Demographic development in an Indian state: a case study of Rajasthan

"The paper attempts to analyse the patterns of and trends in demographic development in Rajasthan state [India] by employing the indices of urbanization, literacy and occupational diversification.... An effort has also been made to define the concept of demographic development...." Demographic development is defined as improvement in the quality of the population in a given area.     

The floating population: an informal process of urbanisation in China

"This paper attempts to employ substantial source materials to shed light on the characteristics of population migration in a centrally planned society that is in the process of transforming to a market economy. In order to compare rural-urban migration in China with that in other developing countries, the data on 1985-1990 interprovincial population migration have been analysed. Some demographic research techniques on population migration, such as the impact on the place of origin and the place of destination, have been employed to assess the influence of rural-urban migration on China's long-term economic development. Economic betterment appears to be the sole motivation of rural population migration in China."     

Differential urban growth as a process of redistribution of population: a case study of Sao Paulo state,Brazil

"This paper identifies the process of the differential concentration of population in urban areas....[Data for the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, have] been subjected to an ambiguous model of development. This model is reflected in the pattern of population distribution."     

Demographic development in a developing economy: a case study of Uttar Pradesh

"Patterns of and trends in demographic development in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh have been analysed in this paper. Indices of urbanisation, literacy and occupational structure were used for this purpose. Their aggregate index represented the level of demographic development." The data are for 242 subdivisions of Uttar Pradesh for the census years 1971 and 1981. Particular attention is given to regional differentials in demographic indicators. The relationships among economic development and the measurements of literacy, urbanization, and occupational status are explored     

Environmental degradation and economic development: a case study of a marginally productive area

Groundwater depletion and pollution from small-scale tanneries have occurred in a marginally productive area in North Arcot district of Tamil Nadu. The magnitude of the problem is increasing due to the interactive effects of urban and population growth, increased groundwater extraction, depletion of forest cover and increase in the number of tanneries. When ecosystems are under severe stress common property resources quickly become degraded, and unless comprehensive measures are adopted, the ecosystem yields to stress and becomes irreversibly degraded. Policy interventions needed are identified based on existing gaps in the present system.     

Settlement network development policy and urbanisation in Hungary in the 20th century

"The paper brings out the role of political economy in influencing the process of urbanisation and [the] structure of settlement network. This is demonstrated through an empirical study of Hungary during the twentieth century. Three phases get easily distinguished: pre-1949 or the period of changes in the state boundaries; 1949-89 or the period of state socialism; and post-1989 or the period of institutional reform. An interesting finding is that there was a bias in favour of large cities and county seats in allocation of development funds under all the regimes."     

Jobs-housing balance and development zones in China: a case study of Suzhou Industry Park

Development zones in China are planned as self-contained communities in order to achieve a locally balanced distribution of jobs and homes. Yet the plans are often defied by the market, leading to jobs-housing imbalance as an undesired consequence. In this paper, we examine the case of Suzhou Industry Park (SIP) to explore what has actually happened within a Chinese development zone. Our study reveals the de facto qualitative jobs-housing imbalance within SIP notwithstanding the de jure quantitative balance as envisaged in the local land-use plan. This finding explains why most workers within SIP have to search for homes far away from their workplaces. The qualitative imbalance is attributable to a series of interrelated factors, including (a) the oversupply of industrial land vis-à-vis the undersupply of land for public facilities and residential amenities, (b) the unaffordable house price for local workers, and (c) the increased use of automobiles by commuters. On top of its policy implications, this paper also reflects on the fundamental relationship between planning and market as a broader intellectual perspective to study urban China’s mobility, housing and social issues.     

社会资本与地方经济发展:以广东新会为例

海外关系网络是一种特殊的社会资本,对地方经济的发展可以起到一定的促进作用。本文从社会网络作为资源配置渠道的角度,以广东新会为例,通过实地调研、数据统计及问卷分析,探讨了海外关系网络对地方经济发展的作用。研究发现,通过海外关系网络进入侨乡的资金主要有侨汇、捐赠和投资三种形式,三者都直接或间接地作用于新会地方经济发展的各个方面,对新会地方发展起到了重要的作用。然而,随着经济的发展和市场的建立,社会网络的作用正在减弱,说明社会资本只能在特定的时期和特定的历史条件下起作用。侨乡经济要取得持续发展,就必须加强市场的建设。     

Circular mobility and regional development: a case study of two dukuh in Yogyakarta Special Region

An analysis of internal migration in two regions, or dukuh, of Yogyakarta Special Region, Indonesia, is presented. Three types of migration are identified, commuting, circular migration, and out-migration. The focus of the study is on the increase in commuting and circular migration that has occurred since the 1970s; its relationships with education, agricultural innovation, and improved transportation; and the importance of circular migration as a link between rural and urban areas.     

Rural development planning and labour requirements in Nigeria: a case study of small-scale irrigation projects

This study examines the issue of labour needs and supply for six small-scale irrigation projects located in Anambra State, Nigeria. The data were derived from a random sampling survey of participating farmers during a six-month period in 1981. The sample population of the farmers was 323 (approximately 13 per cent of the total population of 2549). The study found that many farmers found it necessary to hire labour in order to cope and that this labour was very costly. This suggests that even in a densely populated rural area of Nigeria, labour availability should not be taken for granted.     

川渝地区城乡统筹水平演化特征分类研究

针对当前国内研究区域城乡统筹水平定量测评方法中存在的问题,如未能区分整体发展指标和协调发展指标,截面和时序数据难以同时体现,以及城乡统筹评价指标体系集成数据导致的“黑箱子”效应等问题,本文建立了涵盖城乡整体发展水平指标、城乡协调发展水平指标及时间指标的三维坐标系统,并通过转化为二维“九宫格”坐标系统的方法,提出一种包含时序数据和截面数据的城乡统筹水平综合评估的方法论,定量地测评一个区域内各城市在某个特定时间段内的城乡统筹演化特征。本文将城乡统筹水平分为经济、产业、基础设施、公共服务4个方向,对川渝19市2006-2011年间城乡统筹演化特征进行了分类研究。研究结果表明,川渝19市在城乡经济和公共服务统筹方面整体差距缩小且成效显著,而在产业和基础设施统筹方面城乡差距仍在拉大;成渝二市的整体成效远超过区域内其他城市。上述研究成果可对川渝19市优化城乡统筹发展方向提供理论指导和方法论工具,亦可为国内其他地区城乡统筹成效的测评方法提供指导与示范。     

外来投资与西部城市发展的关系——以兰州市为例

通过外来投资与城市发展关系的理论分析,研究了外来投资对西部城市发展的影响机制和影响模式,认为随着外资投入类型、方式和规模的差异,将对所投入城市造成不同程度的影响。并以兰州市为例,利用近年来兰州市外来投资的资料,分析了外来投资对兰州市发展可能造成的直接和间接影响,对前述理论进行了实证,最后提出了兰州市引进外来投资的政策建议。     

The development of transport infrastructure and attitudes of the local population: a case study from the Republic of Serbia

In the last decades, the development of transport infrastructure has been necessary because of the population increase and expansion of urban centres. Infrastructure development leads to modification and changes in areas characterized by high human population density. The lack of adequate transport infrastructure inhibits local economic and social performance. In the period of economic stability (from 1970 to 1990), important roads that increased the connectedness of the Kolubara District (Western Serbia) with other parts of the country and the surrounding countries were built, but there is still a need for the construction of new roads. In order to examine the attitude of the local population in regard to transport infrastructure, a survey was conducted using a questionnaire consisting of closed questions. This topic is one that has not previously been examined. The data obtained were analyzed statistically and showed that local people have a positive attitude towards the existing infrastructure and towards the construction of new roads. There are statistically significant differences between the attitudes of the local population in different municipalities. The results from this research offer an opportunity to develop guidelines which can influence traffic development in these and similar areas.     

Towards a more sustainable process industry: A single case study of restructuring within the Eyde process industry cluster

ABSTRACT

Due to increased attention on environmental issues, industrial sustainable restructuring is high on the research agenda. The article adds to the literature through an analysis of a restructuring process within a Norwegian process industry cluster. By introducing an analytical framework combining the concepts of entrepreneurial discovery process and path dependency theory, the article offers a deeper understanding of the role of various types of actors in processes of restructuring. The authors categorise the actors as either firm-level entrepreneurs or system-level entrepreneurs on the basis of their motivation. While the former are motivated mainly by firm success, the latter find their motivation mainly in developing systemic factors. The analytical framework suggests a stepwise analysis of the restructuring, and in each step, the significance and interplay between the two types of entrepreneurs are discussed. Finally, the authors discuss the potential for new path development following from this process. The case study illustrates the important role of system-level entrepreneurs as facilitators and of firm-level entrepreneurs as utilisers of opportunities. The empirical case demonstrates that the two types of entrepreneurs are highly interactive throughout the restructuring process. The article contributes to existing literature by advancing the actor perspective in new path development.     

北京地区景观城市化进程对暴雨过程的影响——以“7·21”暴雨为例

利用美国环境预测中心（NCEP）和美国国家大气研究中心（NCAR）等美国科研机构开发的气象模式WRF 3.8版本,采用北京地区不同时期的土地利用数据,选取影响北京的一次典型暴雨过程,应用包含多层城市穹顶模式的模式参数化方案对其进行模拟研究。从小时降水模拟结果来看,景观城市化区域（城市下垫面）的扩张使得暴雨持续更久,使用2010年土地利用数据模拟的2012年7月21日暴雨过程小时降水量大于16 mm的时长较使用1990年土地利用数据模拟的结果增加了1 h;从累积降水结果来看,使用2010年土地利用数据模拟的24 h累积降水大于150 mm的区域较使用1990年土地利用数据模拟的结果增加了1534 km ²。本文中模拟的逐小时降水与实际情况存在一定的差距,未来的工作会深入研究模式的参数化方案和降水产生的机理进而深入地研究景观城市化进程对暴雨过程的影响。进一步研究需针对城市人为活动产生的大气气溶胶粒子、景观城市化密度变化等因子,探究景观城市化对暴雨的可能影响。     

社区可持续发展指标体系研究——以上海崇明为例

本文探索了在专业人员指导下的小组参与方法建立符合中国国情的社区可持续发展指标体系。研究以上海崇明为例,分析了不同社会群体对可持续发展的认识和需求,比较了不同经济发展水平、不同社会背景和不同决策层面对可持续发展的不同关注点,提出由4个核心指标、7个扩展指标和5个附加指标构成的社区可持续发展指标体系,为其他地区制订可持续发展指标体系提供了参考,并有利于实施社区发展可持续性的评估。     

城市更新过程中流动人口居住-就业变动的协同机制研究——以北京为例

城市更新过程中流动人口面临居住与就业的不稳定.本文构建流动人口居住与就业协同变动的理论分析框架,使用北京大样本问卷调研数据,基于双层级双变量离散选择模型,分析城市更新背景下流动人口居住-就业变动协同性及其与背景环境的关系.结果发现:流动人口的居住/就业变动概率远高于本地人口,城市更新对流动人口居住和就业的不稳定性影响更...     

城市传统商业中心区发展的思考——以厦门市为例

随着城市化的发展和旧城区的改造,我国部分城市传统商业中心区显现发展困难甚至衰退的迹象.文章以厦门市传统商业中心区为例,剖析了传统商业中心普遍存在的问题,并提出了发展的思路及对策.研究采用普查和问卷调查方法,做了两类的基础调查,即厦门传统商业中心区商业网点类别、营业面积、营业人员、企业历史、商业业态及土地利用调查;厦门本地居民、周边消费者及游客出行厦门的特点及影响因素,消费需求及趋向问卷调查.商业网点调查共获取1 077家商家详细数据,消费问卷调查共获取600份包括人口社会学属性的有效问卷.调查数据分析结果表明,传统商业中心区存在着地位下降,业态结构和空间布局不合理,土地利用不充分,环境容量不足、环境质量差等问题.其发展的思路及对策包括:以"步行街区"作为传统商业区更新发展方向,调整业态和业种,实现零售商业结构合理化,整体设计"街容店貌",不断完善公共设施等.     

地表空间水文过程三维可视化试验——以浙江黄土岭流域为例

地表空间水文过程涉及三维地理空间和一维时间,对其进行三维动态交互显示便于认知主体对水文过程形成正确的认识。本文以浙江黄土岭流域为试验区,结合地理信息系统和计算机图形学的方法和技术探究了流域空间水文过程的动态交互显示方法。利用OpenGL的三维建模和图像渲染功能表现三维的水文过程,其中双缓冲技术保障了水文过程时间变化的展示。探讨了表面建模,地形着色处理,光照法线计算,水体透明处理,时相水文数据处理及交互参数输入等方法,并建立了地表空间水文过程的显示系统。通过系统的运行表明,该系统能逼真地显示不同高程连续水体的三维动态变化。     

中国大都市区高新技术产业分叉过程及动力机制——以武汉生物产业为例

以演化经济地理学为理论基础,综合经济地理学、产业经济学等相关研究成果,认为中国高新技术产业的形成与发展是本地要素与全球力量、历史条件与现实努力、技术创新与制度变革共同作用的结果,并构建了基于多尺度、多要素的中国高新技术产业分叉动力机制分析框架。同时,以武汉市作为案例区,通过梳理武汉市生物产业形成和演化历程,总结影响其生物产业发展的要素和作用形式。研究发现：生物产业与本地光电子产业之间的技术联系、高校和研究所、以及企业本身仅仅是决定生物产业在武汉市形成的一部分因素,地方政府、跨国公司和留学归国人员等主体也是促成生物产业“生根发芽”的重要主体,它们在武汉生物产业发展的各个阶段,作用程度是不同的。这一点是区别于欧美发达国家以技术为核心的产业分叉研究的,也在一定程度上反映出中国目前的高新技术产业发展仍然停留在“量的扩张”阶段,与欧美发达国家以“质的提升”为主的发展本质有所不同。