亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨 I.正规模及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量分析

造成大气环流异常的原因可以有两个方面, 一是大气内部的物理过程, 另一方面则可能由大气外强迫引起。在线性框架内, 该文的第 Ｉ 部分利用正规模 （ｎｏｒｍ ａｌ ｍｏｄｅ） 以及有限时间不稳定奇异矢量 （ｓｉｎｇｕｌａｒ ｖｅｃｔｏｒｓ） 理论, 对亚洲夏季风（ Ａ Ｓ Ｍ） 活动激发北半球夏季遥相关型的大气内部物理机制进行了探讨。结果表明, 亚洲季风区的扰动最有效地激发了它下游地区不稳定模态的发展, 从而导致了从亚洲到北美洲一带的大气环流异常。关于从大气外强迫角度对这一问题的探讨, 将在本文的第 Ｉ Ｉ部分发表。     

外强迫引起的夏季大气环流异常及其机制探讨

本文主要探讨了夏季模式大气对热带海温和高纬极冰异常的外强迫响应机制,结果表明,在大气环流模式长时间积分以后,不同的外强迫源均可在全球大气的一些关键性区域激发产生相同的环流异常型,即夏季大气主要异常型对外强迫源地理位置不敏感,很大程度上依赖于大气内部动力学过程.根据以上特点本文提出外强迫引起大气异常存在两类机制,其中外强迫和大气内部动力学过程相互作用机制是产生大气异常的重要动力学途径.     

亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨 II.最优强迫模及其响应

利用最近发展的完备正规强迫模的动力学方法,对亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的外部物理机制进行了探讨。结果表明,北半球夏季亚洲季风区是外强迫最敏感区域之一,最优强迫模与亚洲季风区季内时间尺度对流活动的结构特征相似,而且北半球大气对最优强迫模的响应与滞后于强季风候的环流异常型结构一致,由此可以认为,亚洲夏季风活动造成的热状况变化也是导致北半球大气遥相关的重要物理原因。     

亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制探讨Ⅱ.最优强迫模及其响应

利用最近发展的完备正规强迫模的动力学方法,对亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的外部物理机制进行了探讨.结果表明,北半球夏季亚洲季风区是外强迫最敏感区域之一,最优强迫模与亚洲季风区季内时间尺度对流活动的结构特征相似,而且北半球大气对最优强迫模的响应与滞后于强季风候的环流异常型结构一致,由此可以认为,亚洲夏季风活动造成的热状况变化也是导致北半球大气遥相关的重要物理原因.     

关于大气“记忆”的大气环流模式模拟研究

通过２种大气环流模式（ＧＣＭ）的数值模拟,研究了大气对于赤道东太平洋海温（ＳＳＴ）异常外强迫的“记忆”问题。结果表明,大气对外强迫的“记忆”比传统意义的“记忆”要长得多,这是因为外强迫通过影响大气内部动力过程而激发产生了低频振荡（即大气低频遥响应）,使得外强迫的影响可持续相当长的时间,大气对外强迫的“记忆”也就变得相当长。     

印度洋海温异常对亚洲季风区天气气候影响的数值模拟研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所ＩＡＰ９Ｌ大气环流模式，模拟研究了印度洋ＳＳＴＡ对亚洲季风区大气环流和天气气候异常的影响。结果表明，印度洋赤道低纬地区的暖（冷）ＳＳＴＡ，可以在北半球中高纬度地区激发产生与ＰＮＡ和ＥＡＰ类似的冬季型或夏季遥相关型波列，对亚洲季风区中低纬度地区的环流异常或天气气候异常有重要作用。当印度洋暖（冷）ＳＳＴＡ强迫时，亚洲夏季风建立较正常偏晚（偏早），撤退较早（较晚），季风季节长     

大西洋海温异常对东亚夏季大气环流影响的数值试验

近年来人们对东亚夏季大气环流年际异常及其机制已经进行了不少研究,一般认为外强迫作用尤其是热带太平洋海温异常是大气异常产生的重要原因之一,相对而言,大西洋海温异常作用及其对东亚夏季大气环流和季风环流的影响没有得到足够的重视,Rowntree(1976)和Gamb等(1987)先后研究了大西洋海温异常对冬季北半球大气的影响,表明通过激发欧亚型(EU)波列完全可以引起冬季亚洲大气环流异常。本文目的主要是研究大西洋海温增暖对夏季东亚大气环流特别是季风环流的影响及其可能的机制。     

各种物理强迫激发的平均经圈环流特征及其对数值天气预报模式系统误差的贡献

本文证明7种强迫作用激发经圈环流的线性叠加性，分项考察了各种物理强迫激发经圈环流的特征，通过考察一个数值模式的模式大气和实际大气各种物理强迫激发经圈环流的差异，分析了模式系统误差的成因，这种建立在动力背景之上的模式误差分析方法，其物理意义明确，具有较为普遍的适用性。     

亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的物理机制控制：Ⅱ.最优强迫模 …

利用最近发展的完备正规强迫模的动力学方法,对亚洲夏季风活动激发北半球大气遥相关的外部物理机制进行了探讨。结果表明,北半球夏季亚洲季风区是哟最敏感区对最优强迫模蝗响应与滞后于强季风候的环异常型结构一致,     

南海夏季风持续异常的特征及其对全球环流的影响II.数值试验

利用T42L9全球大气环流谱模式进行数值试验 ,以揭示南海夏季风强度异常的特征及其影响。控制试验结果表明 ,该模式不仅能够很好地模拟出气候平均的西风带槽脊和高低空气流分布以及它们的季节性变化 ,而且对于与亚洲季风有关的各个主要系统 ,如南亚高压、副高进退及越赤道气流等都有较强的模拟能力。在亚洲季风区及热带太平洋这一大范围区域的大气内部热源异常强迫下 ,模式显示出了南海夏季风持续异常的特征、北半球热带外环流的响应以及亚洲季风区降水异常分布。南海夏季风长时间强度异常所引起的大气内部热源异常 ,一方面通过三维垂直环流的异常联结着南海夏季风对北半球热带内外环流的影响 ,另一方面它又通过持续异常期的波列传播 ,即能量的传播 ,不仅影响我国长江流域降水 ,还会逐渐影响到北半球中高纬环流结构。这样西风带环流形势将会发生相应的变化和调整 ,南海夏季风持续异常影响到了北半球大气环流和天气气候的变化。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。