How many going where? Postcensal estimates of interstate migration in Australia, 1981–1986

Recent trends in internal migration in Australia are analyzed. The data on internal migration, derived from the Department of Social Security family allowance transfer records and the Australian Bureau of Statistics internal migration survey, are compared for the period 1981 to 1986.     

Territorial mobility of the Italian population. Trends,prospects, and possibilities of intervention

Migration trends in Italy since the early 1970s are reviewed. The author notes that a change occurred during the 1970s away from south-north migration and migration to the largest cities toward migration to the northeast and center of the country and toward medium-sized cities. Furthermore, overall mobility declined, and short-range migration as a percentage of overall migration increased. The implications of these trends for spatial policy and the implications of a growth of immigration are considered. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)     

Migration between rural and urban areas, 1960-1970: what is revealed by linked census data?

Internal migration trends in Norway are analyzed for the period 1960 to 1970. Four types of migration are identified: rural-urban, urban-rural, urban-urban, and rural-rural. The data are taken from official sources, and the study is based on linked census data for 1960 and 1970. (summary in ENG)     

Emigration,return, immigration: a review and evaluation of Greece's postwar experience of international migration

"This paper offers a review and evaluation of the Greek experience of international migration.... The analysis is based partly on available published data, and partly on qualitative appraisals. Three major international migration phases are analysed--emigration, return migration and immigration--and the main socio-economic and cultural effects of these migration trends are discussed. The paper pays particular attention to the recent mass immigration movements, noting their heterogeneity...and describing their impact on the Greek labour market. The article concludes with some comments on the difficulties of formulating a Greek migration policy in the light of the country's location, open borders and internationalized economy."     

Spain. Regional differences in population density in 1986: the end of a process of increasing internal disequilibrium?

This is an analysis of regional differences in population trends in Spain during the twentieth century. Data are from a variety of official sources, including the censuses of 1900, 1960, 1970, and 1981. The author notes that up until 1975, interregional migration flows had acccentuated regional economic differences. However, the economic problems that have occurred since 1975, coupled with the political changes associated with greater regional autonomy, have resulted in new trends in internal migration that could have significant effects on the future distribution of the country's population.     

Lifetime migration in Indonesia based on 1971 and 1980 census data

Internal migration trends in Indonesia are reviewed using 1971 and 1980 census data. The author notes that although migration in 1971 was primarily to Jakarta and Lampung, by 1980 it was more diversified, with significant migration to some of the outer islands. The importance of the national transmigration program is noted.     

Urban development and migration processes in the urban region of Bratislava from the post-socialist transformation until the global economic crisis

This article contributes to understanding population migration in Central European urban regions and its connection with urban development. This topic has been addressed in other studies, focused mainly on large cities, particularly Prague, Budapest, and Warsaw. Bratislava, the capital of the Slovak Republic, is a relatively small city at the core of one of the most economically developed regions in Central Europe. The region has experienced a transformation of migration trends, from those determined by socialist urbanization to trends resembling those observed in Western Europe. Similar to those of other major Central European cities, recent patterns of migration to and from Bratislava are characterized by a rising intensity of concentration and decentralization, but also reflect several unique historical circumstances. Furthermore, the results indicate that the global economic crisis that erupted in 2007 has eased the intensity of the observed processes, although it has not changed their nature. This effect is similar to that of the economic decline in the 1990s.     

Migration Patterns During a Period of Political and Economic Shocks in the Former Soviet Union: A Case Study of Yaroslavl' Oblast*

This paper examines migration in Russia during the period that preceded the breakup of the former Soviet Union (FSU) and during the current transition period. An unusually rich dataset is used to conceptualize the impact that the political and economic collapse of a world superpower has on a migration system. A regional case study of migration in Yaroslavl' Oblast from 1989 through 1992 is used to examine the relevance of expected outcomes given standard theories of migration, empirical regularities found in capitalist economies, and past trends in the FSU. The data clearly show a migration system undergoing political and economic shocks. A significant decline of the volume of flows and a relative increase in the importance of interrepublic movement indicate disruptions. Increased relative mobility for those in the later years of the working-age population and increased importance of urban-to-rural migration flows are also important changes evident in this migration system undergoing shock.     

Return migration on the policy agenda in Sweden

"Explicit policies on return migration are of rather recent date in most European countries, including Sweden. During the last few years a number of new policy initiatives have been taken in this field. The purpose of this paper is to examine how official Swedish policies on return migration have changed during the last 20 years. The conclusion is that Sweden has moved from a ?non-policy' in the 1970s, much in opposition to ?guestworker' or rotation systems, towards an active and explicit policy promoting return in the mid-1990s. The major trends in the country's immigration, emigration and return flows are also presented."     

The turnaround in Australia: some first observations from the 1991 census

"The aim of this paper is to utilise recently released census results to examine patterns of population change in non-metropolitan Australia during the 1986-91 period, focusing particularly upon the net migration component of that change. The paper presents an overview of recent trends in population change in non-metropolitan areas and then moves to an analysis of net migration patterns in non-metropolitan local government areas during the late 1980s using a Life Table Survival Ratio technique to estimate net migration. It appears that the trends observed in the early 1980s have continued into the late 1980s and early 1990s, and that overall the 'turnaround' is slowing down and becoming more diversified, more complex, and much less predictable in the 1990s."     

Union republic migration trends in the USSR during the 1980s

"This article examines union republic migration trends in the USSR between 1979 and 1987 and prospects for indigenous out-migration from rural areas in Central Asia. The study is based on migration data derived by the residual technique and migration data from the 1985 microcensus. Results indicate that a south-to-north and probably Russian-dominated migration trend emerged in the 1980s, one which marks an almost complete reversal from earlier periods, especially 1959-70. Although Central Asia continues to have low levels of indigenous out-migration, labor surpluses and relatively waning capital investment in Central Asia may change this situation."     

A proportional odds model of human mobility and migration patterns

The modelling of human mobility and migration patterns has received much attention due to its substantial importance. Despite long-term efforts, we still lack a modelling framework that captures mobility patterns and further obtains a prospective view of movement trends with regards to diverse impacting factors. Here, we propose a proportional odds model of human mobility and migration (POM-HM) that takes a probabilistic approach to model human movements. Our model is based on the migration probability with a log-logistic distribution under the proportional odds assumption. Explanatory variables are introduced into the model by re-parameterizing the probability distribution function. The two resultant functions, namely, the migration strength and cumulative hazard, are used to estimate regional differences among travel fluxes and their tendencies. The performance of the POM-HM in terms of its validity and accuracy is examined and compared with the gravity model and the radiation model. The probability-based modelling framework enables us to investigate regional variations in migrant fluxes consequently further predict potential future patterns. In short, our modelling approach captures the probabilistic nature of human mobility and migration and furthers our understanding of both the spatiotemporal patterns of population movements and the impacts of various driving forces.     

Migration Permanence and Village Decline in Zacatecas: When You Can't Go Home Again

At the same time that the Third World has become more dependent on international wage-labor migration, developed countries have become less hospitable to this migration. This inhospitality is beginning to have negative repercussions on rural sending regions such as north-central Mexico. This study is based on a survey of a stratified random sample of households in Villanueva municipio (county), Zacatecas, in 1988 and again in 2002, employing the same questions and methodology. The results suggest that restrictive U.S. border policies over this period have had a negative impact on village economies in the municipio. Although migrant families continued to hold a distinctive edge on nonmigrant families in terms of possessions and productive investments, there was a decline overall in levels of investment and remittances in the municipio. In the latter year, Villanueva had more nonmigrant families as well as more families with permanent migrants—both trends leading to less money remitted to rural families and lower agricultural investments. Observations and interviews with migrants and townspeople in the municipio in 2005 and 2008 strongly corroborate these trends. Rural villages are facing depopulation, disinvestment and, it might be argued, a deterioration of hope for the future.     

Primacy or Pluralism: Future Directions in Economic Geography

Rates of geographical mobility vary greatly, and fairly predictably, across the life course. Our analysis of special county-to-county migration tabulations of Census 2000 data discloses that, when flows are disaggregated by age, radically different patterns of net population redistribution are taking place upward and downward within the national urban hierarchy. The movements at the late-career, empty-nester, and retirement stage are the most “demographically effective” or unidirectional. The elderly fleeing large metropolitan areas have been congregating in micropolitan and rural counties with special climatic and other natural amenities. The opposite net flow is found for younger adults, who have been flocking into megametropolitan conurbations. At the midcareer stage, the net movement is from larger to medium metropolitan areas. We detail the age articulation of county-to-county migration flows with novel graphical portrayals and statistical measures. We give some thoughts on the relationship between intergenerational dependency and migration trends, and we speculate about whether the current patterns of age-articulated movement up and down the urban hierarchy will continue as the baby boom retires and the echo cohorts come of age.     

Internal Migration in Decline

Internal migration rates in the United States have been steadily declining for at least twenty-five years: In 1984, 6.4 percent of the population moved between counties but by 2006—well before the most significant economic crisis since the Great Depression—annual intercounty migration rates had already declined to 4.7 percent and by 2010 to 3.5 percent. Despite the implications of the migration decline, it is poorly recognized and understood. The analysis shows that over the last thirty years, three broad trends have combined to pull migration rates dramatically lower: an increase in dual-worker couples, increased household indebtedness, and the widespread rise of information and communication technologies (ICTs). The first two are probably linked, as households have responded to decreasing real income over the last quarter-century through greater female labor force participation and maintaining current levels of consumption by borrowing ever more heavily from the equity in their homes. Thus, although this analysis shows that the decline in migration rates is not directly linked to the Great Recession, the migration decline is surely linked to the broader macroeconomic shifts that gave rise to it. With respect to the role of ICTs, it is not surprising that as ICTs have transformed nearly everything else across society, their use has affected migration rates. It is presumed that ICTs are providing new forms of mobility that are substituting for migration.     

全球化背景下的日本移民动态研究

本文以日本外务省的移民统计数据为基础,对1990年代以来日本海外移民在世界和中国的分布及其结构变化情况进行了分析。探讨了日本移民的数量变化、人口结构、迁移类型、迁移方式、地区分布及其变化趋势,并考察了其在中国的分布及构成特点。日本移民主要流向北美、亚洲太平洋地区,尤以洛杉矶、纽约、上海、曼谷等城市分布最为集中。在中国的日本移民近年增长迅速,主要分布在上海、北京、香港、广州、深圳等大城市,并以男性移民为主。本文分析了这些日本移民的分布动向,并对今后中国大城市的移民问题进行了讨论。     

基于均一化资料的西安极端气温变化特征研究

基于1960~2015年西安气象站点逐日最高温、最低温数据,采用RHtest软件对非均一化气温序列进行订正,进而选取16项极端气温指数,对西安极端气温变化特征进行分析。结果表明：① 由于气象站点迁移,西安气温资料存在非均一性,导致极端气温变化趋势被低估;② 全球变暖背景下,西安极端气温变化表现出：“快速增温与平稳波动并存,冷暖变化趋势相反,夜晚增暖趋势比白天明显,白天波动变化明显于夜晚,持续性高温事件变化不大,持续性低温事件大幅下降”的变化特征;③ 通过不同区域趋势变化对比、冷暖、昼夜变化关系对比发现,受城市热岛影响,西安极端低温事件减少更为突出,远高于中国其他对比区域（秦岭南北、黄土高原、东北地区等）;④ 在昼夜变化上,西安极端气温变化与中国、全球变化具有一致性,但是通过冷暖指标对比发现,西安极端气温变化具有区域性,表现为冷昼日数下降高于暖昼日数上升,冷夜日数下降高于暖夜日数上升,冷持续日数和暖持续日数共同表现为下降趋势。     

ETHNIC DIFFERENCES IN MIGRATION PATTERNS—DISPARITIES AMONG ARABS AND JEWS IN THE PERIPHERAL REGIONS OF ISRAEL*

Studies of migration patterns in national peripheries of countries do not distinguish between different population groups in these regions. The present study examines spatial patterns of Arab and Jewish populations in Israel's national periphery. The migration trends of Arabs and Jews in the northern national periphery (the Galilee) are compared with those of the southern national periphery (the Negev). The Arab and Jewish populations within these areas show different spatial patterns of migration: in both the northern and the southern peripheries, Jews tend to migrate from the periphery to the core, while Arabs tend to migrate within the periphery. These differences increase the ratio of Arabs to Jews in both regions. The findings suggest that researchers should examine subregions and subgroups when studying migration patterns.     

Recent demographic and migratory trends among Soviet Jews: implications for policy

The author examines recent demographic trends concerning the Jewish population of the former USSR, with consideration given to both internal and international migration. "Among the factors whose effects on population dynamics are examined, emphasis is placed on the Jewish population's concentration in large urban areas, the effects of emigration on age structure of the remaining population, self-identification as a method in census enumeration, ethnic intermarriage and family characteristics, and the outlook and prospects for emigres in Israel and the United States." The effect of Soviet state policy on Jewish population dynamics is also considered.     

Spatial pattern of migration of plantation labour and its dynamics

"This study examines the issue of migration trends being witnessed by areas of plantation agriculture [in India]. The focus is on the linkages between structural changes in local economies, the overall development policy and people's responses to plantation agriculture both as an economic activity and as a way of life. Based on field data, it is a case study of Hassan district, Karnataka."