Engineering geological studies and tunnel support design at Sulakyurt dam site, Turkey

This paper presents the results of engineering geological investigations and tunnel support design studies, carried out at the Sulakyurt dam site, northeast of Ankara, Turkey. The Sulakyurt dam will be used for flow control and water storage for irrigation projects. Studies were carried out both in the field and the laboratory. Field studies include engineering geological mapping, intensive discontinuity surveying, core drilling and sampling for laboratory testing. The diversion tunnel will be driven in rock mass, consisting of granite and diorite. Empirical, analytical and numerical methods were combined for safe tunnel design. Rock mass rating (RMR), Rock mass quality (Q) and Geological strength index (GSI) systems were used for empirical rock mass quality determination, site characterization and support design. The convergence–confinement method was used as analytical method and software called Phase², a 2D finite element program, was utilized as numerical method. According to the results acquired from the empirical, analytical and numerical methods, tunnel stability problems were expected in both granite and diorite rock masses. The support system, suggested by empirical methods, was applied and the performance of suggested support system was evaluated by means of numerical modelling. It was concluded that the suggested support systems were adequate, since after applying the suggested support system to granite and diorite, tunnel deformation and the yielded elements around the tunnel decreased significantly. Thus, it is suggested that for more reliable support design empirical, numerical and analytical methods should be combined.     

Comparison of geoelectrical imaging and tunnel documentation at the Hallandsås Tunnel, Sweden

For construction in rock a thorough pre-investigation is important in order to avoid unforeseen conditions which may delay the work. It is crucial to remember the results from this investigation in the further work, and use the experience from the construction to update the geological prognosis and reduce the uncertainties. Different geophysical methods have proved valuable tools in such investigations. In this work the electrical imaging is evaluated with regards to the method's applicability. The evaluation is done qualitatively by comparing the electrical imaging with tunnel documentation from a tunnel in Southern Sweden. By evaluating the result continuously when making the tunnel a more detailed geological prognosis can be compiled and used in the continued work with the tunnel. The parameters used for the comparison are lithology, Q, RQD, weathering and water leakage. The result was that virtually every change in electrical resistivity image coincides with a change in rock conditions. The general trend was that high resistivity corresponded with good quality gneiss whereas low resistivity corresponds to poor quality rock e.g., high weathering, low RQD, low Q and/or several lithological contacts. The intermediate resistivity is often amphibolites or rock with water bearing fractures. The results were supported by in-situ resistivity measurements inside the tunnel and resistivity logging in a core drilling. Geoelectrical imaging proved to give valuable information for a detailed geological model, which could be compiled for a section where the tunnel had not yet been drilled as a help for planning of the continued tunnel work. As is the case other geophysical methods it is clear that for the interpretation of data a priori information about the geological setting is necessary.     

Engineering geological studies of the diversion tunnel, focusing on stabilization analysis and support design, Iran

In this paper a detailed engineering geological assessment of rock masses and support design studies at Garmi Chay dam site, has been carried out. This project is located in the northwest of Iran and will be used for flow control and water storage. The diversion tunnel of the dam has a diameter of 5.5 m and a length of 420 m and will be driven in slightly to highly weathered micaschist and trachy andesite rock units. The geological studies include field and laboratory investigations that based on the results; for more exact investigation, tunnel alignment was divided into three geotechnical zones. These zones consist mainly of highly weathered gray micaschists, dark red trachy andesites and slightly weathered gray micaschists, respectively. Then, for every zone, support capacity of rock masses was evaluated by means of empirical and numerical methods. The rock mass classification systems (RMR, Q, GSI, RSR, SRC and RMi), the convergence–confinement method and a 2D finite element computer software, Phase² were used for empirical and numerical method, respectively. According to the results acquired from these methods some stability problems were expected in the tunnel especially in highly weathered micaschist zone, so that in practice two big collapses occurred. Because of high weathering, low constants of rock masses and their soil-like behavior, the stability analysis by analytical method does not give illogical results in lightly weathered micaschist zone. The support system, suggested by empirical method, was applied and its performance was evaluated by means of numerical modeling. After installation the support suggested by Phase² program, the thickness of plastic zone and deformations around the tunnel decreased significantly. Consequently the agreement of these methods with each other was resulted and using combination of them was recommended for more reliable support design.     

Three-Dimensional Back-Analysis of an Instrumented Shallow Tunnel Excavated by a Conventional Method

The excavation of a shallow tunnel induces deformations of the soil volume in the vicinity and above the tunnel and consequently on the nearby buildings. The range of these deformations depends among other on the geological conditions, the geometry of the tunnel, and the excavation method. In this context, this research focuses on the 3D numerical modeling of a shallow tunnel instrumented during its construction, located on the Toulouse (France) subway line B for which the excavation has been carried out in a conventional manner in an over consolidated molassic geological context. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the tunnel behavior in terms of vertical and horizontal movements of the surrounding soil and the deformations of the existing buildings. The explicit finite differences numerical code FLAC^3D is used to model the various implementation phases of the work where the fluid–soil interaction is taken into account through an undrained coupled analysis. The results of this 3D model are compared to those of the in situ measurements in order to validate the geotechnical characteristics of the molasses. The latter are a useful basis for the back-analysis of the different monitoring sections implemented in areas where the tunnel excavation is made by TBM with pressurized front.     

Application of seepage flow models to a drainage project in fractured rock

Summary Various theoretical approaches are used to model groundwater flow in fractured rock. This paper presents the application of several approaches to the restoration of the drainage of Rofla tunnel, Grisons, Switzerland. In this tunnel it became necessary to take measures against the washing out of calcium carbonates from the tunnel lining cement, because the calcium carbonate clogged up the existing drainage tubes leading to increased rock water pressures on the inside arch of the tunnel. Drainage boreholes were drilled on a section of the tunnel and their influence on the water pressures was monitored. On the basis of the geological survey different seepage flow models were established to reproduce the measured water pressures. The models were then used to predict the future water pressures acting on the tunnel lining after restoration. Thus, the efficacy of the different drainage proposals could be predicted and therefore optimised. Finally, the accuracy of the predictions is discussed and illustrated using the measurements in the test section.     

贵阳市政 BJ-1 隧道施工地质超前预报及监控量测技术

BJ-1隧道为一浅埋、偏压的市政隧道,泥、页岩风化严重,岩体破碎,岩溶及地下水发育,地下管线和地表建筑物密集,施工安全风险极大。为确保隧道施工安全、保障地表建筑物及居民安全,隧道的施工地质超前预报和监控量测工作非常重要。在分析隧道可能存在的主要工程地质问题的基础上,结合地质预报重点及难点,以地质法为基础、以地质雷达和HSP声波反射法为主要物探手段,对隧道进行了综合地质预报。根据施工安全控制需要,制定BJ-1隧道施工监测实施大纲,重点实施隧道净空收敛、拱顶下沉、地表沉降和爆破振动等监测工作,建立隧道工程监测预警制度。对超前地质预报及隧道监测成果进行综合分析,为本隧道工程的安全施工决策提供了可靠依据,有效地避免了隧道施工过程中危险事件的发生。本研究方法对同类城市隧道工程设计、施工具有重要参考价值。     

基于改进型TSP观测装置的地震波场数值模拟

随着隧道技术的快速发展,工程上对地质超前预报的可行性和准确性也提出了更高的要求。首先分析了现有以及改进后的定向探测系统的优缺点;然后利用一阶速度—应力弹性波动方程和高阶交错网格法,导出用于改进后的TSP地震波场数值模拟的差分计算方程,并构建倾斜软弱夹层和空洞地质模型,对上述模型进行正演模拟,获得相应的波场快照和单炮记录,进而对地震波场进行分析。结果表明:改进后的TSP观测装置易于实现;有限差分法可有效地模拟改进后的TSP地震波场,其模拟结果清晰可靠地揭示了隧道地质中地震波的传播规律。     

隧道围岩稳定性正算反演分析研究——以厦门海底隧道穿越风化深槽施工安全监控为例介绍

为了降低海底隧道施工风险,确保隧道施工顺利穿越海底几处风化深槽和风化囊区域,解决难以获得隧道围岩力学参数的技术难题,采用位移反分析方法建立了动态反演预测模型;作为比较,还简单介绍了弹塑性反演的一种全局优化方法。根据隧道典型断面实际监控量测的围岩拱顶沉降量和周边收敛位移量,结合先行服务隧道揭露的水文地质情况,进行优化反演分析,得到该类围岩初期支护后的等效弹性模量和等效侧压力系数。在相应的同类地质条件下,对后续将开挖的左、右主洞围岩采用边界元法进行正演数值计算,使之能为主洞施工方案比选以及支护设计参数调整与修正提供定量依据,做到信息化动态设计与施工。工程实例分析表明,利用正算反演分析法得出的围岩等效力学参数是可靠的,可据此对类似地质条件下主隧道围岩进行正演计算分析,预测主洞围岩的变形破坏模式,判断其围岩稳定性。位移反分析法是隧道施工变形理论预测分析与工程实际相联系的有效平台,为工程设计施工技术决策提供了一种切实有效的途径。     

Schotcrete as permanent lining for the Furka base tunnel

Summary The lining concept of the 15.4 km long one-track Furka railway tunnel is described with particular emphasis on shotcrete application as a permanent support Altogether 70000 m³ dry aggregate/ cement mix and 115000 rock bolts have been applied. The tunnel was lined at a rate of approx. 400 tunnel metres per month using up to five shotcrete machines simultaneously. Systematic quality control throughout the construction work indicated an average uniaxial compressive strength of shotcrete of 40 N/mm². The support requirements were grouped into 16 different classes and an additional special class accounting for extreme geological conditions in some relatively short stretches.     

采用矿山法构筑区间盾构隧道渡线段的方案探讨

针对北京地区地质条件,提出了在区间盾构隧道之间采用矿山法构筑渡线隧道的方案,即先在最大开挖断面处拆除管片,沿横向扩挖出一条施工通道;然后在施工横通道侧壁开口,从大断面向小断面进行渡线隧道的断面渐变段、双联拱段和分离单洞的施工,从而在两条区间盾构隧道之间采用矿山法完成渡线隧道的施工;最后,应用FLAC数值计算软件,探讨了管片拆除及隧道断面扩挖引起的地表沉降和塑性区分布范围。研究结果表明,针对北京地区的地质条件,提出的在区间盾构隧道之间采用矿山法构筑渡线隧道的方案具有工程适用性。     

TEM虚拟波场三维连续速度分析及其在隧道超前预报中的应用

针对当前隧道超前地质预报工作中不能对于掌子面前方的水患进行有效预报的情况,笔者提出一种基于浮动薄板理论的隧道掌子面前方不良地质体的瞬变电磁波场变换延拓成像的超前预报有效方法,引入比较合适的三维的虚拟速度连续分析方法,解决了偏移成像中对实测资料的速度提取问题。给出了瞬变电磁方法在隧道中适用的工作方法。对理论模型和应用实例都进行了分析计算,得到的结果与实际情况相符合,表明该速度分析方法是切实有效的。     

Hydrogeology of a fractured shale (Opalinus Clay): Implications for deep geological disposal of radioactive wastes

As part of the Swiss programme for high-level radioactive-waste disposal, a Jurassic shale (Opalinus Clay) is being investigated as a potential host rock. Observations in clay pits and the results of a German research programme focusing on hazardous waste disposal have demonstrated that, at depths of 10–30 m, the permeability of the Opalinus Clay decreases by several orders of magnitude. Hydraulic tests in deeper boreholes (test intervals below 300 m) yielded hydraulic conductivities <10^–12 m/s, even though joints and faults were included in some of the test intervals. These measurements are consistent with hydrogeological data from Opalinus Clay sections in ten tunnels in the Folded Jura of northern Switzerland. Despite extensive faulting, only a few indications of minor water inflow were encountered in more than 6,600 m of tunnel. All inflows were in tunnel sections where the overburden is less than 200 m. The hydraulic data are consistent with clay pore-water hydrochemical and isotopic data. The extensive hydrogeological data base – part of which derives from particularly unfavourable geological environments – provides arguments that advective transport through faults and joints is not a critical issue for the suitability of Opalinus Clay as a host rock for deep geological waste disposal. Electronic Publication     

高速公路隧道岩溶区地质结构电磁法精细探测研究

在岩溶区修建隧道时,需要获知隧道洞线附近的地质结构,特别是要了解是否有岩溶和破碎带的发育,这些不良地质结构体对于隧道安全施工有着重要的影响。在勘查深埋长隧道不良地质体的研究中,可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）是比较有效的一种方法。本文结合频率-电阻率测深曲线,将之与钻孔标本的电阻率相比较,检验原始数据的可靠性和真实性。然后对CSAMT数据进行了反演及地质解释和验证。研究结果表明,CSAMT法在岩溶区进行隧道围岩地质结构探测具有很好的效果,对于隧道施工有着一定的指导意义。     

斜向注浆管棚在侧压力隧道施工中的应用

洞冲里隧道进口处于Ⅴ级围岩地段,该地段地质裂隙发育、地下水丰富,隧道设计在山体的一侧;由于设计未曾考虑偏压的影响,在隧道施工过程中出现隧道边、仰坡面开裂、滑动现象,洞内已经浇注完毕的二衬混凝土出现了开裂、错台;现场监控量测的数据出现拐点,通过研究分析确定为侧压力所致。根据现场的情况经过多个方案的分析、评价、对比后采用了地表斜向注浆长管棚施工方法解决了侧压力问题,取得了很好的效果。     

双护盾TBM施工隧洞综合超前地质预报方法研究

由于受护盾、管片及电磁干扰的影响,地质素描、炸药激振地震法、电磁法等超前地质预报方法在双护盾TBM施工中无法使用。根据双护盾TBM技术特点,以CCS水电站引水隧洞为工程背景,提出了以地质分析法、物探法、和超前钻探等为主的综合超前地质预报方法。综合超前地质预报采用"由粗到细、点面结合"的原则。地质分析法包括隧洞沿线地质分析、施工地质观察、岩渣及掘进参数分析等,不占用TBM掘进时间,成本低,可全洞段采用。物探法包括ISIS地震法和BEAM电法。物探法和超前钻探占用TBM掘进时间,且预报成本较高。因此,应根据预报精度、预报成本及是否占用掘进时间综合权衡后,确定采用何种预报方法。基于综合超前地质预报结果,针对不良地质条件,提出了相应的处理措施。研究结果表明,综合超前地质方法符合双护盾TBM施工特点,能有效识别掌子面前方的不良地质条件,同时可为工程应对措施提供基础支撑,从而有效避免或降低不良地质条件的影响。     

传统瞬变电磁法的改进及其在隧道超前地质预报中的应用

为保证施工人员和设备的安全,在隧道开挖过程中需要掌握掌子面前方含水不良地质体的发育情况。较为常用的探测含水不良地质体的物探方法为传统瞬变电磁法。由于以往没有重视探测装置与地质体间的耦合关系,传统瞬变电磁法沿单一测线进行数据采集的方式只能从单一角度发射磁场从而获得单一角度的探测结果,因此一直存在预报不准、漏报等问题。为了克服上述问题,提高预报的准确性,文章对传统瞬变电磁法进行了改进。基于探测装置与地质体间的良-强耦合关系,提出了一种能从水平和竖直方向进行多角度探测的共轴偶极法,通过转动探测装置从多个角度发射磁场,使单一角度无法探测的地质体也能与磁场达到良-强耦合效果,从而降低预报不准、漏报的可能性。共轴偶极法具有多个角度的探测结果,多个结果相互印证,具有比传统方法更高的准确性。在九绵高速公路天池隧道里程为YK223+135—YK223+035段内进行传统方法和共轴偶极法预报,开挖验证表明共轴偶极法对含水节理裂隙和岩溶裂隙等含水不良地质体的预报准确性比传统方法高,可为类似隧道超前地质预报工作提供一定参考。     

The Bolmen Tunnel — tunnelling through the Staverhult Fault Zone

The construction of the 80-km long Bolmen Tunnel has necessitated the incorporation of engineering geology as an important part of the project.Site investigations were intensified where extensive faulting in the rock was expected. The aim of the investigations was to find the most economically favourable tunnel line through the zones of faulting. Earlier investigations were supplemented, in conjunction with the start of work on the northern part of the Bolmen Tunnel, by additional geophysical measurements, especially around the Staverhult Zone. As a result of the measurement values obtained, 2 km of the tunnel line was relocated 75 m to the east of the original line. The predicted geologic model that was prepared on the basis of the geophysical investigations indicated major faulting in the rock over a distance of about 300 m. The relocation of the tunnel line reduced the distance along the tunnel affected by the faulting to 140 m.A well-planned method of tunnelling was prepared to achieve a high rate of production and safe working conditions.The method was used in driving through the zones of faulting and, at the same time, the predicted geologic model was checked in step with the work.The geological conditions encountered agreed well with the model that had been predicted.Tunnelling through the zone of faulting was completed without mishap, and the method used should hold a large potential in many practical applications.     

探地雷达在公路隧道超前地质预报中的应用

 探地雷达作为公路隧道超前地质预报的手段之一,对预报掌子面前方岩体的微细结构能起到很重要的作用,同时可以作为隧道勘察结果的进 一步认识和补充。以新扎沟隧道为例,利用SIR 20探地雷达并结合工程地质方法,对节理破碎带和地下水成功地做出了预测。对这几种不良地质体 雷达反射波的频谱特征做了简要研究,为以后探地雷达探测数据的解译积累了经验。     

Excavation Problem in Mixed Ground Conditions at the Kabatas–Mecidiyekoy Metro (Istanbul) Tunnels

Mechanized tunnelling is a well-established tunnel construction method which allows constructing tunnels in various conditions including mixed ground conditions as well as tunnels in vulnerable urban areas. The selection of the excavator suitable for the geological structure is important in terms of realizing an efficient tunnel excavation. Tunnel excavation studies of Istanbul Kabatas–Mecidiyeköy Metro tunnels are implemented as a double tube. Geology in this section is composed of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone interbedded or as separate units along with dyke intrusions. Calcareous clay, clayey limestone, clayey sand are also rarely observed. Between the Kabatas–Mecidiyekoy tunnels includes two types of mechanical excavation methods namely tunnel boring machine (TBM) and new Austrian tunnelling method (NATM). Main purpose of this study is mixed ground and their impacts on mechanized tunnelling. At the end, some issues have been presented which seems to be important for the success of TBM and NATM in the mixed grounds. As the tunnel excavation studies continued, the problem of collapse on the ground surface of Barbaros Boulevard in Besiktas station increased the importance of tunnel excavation under mixed ground conditions.     

地下工程环境岩土工程问题研究与认识

优势面分析作为环境岩土工程与地质灾害研究的理论和方法,可为地下工程稳定性评价、设计和施工提供基础依据。将该理论运用于三峡、黑山峡、大柳树等重大水利工程,铁路国梁山隧道、高速公路老山隧道等重要交通干线工程,苏南核电站和蓄能电站、南京市地铁等工程中。通过对工程的选址定位、安全评价、设计施工等工作中的认识和体会,就研究目标（三个稳定性和突水分析）、问题关键（找优势面、优势层）、支护设计方法（四类）、支护和防水设计的人地谐调原理（针对性、地质工程原理、顺应自然）等多方面问题作以分析和研讨。