湿地植物内生细菌多样性研究进展

湿地植物内生细菌作为一种新型微生物资源,在维持湿地生态系统平衡中发挥重要作用。内生细菌系统分布于湿地植物的不同组织部位,具有丰富的物种多样性及污染物降解、非豆科固氮、促进植物生长和生物防治等功能。在湿地生态系统中,内生细菌在宿主植物体内受植物组织保护而免于外界恶劣环境干扰,更易发挥生物功能。综述了湿地植物内生细菌的概念、物种、分布和功能多样性,探讨了内生细菌在研究中存在的问题,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

黄河三角洲生态系统多功能性与不同维度植物多样性的关系研究

生物多样性是生态系统多功能性的重要驱动因素,生态系统生物多样性与多功能性之间的关系是近年来生态学研究的热点。以往研究主要集中在预测物种丰富度如何影响生态系统多功能性,而不同维度生物多样性对生态系统多功能性的影响机制仍然不清楚。研究黄河三角洲不同维度生物多样性、环境因素和生态系统多功能性及其之间的关系,结果表明,黄河三角洲生态系统多功能性同时受环境因素和生物多样性因素的影响,但是,生物多样性在维持生态系统多功能性上的相对贡献明显高于环境因素;植物群落的物种丰富度、物种均匀度、谱系多样性和功能离散指数分别与生态系统多功能性显著正相关,而谱系亲缘关系指数和植物性状群落权重平均值对生态系统多功能性并无显著影响,这说明与分类多样性和谱系多样性相比,植物群落功能多样性的增加能够更有效地提升生态系统多功能性;丰富的植物功能多样性是维持黄河三角洲高水平生态系统多功能性的关键,黄河三角洲生态系统多功能性的维持主要受互补效应的驱动。     

退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被对封育的响应机理

从植物种和植物功能类群两个水平系统探讨退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被对短期封育管理响应机理的研究尚不多。以内蒙古东部的科尔沁沙地退化沙质草地为研究对象,采取随机样方法对禁牧6 a的封育区及与其相邻的自由放牧草地的土壤种子库和地上植物群落的物种密度进行了比较研究,草本植物群落被区分为一年生禾本科植物、非禾本科一年生植物和多年生植物3个主要功能类群。利用测定数据,分析研究了短期禁牧封育对土壤种子库和地上群落不同植物种和各植物功能类群的生态恢复作用机理。主要研究结果是：①短期封育显著促进了退化沙质草地植被的生态恢复,但发现土壤种子库和地上植被对禁牧的响应模式和机理存在明显差异,短期禁牧使土壤种子库中所有3个植物功能类群的密度均得到显著提高,而仅提高了地上植被一年生禾本科植物和多年生植物两个类群的密度;相反,禁牧显著提高了地上植被所有3个功能类群的物种丰富度和多样性,仅提高了土壤种子库中多年生植物类群的物种多样性。②短期禁牧显著增加了地上植物群落组成中可食和优良牧草的比例,提高了草地的经济利用价值。主要结论是：短期禁牧封育是一种经济有效的提高退化沙质草地植被多样性、生产力及对植物群落物种组成和草地品质进行优化调控和改良的重要草地管理手段。研究建议,今后应重点开展不同禁牧时间下对退化沙质草地土壤种子库和地上植被多样性、生产力及其物种组成变化影响的长期生态学控制实验研究。     

气候变化对植物多样性的影响研究综述

植物多样性是生态系统结构和功能的基础,气候变化已对其产生了深刻的影响,甚至于严重威胁.植物多样性的减少或丧失必然会影响生态系统结构和功能的稳定性,导致严重的生态、经济和社会后果.植物多样性对气候变化的响应受控于气温和水分的动态平衡.本文系统总结了气候变暖和降水格局变化对植物多样性的影响,分析了气候变化对不同生态系统、群...     

我国湿地植物多样性研究进展

湿地植物多样性是生物多样性研究的重要内容,对于维持湿地生态功能、生态系统稳定有重要作用。简要概述了不同湿地类型的湿地植物多样性研究,以此为基础重点总结了湿地植物多样性与土壤肥力、水文水质、人为干扰之间的关系,并探讨了湿地植物多样性研究的方法和层次。我国湿地植物多样性的研究开展较晚,为提高研究的整体水平还需要与现实案例的结合和高新科技的支持。     

湿地生态系统土壤微生物研究进展

微生物是湿地生态系统不可缺少的成员,对湿地生态系统中物质转化、能量流动起着重要作用.综述了国内外湿地土壤微生物研究的现状,总结了湿地土壤微生物研究主要的几个方面,包括土壤微生物的群落结构研究、代谢活性研究和生态学功能的研究.对天然湿地土壤微生物群落、功能以及多样性研究提出了展望.     

湿地生态系统中主要功能微生物研究进展

阐述了湿地生态系统中主要功能微生物的多样性特点,以及主要功能微生物群落结构多样性在地域、环境、湿地类型中的差异;概括了主要功能微生物在湿地中污染物的降解、温室气体释放等方面的作用;概述了氨氧化微生物、产甲烷古菌和甲烷氧化细菌、反硝化细菌和真菌以及硫酸盐还原菌与硫氧化细菌等主要功能微生物的相关研究进展;总结了植被和养分元素对湿地生态系统中微生物影响的研究成果。针对各种外在因素影响湿地微生物的详细机制尚不明确,湿地生态系统中植被与微生物多样性的关系存在争议,以及湿地微生物在净化污水、温室气体排放等方面功能类群及分布特点研究相对匮乏等问题,提出了湿地功能微生物研究的发展方向。     

功能多样性的预测准度受所选择的植物性状数量制约（英文）

植物功能多样性(Functional diversity)是将植物功能性状与群落结构相结合而推导的整合参数,为人们揭示植物适应策略、植物性状间关系以及植物性状与功能间关系等提供了一种可选择的新技术手段。然而,至今人们还不清楚功能多样性参数与所选取性状数量的关系,即它是否存在性状数量的依赖性?这些信息对正确使用功能多样性参数至关重要。本文利用中国东部森林样带9个典型森林生态系统的规范化测定的366个乔木物种和34种功能性状,对7个广泛使用的功能多样性参数的数量依赖性进行了检验,它们分别是功能丰富度参数(functional attribute diversity, FAD; modified FAD, MFAD; convex hull hypervolume, FRic)、功能均匀度参数(functional evenness, FEve)、功能离散度参数(functional divergence, FDiv; functional dispersion, FDis;quadratic entropy, RaoQ)。分析结果表明:功能丰富度参数均随着所选择性状数量增加而增加,但功能离散度的各个参数对性状数量变化表现出不一致趋势。整体而言,虽然FAD、MFAD、FRic、RaoQ随着性状数量变化而变化,但它们是可预测的,可比较的。实验结果证明所选择的性状数量强烈地影响功能多样性参数,大部分参数随着性状数量变化是可预测的,证实了功能性状参数是具有重要潜力的技术手段(特定地点研究和不同研究间的比较),因此在使用过程中需要高度重视性状数量选择的影响。     

昆虫多样性：一个被忽略的全球性重要问题

昆虫不仅是世界上最多的物种,同时也对生态系统功能和全球经济有着十分重要的作用。因此,昆虫多样性的保护对全球来说都有着十分重要的意义。然而,昆虫多样性常被＂生物多样性＂研究者们所忽略, 昆虫多样性与植物、气候变化的关系更是不明确。本文对将来昆虫多样性的研究方向提出了几点建议,基于中国北部两大典型的森林生态系统——东北长白山地区和华北东灵山地区。这两大地区的植被和气候已经有长期并且完整的调查,而对于其中昆虫多样性的了解却不多。因此在这两个地区开展研究认识昆虫多样性格局和进一步分析昆虫和植物的关系具有重要的科学和应用价值。     

我国南方植物生态学研究述评

我国热带亚热带区域生态系统具有很高的潜在脆弱性,在人类干扰和全球变化的双重影响下,我国南方地区面临着严峻的生态环境问题。本文总结和评述了近年来我国南方植物生态学研究的几个重点领域,包括森林群落生物多样性维持、群落演替机制、养分循环和碳循环,山地丘陵退化生态系统的植被恢复,湿地环境修复、生物多样性保护、生物入侵机制和温室气体排放,城市植物的环境修复、热岛效应缓解及碳源汇功能等,并展望了我国南方植物生态学研究的未来方向,提出修复和重建大面积的退化生态系统,促进生物多样性保护,维护人居环境和人类健康,提高生态系统对全球变化的适应性,增强生态安全保障,是今后我国南方植物生态学研究所肩负的历史使命。     

Predictability of Functional Diversity Depends on the Number of Traits

Analysis of functional diversity, based on plant traits and community structure, provides a promising approach for exploration of the adaptive strategies of plants and the relationship between plant traits and ecosystem functioning. However, it is unclear how the number of plant traits included influences functional diversity, and whether or not there are quantitatively dependent traits. This information is fundamental to the correct use of functional diversity metrics. Here, we measured 34 traits of 366 plant species in nine forests from the tropical to boreal zones in China. These traits were used to calculate seven functional diversity metrics: functional richness (functional attribute diversity (FAD), modified FAD (MFAD), convex hull hypervolume (FRic)), functional evenness (FEve), and functional divergence (functional divergence (FDiv), functional dispersion (FDis), quadratic entropy (RaoQ)). Functional richness metrics increased with an increase in trait number, whereas the relationships between the trait divergence indexes (FDiv and FDis) and trait number were inconsistent. Four of the seven functional diversity indexes (FAD, MFAD, FRic, and RaoQ) were comparable with those in previous studies, showing predictable trends with a change in trait number. We verified our hypothesis that the number of traits strongly influences functional diversity. The relationships between these predictable functional diversity metrics and the number of traits facilitated the development of a standard protocol to enhance comparability across different studies. These findings can support integration of functional diversity index data from different studies at the site to the regional scale, and they focus attention on the influence of quantitative selection of traits on functional diversity analysis.     

开垦年限对黑土农田土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

开垦年限对黑土农田土壤微环境产生影响,土壤微生物的功能多样性发生变化。于2019年7月在黑龙江省黑河市黑土区采集不同土层（0~10 cm、10~20 cm、20~30 cm）开垦98 a、50 a和10 a的黑土农田土壤,采用Biolog-Eco微平板法研究开垦年限对黑土农田土壤微生物的活性、功能多样性和微生物对不同碳源的利用情况的影响。结果表明,开垦98 a的农田土壤微生物活性最强。农田土壤微生物群落组成及功能多样性开垦98 a >开垦10 a >开垦50 a。开垦年限和土层深度影响黑土农田土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力。在0~10 cm层中,土壤微生物对碳源的利用程度最高。主成分分析结果表明,黑土农田土壤中的微生物主要利用的是糖类和氨基酸类。     

科尔沁沙地植物多样性对生产力的影响及分布格局

采用种丰富度和以Shannon-Wiener指数为计算方法的功能多样性和组成多样性为指标,探讨了植物多样性对科尔沁沙地草场生产力的影响以及其分布格局特征。结果表明,科尔沁沙地植被不同的物种多样性指数对系统生产力的影响以组成多样性最大,功能多样性次之,植物种丰富度最小。在小尺度上,组成多样性只存在一种格局且具有分形结构,其格局对干扰过程反应不明显;功能多样性有多种格局存在,对多种干扰过程反应敏感。从提高沙地草场生产力和增强系统的稳定性角度出发,草场改良的依据应建立在种的引进和引进种所产生的组成多样性上。     

Palaeolimnological records of shallow lake biodiversity change: exploring the merits of single versus multi-proxy approaches

Shallow lakes are among the most threatened ecosystems in the world and many contemporary studies have demonstrated declines in biodiversity due to anthropogenic forcing. Mostly, however, these studies have not covered the full period of human-induced diversity change in lakes which is typically over decades-centuries. Here we provide two examples of palaeoecological studies focussed on reconstructing biodiversity changes in contrasting shallow lake environments that demonstrate the efficacy of the approach—a shallow UK lake and a suite of floodplain lakes (called billabongs) in the Murray-Darling basin, Australia. In the Murray-Darling billabongs, complex sedimentary processes operate, sediment chronologies are less certain and replication of sites is needed to confirm patterns. The combination of sediment records from 10 billabongs showed that diatom diversity changes pre- and post-European (>1850) disturbance were inconsistent; however, reductions in diversity were more common and appear to reflect reductions in macrophyte abundance. At Felbrigg Lake, a multi-proxy study with strong chronological control demonstrated divergent responses of macrophyte, diatom, cladoceran and chironomid richness and diversity to a century of eutrophication. Eutrophication of the site was qualitatively inferred from changes in the macrophyte community in turn reconstructed from plant macrofossils. Benthic cladocerans showed a consistent decline in richness through the record, reflecting the gradual reduction in their macrophyte associated habitat over the past century. Diatom richness and diversity responses were complex, with increases in diversity and richness linked to both increases and decreases in macrophyte species richness and abundance. Chironomid richness and diversity patterns were less consistently linked to eutrophication. The loss of the dominant zooplanktivore (perch) in the 1970s was reflected in the richness and diversity profiles for all groups. Our study reveals clear potential for using sediment cores to infer biodiversity change in shallow lakes and shallow lake regions. However, given the contrasting patterns of diversity change for the different biological groups both in Felbrigg Lake and between Felbrigg and the billabongs, caution is required when interpreting whole-ecosystem biodiversity changes (or the absence of change) based on single as opposed to multi-proxy studies.     

Intensive field surveys in conservation planning: Priorities for cactus diversity in the Saltenian Calchaquíes Valleys (Argentina)

Cacti are a plant group of special conservation interest because of their economic value and the threats they face. In this paper, we studied cactus diversity in the Saltenian Calchaquíes Valleys, the most diverse region in Argentina. Our goals were: 1) to analyze diversity patterns, 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of the extant reserve network, 3) to select the complementary areas for cactus conservation, and 4) to evaluate the effectiveness of endemic cactus diversity as surrogate for all cactus diversity in this region. In our study, we recorded 41 cactus species, 22 of which were endemic. The most diverse cells of the survey grid were located in the High Monte ecoregion and in transition zones between this ecoregion and the Dry Chaco and Central Andean Puna ecoregions. Spatial congruence between species richness and endemism was high. The extant Saltenian Calchaquíes Valleys reserve network was effective for the cactus conservation because only three cells were necessary to maximize their protection with minimum representation. Endemic species had a good performance as surrogates of all cactus diversity. The present study is the first to define cactus diversity and to establish conservation strategies in this singular region.     

Ant composition and activity patterns as determined by pitfall trapping and other methods in three habitats in the semi-arid Karoo

The diversity and abundance of epigaeic ant species were determined across three habitats (riverine areas, gently sloping grassland areas and steep slope areas) in summer (November–December) and winter (May–June) of 1998 at Tussen die Riviere Nature Reserve in the Karoo, to determine temporal and spatial variations in the availability of potential prey species of the aardvark (Orycteropus afer). Pitfall trapping, dig sampling and quadrat sampling were used to ensure as complete a sampling effort as possible. Forty-five ant species of five sub-families and 17 genera were recorded. The grassland habitat yielded the highest abundance and diversity, followed by the steep slope and riverine areas. Ant abundance and diversity were higher during summer than winter in all three habitats. Anoplolepis custodiens was the most abundant species in summer, whilst Monomorium albopilosum was the most abundant species in winter. Pitfall trapping was responsible for recording more species than dig sampling or quadrat sampling. No method recorded all of the species present.     

Phytomass and plant functional diversity in early restoration of the degraded, semi-arid grasslands in northern China

We analysed vegetation data recorded in the degraded lowland grasslands in Otindag Sandland during the first 4-years of restoration (2001–2004) to investigate: (1) the contribution of individual plant functional type (PFT) to PFT diversity of community and (2) the relationships between primary productivity and biodiversity both at species and PFT levels. Sixteen PFTs were distinguished based on the following traits: (1) life-span (annual vs. perennial); (2) photosynthetic pathway (C₃ vs. C₄); (3) reproductive mode (clonal vs. non-clonal); and (4) growth form (grass vs. forb). Analysis of data indicates that density, coverage, number of species, phytomass, and relative importance of PFTs depended strongly on life-span, photosynthetic pathway, reproductive mode and growth form. Phytomass was significantly correlated with PFT diversity, but not species diversity. However, the relationship between phytomass and PFT diversity varied greatly with year, with a positive relationship in 2001 and 2004 and a negative one in 2002 and 2003. As the restoration proceeds, the perennial C₃ clonal grass became the greatest contributor to PFT diversity.     

Ecological and functional roles of mycorrhizas in semi-arid ecosystems of Southeast Spain

Mycorrhizas are worldwide symbiotic associations established between certain soil fungi and most vascular plants and are fundamental in optimizing plant fitness and soil quality. Mycorrhizal symbioses improve the resilience of plant communities against environment stresses, including nutrient deficiency, drought and soil disturbance. Since these stresses are paramount in the degradation of semi-arid ecosystems in the SE Spain, a series of basic, strategic and applied studies have been made to ascertain how the activity and diversity of mycorrhizal fungi affect plant community composition, structure and dynamics in this region. These investigations are reviewed here in terms of: (i) analysing the diversity of mycorrhizal fungi; (ii) assessing the ecological and functional interactions among plant communities and their associated mycorrhizal fungal populations; and (iii) using mycorrhizal inoculation technology for the restoration of degraded semi-arid areas in Southeast Spain. Disturbance of the target semi-arid ecosystems decreases the density and diversity of mycorrhizal fungust populations. Nevertheless, the mycorrhizal propagules do not disappear completely suggesting a certain degree of stress adaptation, and these remaining, resilient ecotypes are being used as plant inoculants. Numerous field experiments, using plant species from the natural succession inoculated with a community of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi, have been carried out in revegetation projects in the semi-arid Iberian Southeast. This management strategy improved both plant development and soil quality, and is a successful biotechnological tool to aid the restoration of self-sustaining ecosystems. However, despite a 20-year history of this work, we lack a comprehensive view of the mycorrhizal potential to improve the composition, diversity, structure and functionality of drought-adapted plant communities in the Region.