验和数值计算,分析了岸坡稳定或破坏的力学机制,揭示了缓坡出现崩岸的原因。结果表明,岸坡坡脚未受水流冲失时,若坡内渗流出逸坡降小于渗透破坏的临界坡降,岸坡处于稳定状态,当坡脚被水流冲失后,渗流渗径缩短,水土结合处坡面出逸坡降增大,大于临界坡降时则出现渗透破坏,引起局部小幅度土体崩塌,其后部土体失去支撑而陆续产生失稳破坏,随着时间的延长,土体崩塌现象逐步向后发展,最终导致岸坡整体崩塌破坏。     

不同渗流边界条件下粉砂边坡失稳模型试验研究

研究不同渗流边界条件下粉砂边坡的稳定特性对滑坡安全评价及防灾减灾具有重要意义。开发研制了室内边坡模型试验系统,分别进行了在上部边界入渗、侧向边界入渗和底部边界入渗的边坡失稳模型试验。分析了各试验中边坡内部不同位置体积含水率、孔隙水压力和基质吸力的变化规律以及坡体破坏过程。结果表明,不同入渗边界条件下边坡土体局部由非饱和变为饱和状态,基质吸力消失,最后在坡面形成不稳定区域塌落破坏。上部边界入渗、侧向边界入渗和底部边界入渗所引起的破坏模式根据其特点可分为局部浅层破坏、多级后退式破坏和坡面滑动破坏。通过监测边坡不同位置的体积含水率,可以为渗流引发的边坡失稳预警机制提供参考依据。     

Multiscale modelling of the seepage-induced failure of a soft rock slope

In the present study, a multiscale model was developed to investigate the failure process of a soft rock slope due to the change in rock microstructure (e.g. micro-fissure and pore development) over time. Through developing a coupled fissure and pore seepage particle discrete element model (DEM), the effects of the development of micro-fissures and pores on the stability of a soft rock slope were modelled by establishing the relationship between macroscopic mechanical properties of the soft rock and the microstructure characteristics of the rock. To validate the model, the three-dimensional geological model of a soft rock slope of a highway was developed to investigate the stability of the slope. While the DEM of pores and particles was developed based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the rock samples of the slope, a granular DEM of coupled fissure–pore seepage was introduced to model the development of seepage channels based on time-dependent change in pores and micro-fractures. It shows that the numerical predictions fit the field monitoring data reasonably well. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the developed multiscale model has the capability of predicting the different stages of seepage-induced failure of the soft rock slopes.

     

Physical modelling and numerical analysis of slope instability subjected to reservoir impoundment of the Three Gorges

Increasing attention is being given to investigations of failure mechanisms of unstable slopes influenced by water fluctuation during impoundment, such as in the case of reservoir landslides surrounding the Three Gorges, China. In this paper, two typical soil slopes with thin and thick rear edges are considered in a systematic investigation of the large-scale landslides triggered by reservoir impoundment. Physical model test, centrifugal modelling and numerical analysis are presented; these show the deformation evolution process and are aimed at obtaining the physical and mechanical laws that govern deformation and failure of such typical slopes during increasing water levels in a reservoir. The results indicate that deformation of the soil slopes triggered by impoundment can be divided into three stages: the rapid deformation stage, the slow development stage and the convergence creep stage. Moreover, deformation increases rapidly in the initial water level increase, and deformation growth slows with continued increase in water levels. Although the failure modes of the two typical slopes were not identical, the deformation in both started when soil softening occurred, suggesting that the initial phase of water level rise is likely the most dangerous phase with respect to soil slope stability. The results are likely to provide a foundation for further disaster mechanism studies, as well as disaster prevention and reinforcement design of reservoir soil slopes.     

不同降雨模式下膨胀岩边坡模型试验研究

采用原状膨胀岩进行室内边坡模型试验,研究膨胀岩边坡在连续降雨和湿-干循环模式下的变形和水分入渗特性,揭示两种模式下膨胀岩边坡的变形破坏模式。试验发现,连续降雨模式下初期数次降雨对膨胀岩边坡变形影响最大,有明显的水平方向位移,后期变形很小且趋向稳定。湿-干循环模式下边坡膨胀变形及深部岩体含水率降雨完成后一段时间才达到峰值,随循环次数及降雨量增大,边坡变形速率及变形量都明显增大,岩体裂隙不断发育,水分入渗深度增大,但限于表面一定深度,对深部岩体影响较小。试验结果对工程应用有一定的指导意义：连续降雨模式初期膨胀较大,须加强和完善初期的排水措施,做好边坡的支挡防护措施;湿-干循环模式下,随循环次数增加,做好坡面的防护措施,以起到保湿防渗作用;两种降雨模式均说明纯膨胀性泥岩边坡不发生典型的圆弧滑动等破坏模式,而工程边坡的滑动多发生在软弱夹层上,因此,要做好该类边坡的软弱夹层特性勘察,对于不含软弱夹层的纯泥岩边坡要重点监测其浅层变形特性。     

Centrifugal model test on a riverine landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir induced by rainfall and water level fluctuation

Frequent soil landslide events are recorded in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China, making it necessary to investigate the failure mode of such riverside landslides. Geotechnical centrifugal test is considered to be the most realistic laboratory model, which can reconstruct the required geo-stress. In this study, the Liangshuijing landslide in the Three Gorgers Reservoir area is selected for a scaled centrifugal model experiment, and a water pump system is employed to retain the rainfall condition. Using the techniques of digital photography and pore water pressure transducers, water level fluctuation is controlled, and multi-physical data are thus obtained, including the pore water pressure, earth pressure, surface displacement and deep displacement. The analysis results indicate that: Three stages were set in the test (waterflooding stage, rainfall stage and drainage stage). Seven transverse cracks with wide of 1–5 mm appeared during the model test, of which 3 cracks at the toe landslide were caused by reservoir water fluctuation, and the cracks at the middle and rear part were caused by rainfall. During rainfall process, the maximum displacement of landslide model reaches 3 cm. And the maximum deformation of the model exceeds 12 cm at the drainage stage. The failure process of the slope model can be divided into four stages: microcracks appearance and propagation stage, thrust-type failure stage, retrogressive failure stage, and holistic failure stage. When the thrust-type zone caused by rainfall was connected or even overlapped with the retrogressive failure zone caused by the drainage, the landslide would start, which displayed a typical composite failure pattern. The failure mode and deformation mechanism under the coupling actions of water level fluctuation and rainfall are revealed in the model test, which could appropriately guide for the analysis and evaluation of riverside landslides.     

The Contribution of Groundwater Discharge to Nutrient Exports from a Coastal Catchment: Post-Flood Seepage Increases Estuarine N/P Ratios

Four months of daily nutrient and radon (a natural groundwater tracer) observations at the outlet of a heavily drained coastal wetland illustrated how episodic floods and diffuse groundwater seepage influence the biogeochemistry of a sub-tropical estuary (Richmond River, New South Wales, Australia). Our observations downstream of the Tuckean Swamp (an acid sulphate soil floodplain) covered a dry stage, a flood triggered by a 213-mm rain event and a post-flood stage when surface water chemistry was dominated by groundwater discharge. Significant correlations were found between radon and ammonium and N/P ratios and between radon and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) during the post-flood stage. While the flood lasted for 14?% of the time of the surface water time series, it accounted for 18?% of NH₄, 32?% of NO _x , 66?% of DON, 58?% of PO₄ and 55?% of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) catchment exports. Over the 4-month study period, groundwater fluxes of 35.0, 3.6, 36.3, 0.5 and 0.7?mmol?m^?2?day^?1 for NH₄, NO _x , DON, PO₄ and DOP, respectively, were estimated. The groundwater contribution to the total surface water catchment exports was nearly 100?% for ammonium, and <20?% for the other nutrients. Post-flood groundwater seepage shifted the system from a DON to a dissolved inorganic N-dominated system and doubled N/P ratios in surface waters. We hypothesise that the Richmond River Estuary N/P ratios may reflect a widespread trend of tidal rivers and estuaries becoming more groundwater-dominated and phosphorus-limited as coastal wetlands are drained for agriculture, grazing and development.     

地下水位上升下黄土斜坡稳定性分析

黄土高原一些地区,由于塬上引水灌溉使得地下水位不断抬升,造成黄土滑坡频繁发生。地下水位变化严重影响着黄土斜坡的稳定性。基于饱和-非饱和渗流理论和延伸的摩尔-库伦破坏准则,结合室内饱和和非饱和试验结果,针对泾阳南塬一典型黄土斜坡,考虑地下水位上升情况下,对其进行了瞬态饱和-非饱和渗流分析;然后将计算得到的瞬态孔隙水压力分布用于斜坡的极限平衡分析。结果表明:地下水位上升对暂态渗流场和斜坡稳定性有明显影响;考虑非饱和渗流和吸力强度的边坡稳定分析方法更加符合实际情况。     

表面渗流对生态边坡中客土稳定性影响研究

讨论表面渗流对生态边坡中客土稳定性的影响,设计并进行了同一种客土的无渗流和表面渗流情况下的稳定性试验。表面渗流情况下客土的破坏模式与无渗流情况下相同,即一条沿平面网上表面的平行于原边坡坡面的直线滑动面。利用表面渗流情况下的客土稳定性试验结果,验证了杨俊杰等提出的客土稳定设计图表的适用性。试验结果和理论分析均表明,渗流使客土的稳定性显著降低。     

Physical model tests to determine the mechanism of submarine landslides under the effect of sea waves

Submarine landslides are a common type of disaster which threaten property and the safety of human life. To effectively prevent and control such disasters, we conduct a series of large-scale physical model tests to determine the mechanism of submarine landslides. First, a large-scale physical model test system is designed and developed, including flume test frame, wave-making system, wave-absorbing system, and data monitoring system. In the tests, we investigate the effect of different sea waves by changing the parameters of the wave-making system and the influence of the slope inclination by constructing different models. Data regarding the wave pressure acting on the slope surface, seepage pressure, and displacement are monitored during the test procedure. The test results show that the seepage pressure in the faults varies cyclically with the sea waves and is lower at internal points than at outcrops. If the wave loading time is sufficiently long, the seepage pressure and displacement deformation in the fault zone will gradually increase. In other words, failures in fault zones precede submarine landslides. The weak fault zone provides the preferred sliding surface, and the sea waves supply the external dynamic energy for submarine landslides. The conclusions provide guidelines for similar engineering and research.