Structural-territorial changes of the demographic situation in the Irkutsk region

The structural and territorial changes of the components of the demographic situation in the Irkutsk region are considered: population dynamics, natural increase (decrease), and age structure for 1994-2004 against 1979-1989. Use is made of the methods of conjugate-cartographic analysis and construction of matrix tables for the transition of the object under study from one state to the other. The study established a high dynamicity of the demographic situation, an enhancement of the influence of complicating factors, the formation of a new vast area of a stressed demographic situation, and significant shifts in territorial structure. The combination of complicating components was used to identify four types of demographic situation, the spatial distribution of which is shown on the map.     

Demographic development in a developing economy: a case study of Uttar Pradesh

"Patterns of and trends in demographic development in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh have been analysed in this paper. Indices of urbanisation, literacy and occupational structure were used for this purpose. Their aggregate index represented the level of demographic development." The data are for 242 subdivisions of Uttar Pradesh for the census years 1971 and 1981. Particular attention is given to regional differentials in demographic indicators. The relationships among economic development and the measurements of literacy, urbanization, and occupational status are explored     

Demographic response to rural restructuring and counterurbanisation in South Australia, 1981-1991

"Using South Australia as a case study, this paper seeks to trace and demonstrate two processes (counterurbanisation and rural restructuring) whose effects overlap to differentiate and characterise the population geography of...two zones, separated by a transition along the outer fringe of Adelaide's urban field.... In the demographic core zone [rural restructuring] has been partly offset by continued counterurbanisation, resulting in demographic mixing and rural dilution. The 1981-91 population growth in rural communities is shown to be more a function of population density at the outset of the period than of initial population size. Demographic growth...is shown to conform to a simple unidimensional scale, allowing the production of a clear, easily interpretable typology of rural demographic change with few non-conforming statistical areas. At a local level within individual rural communities, demographic decline is shown to be accompanied by increased concentration of the population into small towns, while demographic growth is associated with deconcentration."     

Demographic development in an Indian state: a case study of Rajasthan

"The paper attempts to analyse the patterns of and trends in demographic development in Rajasthan state [India] by employing the indices of urbanization, literacy and occupational diversification.... An effort has also been made to define the concept of demographic development...." Demographic development is defined as improvement in the quality of the population in a given area.     

A sociodemographic typology of middle-level regions in the USSR

"Oblast-level regions of the USSR are grouped and mapped in nine types and a number of subtypes to reflect a combination of demographic factors: level of urbanization, urban and rural population growth, and population density. The typology can be used to devise sets of spatially differentiated measures to carry out a demographic policy and to regulate the sociodemographic evolution of regions."     

The demogeographic region as an object for planning and management

A basic task in population geography is to investigate the spatial aspects of Soviet population policy. The concept of a demogeographic region is proposed as an approach for planning and managing demographic processes. A demogeographic region is an area with a certain combination of conditions and factors affecting demographic processes in order to endow it with distinctive tendencies in the evolution of demographic processes and structures and, as a result, with a given type of demographic indications. A demogeographic regionalization should be considered as a particular type of general economic regionalization. A method of identifying demogeographic regions with particular reference to the region Sverdlovsk Oblast has been worked out. It involves several steps. A preparatory stage involves the study of the territorial characteristics of urbanization in the oblast and the use of the field potential technique to identify areas with different levels of urbanization. The field potential of settlement makes it possible to establish spatial concentrations of population and the gravitation of places within the field of settlement, which are the basic features of contemporary urbanization. The number of minor civil divisions of Sverdlovsk Oblast was classified on the basis of demographic characteristics reflecting population change, age and sex structure, natural increase, and migration. The pattern recognition method, which makes it possible to combine into classes those elements that come closest to each other in terms of a series of attributes, was used. The entire set of minor civil divisions in Sverdlovsk Oblast was divided into 4 classes that differed in the quantitative parameters of demographic characteristics. These classes happen to have a fairly compact distribution within the oblast so that these classes could also be treated as territorial types of demographic setting. The plotting of these types on a map of the field potential of settlement yielded 3 demographic regions within the oblast: a Central Region with a high level of urbanization and steady population growth; a Peripheral Region with a low level of urbanization and a pronounced population decline; and a Transition Region with a medium level of urbanization, broken down into 2 subregions A (with stable population) and B (with declining population). The spatial and functional linkages between urbanization and demographic processes that can be identified within demogeographic regions suggest that any modification of some processes will affect others. This is crucial for controlling the spatial development of urbanization and demographic processes. Consequently, the demographic setting within Sverdlovsk Oblast can be optimized by controlling the demographic development within demographic regions. That proposition is illustrated with some examples.     

Recent population trends in the Swiss Alps

Recent demographic trends in the Alpine areas of Switzerland are examined. Areas of population loss and gain are identified, and the importance of tourism for areas experiencing population growth is established. Efforts to support the demographic and economic viability of mountain areas are described.     

A Comparative Analysis of Curbside Recycling Behavior in Urban and Suburban Communities*

This study explores the variations in household participation rates in recycling projects implemented in urban and suburban communities. A causal model is developed to compare the demographic attributes of residents, their awareness of the recycling programs, their environmental attitudes, and their overall willingness to recycle. The model is assessed by Linear Structural Equations Methodology (LISREL). The results suggest that household recycling behavior is not consistent across communities due primarily to variations in demographic characteristics of residents and their evaluation of program policies.     

Introduction: Rethinking Practices for Enhancing Diversity in the Discipline

This study explores the variations in household participation rates in recycling projects implemented in urban and suburban communities. A causal model is developed to compare the demographic attributes of residents, their awareness of the recycling programs, their environmental attitudes, and their overall willingness to recycle. The model is assessed by Linear Structural Equations Methodology (LISREL). The results suggest that household recycling behavior is not consistent across communities due primarily to variations in demographic characteristics of residents and their evaluation of program policies.     

Population change in the upper Braldu Valley,Baltistan, 1900-1990: all is not as it seems

"This paper examines population change in the upper Braldu Valley of the Karakoram range in northern Pakistan between 1900 and 1990. Population has declined over the 90-year period of observation and the majority of that decline is accounted for by females.... The paper discusses apparent demographic trends in a contemporary and historical context and questions the extension of vague, unqualified, context-independent population statistics to an area where apparently they do not apply. It argues that only by interpreting demographic change from within such a local context can the relevance of population control policies be scrutinized. This paper is not an exhaustive demographic analysis but presents data from a little-studied region of the Himalayan area and is meant to open avenues for future research there." (EXCERPT)     

The demographic system of a Mediterranean island: Mykonos,Greece 1859-1959

"This paper is an attempt to examine the demographic distinctiveness of island populations. The population of the Greek island of Mykonos in the period 1859 to 1959 is used. Using the results obtained from family reconstitution and inverse projection the inter-relations of the major demographic components are described. The pre-transitional demographic system of Mykonos was found to have been characterised by the combination of low mortality and low marital though moderately high overall fertility. The resulting high population growth was counterbalanced by high emigration which kept the island population almost constant. Mortality and fertility experienced parallel and rapid decline. In both pre- and transitional Mykonos fertility rather than mortality seems to have been the main factor responsible for the changes in population growth. The findings point to a demographic distinctiveness of Mediterranean island populations."     

The Economic Dimension Of Demographic Transition

Abstract

Conventional published illustrations of the demographic transition are deficient in two respects. They relate demographic changes to time only, with no indication of economic levels at various demographic stages; and they wrongly employ only England and Wales as the case presumed to represent advanced countries. The addition of two economic indicators to the conventional transition chart of England and Wales renders it more useful. A study of the demographic histories of four other European countries shows that England and Wales do not necessarily represent Europe, and furthermore shows there is great variety among advanced countries regarding the economic stages at which decline in fertility occurred.     

Demographic processes of urbanisation in Delhi

"Metropolitanisation has been observed by experts as one of the main characteristics of Indian urbanisation. Rural to urban migration has been a major player in urban growth of metropolitan cities, particularly Delhi. Not only Delhi but its hinterland [are] urbanising fast as compared to the hinterlands of other major cities of India. There are several processes of urbanization viz. historical, physical, demographic and economic. In this paper the role of demographic processes in urban expansion of Delhi [is examined]."     

Demographic transition in small countries

Half of the world's 200 countries have less than 3.37 million inhabitants, and many of these small countries are often assumed to experience rapid demographic transition. This is true of many of the small island populations of the developing world, especially those with largely immigrant and pluralistic populations, unusual family structures, and rapid economic development. Smallness of population alone, however, is not sufficient to ensure rapid demographic transition and many small countries of mainland Africa have experienced little transition.     

Neighbor competition modifies demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability

A field experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that competitive interactions affect demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. The experiment was based on a three-way factorial design with two types of neighbor treatments (complete neighbor removalvs. control), two types of habitats (stablevs. unstable sands) and two species which characterize sandy areas of the western Negev Desert (Neurada procumbensandBromus fasciculatus). Each of the eight treatment/habitat/species combinations was characterized by three demographic variables: seedling survival to reproduction, fruit number per reproductive plant and fruit number per seedling. All of these variables exhibited significant interactions between the effects of neighbor removal and habitat type, indicating that neighbor conditions were important in determining the observed patterns of demographic variation. Moreover, while plants ofNeurada procumbensgrowing without neighbors suffered more mortality on unstable sands, conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions suffered more mortality on stable sands. In the case ofBromus fasciculatus, individuals growing in the absence of competitive effects produced more fruits on stable sands, but conspecific plants growing at natural density conditions exhibited higher fruit production on unstable sands. These findings indicate that competitive effects not only modify, but may even reverse demographic responses of desert dune annuals to gradients in sand stability. Based on these results and evidence from two other studies it is suggested that seed dispersal from abiotically favorable into less favorable habitats may increase fitness of desert annuals by reducing the average effect of competition.     

THE EXPERT WITNESS IN UNITARY HEARINGS: THE SIX GREEN FACTORS AND SPATIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE

Brown v. Board of Education was conceived in a time of judicial activism and a demographic context that reflected two nations, one white and one black. Forty years after Brown, the legal climate and the demographic composition of the United States are quite different. The 1990s are judicially conservative and the cities in particular are more diverse demographically. The intersection of a restrained court and fundamental demographic shifts has changed the agenda and raised issues of how to proceed toward the continuing objective of societal integration. Recent court decisions about unitary status and the return to local control have directed attention to the clash between spatial demographic change and legal intervention. Geography and demography have modified the effect of Brown and the potential for future judicial intervention in school systems. Whatever our ideological perspective, the intersection of geography and demography, and individual responses to legal action, clearly have limited the possibilities of change through legal intervention.     

The Demographic Constraints on Future Population Growth in Regional Australia

Concern about rapid population growth in Australia's large cities and slower growth in many non-metropolitan areas has stimulated a range of government policies attempting to lift non-metropolitan growth rates. However, there is relatively little research on which to base these policies. It would be helpful to understand more about the consequences of current demographic trends continuing and the effects of alternative migration patterns. This paper presents sub-national population projections for Australia over the horizon 2011–2041, basing the projections on more socially meaningful Remoteness Areas instead of common statistical geographies. Three sets of projections were generated: a Current Direction scenario in which recent demographic trends are maintained, a Regional Immigration scenario in which more immigrants settle in regional and remote areas, and a Metro Exodus scenario in which there is increased internal migration from metropolitan to non-metropolitan areas. The future of Australia's population geography is shown to be one of spatially varying growth and population ageing, and continued metropolitanisation. In regional areas rapid population ageing will lower natural increase rates and thus reduce overall growth, resulting in a falling share of the national population. Policy measures attempting to increase the share of growth in regional areas will struggle against natural demographic forces operating in the opposite direction.     

Development implications of demographic trends and projections for an arid region:: the case of the Badia Research and Development Project area of Jordan

Development planners in arid areas face many difficulties in preparing appropriate strategies. Their task is made harder by the dearth of reliable demographic information. This paper presents population projections for the arid area of eastern Jordan covered by the Badia Research and Development Project and evaluates the economic and social implications of these projections over the next 20 years. The paper argues that conventional demographic forecasting methods are extremely problematic when applied to a population such as this. Furthermore, the pastoral economy, which has in the past been the main source of livelihood, cannot hope to sustain the region's future population. High fertility rates will continue to place great stress on the educational and health infrastructure. If appropriate planning responses are not achieved, the demographic regime of the Badia project area and the quality of life of the population may continue to diverge from the patterns found in other parts of Jordan.     

基于作息空间思想的人口统计数据空间化方法

探讨了基于作息空间思想的人口统计数据空间化方法。定义居住和工作的活动空间范围为作息空间,并结合土地利用类型数据和泰森多边形构建了作息空间,以作息空间人口密度作为人口空间分布的表达方式。对辽宁省2005年人口统计数据进行了实例分析,精度优于传统的面积权重内插法,结果的地图渲染能够表现受自然因素和社会经济因素影响的人口分布特征。该方法不涉及复杂的权重计算过程,也可以避免主观因素的干扰,简单易行,有较强的实用性。     

Disaggregating the historical demographic sources of regional foreign-born and native-born population growth in the United States: a new method with applications

This paper analyzes the demographic processes that contribute to population growth and redistribution in a multiregional system using a new method. The method incorporates a historical perspective that can be used to trace dynamic population processes as they evolve over time. It uses an open multiregional projection model framework in identifying the contributions to regional growth made by each of the principal demographic components of change: fertility, mortality, immigration, emigration, in-migration, and out migration. At the same time, the method recognizes the importance of disaggregating the native-born and foreign-born populations. Available public data and indirect estimation techniques are used to develop the data inputs for the projection model, with which the regional population changes for each 5-year period between 1950 and 1990 were reconstructed. Regional growth rates for the foreign-born and native-born populations are partitioned into the separate demographic components of change, and the projection model identifies the separate contributions to regional growth made by each population. This allows a direct comparison of the impact of immigration with those of corresponding native-born contributions effected through internal migration and natural increases. Finally, the application of the method allows the identification of the contribution that 'recent' (post-1965) immigrant cohorts have made to the composition of the youngest age groups in each region, and also to simulate the impacts of zero immigration scenarios on regional growth.