Cyber Literacy for GIScience: Toward Formalizing Geospatial Computing Education

The unprecedented availability of geospatial data and technologies is driving innovation and discovery but not without the risk of losing focus on the geographic foundations of space and place in this vast “cyber sea” of data and technology. There is a pressing need to educate a new generation of scientists and citizens who understand how space and place matter in the real world and who understand and can keep pace with technological advancements in the computational world. We define cyberliteracy for GIScience (cyberGIScience literacy) and outline eight core areas that serve as a framework for establishing the essential abilities and foundational knowledge necessary to navigate and thrive in this new technologically rich world. The core areas are arranged to provide multiple dimensions of learning ranging from a technological focus to a problem solving focus or a focus on GIScience or computational science. We establish a competency matrix as a means of assessing and evaluating levels of cyberGIScience literacy across the eight core areas. We outline plans to catalyze the collaborative development and sharing of instructional materials to embed cyberGIScience literacy in the classroom and begin to realize a cyberliterate citizenry and academe. Key Words: big data, computational thinking, geographic education, GIS, spatial thinking.     

Literacy differentials in tribal and non-tribal population of India, 1981

The author investigates literacy differentials between tribal and non-tribal populations in India, using 1981 census data. "Spatially, the index is high in tradition gripped and economically backward areas of Western Rajasthan, of central highlands and of Western Arunachal Pradesh. It is low in [the] Christian tribal belt of [the] northeast; the early exposed areas of [the] southern peninsula, parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka, and numerically insignificant areas of northern Rajasthan and Western Himalayas."     

World Patterns of Geographic Literacy Based on Sketch Map Quality

This paper discusses world patterns of geographic literacy and illiteracy based on the quality of sketch maps of the world drawn by university students in first-year geography classes. The study, sponsored by the International Geographical Union and funded by the National Geographic Society, contains 3,568 sketch maps of the world collected from 75 sites in 52 countries. For the purposes of this paper, geographic literacy is equated with the number of nations and continents included on the sketch maps. The individual map scores are aggregated to determine the average number of items per map for each site and nation. Our set of maps provides a baseline of world variations in geographic literacy just prior to the end of the Cold War. The sketch map techniques can be used to monitor changes in geographic literacy.     

吉林省中部粮食主产区城乡关联的空间分析

基于24个空间单元的统计数据和实地调查资料,运用BP神经网络模型和ESDA方法,在GIS技术支持下,定量评价吉林省中部粮食主产区城乡关联度,并分析各县域城乡关联状态与空间差异。研究结果表明:(1)区域城乡综合关联Moran ’s I指数仅为-0.1205,表明各县域城乡关联呈分散状态;经济、社会和基本建设非均衡发展是制约城乡协调发展的关键因素。(2)区域城乡关联的区域差异明显,地级市辖区城乡关联性显著高于各县(县级市);经济、社会和基本建设关联性分别呈现"圈层"、"十字型"和"块状"的空间结构。(3)区域城乡关联表现出较弱的集聚趋势。空间差异较小的县域主要沿哈大线呈带状分布,空间差异较大的县主要分布在5个地级市辖区和东南部低山丘陵区;经济、社会和基本建设关联性分别表现为弱扩散、强极化和强扩散状态。     

Teaching and Assessing Information Literacy in a Geography Program

Abstract

In the technological world of the Twenty-first Century, students must be information literate. They must have the skills to access, evaluate, and utilize information needed in their undergraduate experience and in their future endeavors. It is important for Geography majors to acquire these skills as part of their undergraduate education. At one institution of higher learning, information literacy learning is embedded in the Geography curriculum. An online instrument to assess information literacy skills is used to evaluate seniors. In this article, goals for information literacy, the creation of the information literacy assessment instrument and the results of assessment testing are discussed.     

新建煤矿区循环经济发展探讨——以河南省新郑煤矿为例

新建煤矿发展循环经济是避免"三农四矿"问题的有效途径.在研究煤炭产业循环经济发展模式的基础上,以正在建设中的新郑煤矿区为例,运用SWOT方法分析了其社会经济基础,提出了目标、指标体系、总体框架和发展模式,并从区域可持续发展的角度提出了新建煤矿区在初期可按"煤-电-建"的模式发展,中后期可按"煤化工"的模式发展,并在企业、园区和社会3个层面建立循环型工业体系、循环型农业体系、资源节约型社会体系和绿色社区体系四大循环体系,为其他新建煤矿区的发展提供借鉴和示范作用.     

边疆少数民族地区和谐社会评价——以德宏州为例

依据和谐社会的科学内涵,以及和谐社会综合评价指标体系设计原则,设计出和谐社会综合评价指标体系。结合边疆少数民族地区的实际社会发展状况,以德宏州为例,建立了由经济水平、社会结构、社会稳定、社会管理与服务、生活质量、民主法治环境6项一级指标27项二级指标组成的边疆少数民族地区和谐社会评价指标体系。采用专家评分法对和谐指标赋权,并利用模糊综合评价法对德宏州社会和谐度进行评价,针对评价结果反映的结构性问题,提出相关政策建议。     

中国东部沿海地区乡村发展类型及其乡村性评价

在界定农业主导、工业主导、商旅服务和均衡发展四个乡村发展类型的基础上,对中国东部沿海地区的乡村发展类型进行了划分.基于乡村对社会具有的功能构建了乡村性指数(RI)以刻划不同发展类型的乡村性强弱,并对东部沿海地区各发展类型的乡村性进行了评价.结果表明:东部沿海地区57.6%的县市一、二、三产业得到均衡发展:农业主导、工业主导和商旅服务业主导的发展地域类型分别占总面积的18.64%、11.99%和11.75%:农业主导乡村发展类型中乡村性较强(RI>0.5)的地域占到59.1%:工业主导乡村发展类型中乡村性弱(RI<0.4)和居中(0.4相似文献   

Demographic development in a developing economy: a case study of Uttar Pradesh

"Patterns of and trends in demographic development in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh have been analysed in this paper. Indices of urbanisation, literacy and occupational structure were used for this purpose. Their aggregate index represented the level of demographic development." The data are for 242 subdivisions of Uttar Pradesh for the census years 1971 and 1981. Particular attention is given to regional differentials in demographic indicators. The relationships among economic development and the measurements of literacy, urbanization, and occupational status are explored     

中国老年人口分布的集疏格局及其形成机制

中国已全面进入快速老龄化社会,研究老龄人口空间集疏格局及形成机制,不仅是开展老龄人口空间研究的理论基础,也是指导面向老龄化社会城市更新问题的关键所在。选取地级以上行政单元为研究对象,基于五普、六普老年人口数据,采用老龄化率、集聚度和空间自相关等方法,定量分析2000年和2010年全国城市老年人口分布的集疏格局及空间关联。研究表明：全国地级以上城市总体处于老龄化中期水平,城市间老龄化空间分异较大,老年人口密集区城市主要分布在胡焕庸线以东,稀疏区城市则均位于胡焕庸线以西,这与总人口分布状况基本一致;高密区城市基本都分布在东部沿海地区,中密区主要分布在长三角、珠三角、中原、山东半岛、成渝和京津冀地区,为中国分布范围最广的老年人口集聚区;城市间人口老龄化存在较强的空间正相关特征,空间集聚状况有所增强,人口老龄化空间格局表现出以热点区为中心,逐渐向外围过渡的“中心—外围”结构;自然环境、经济环境、城市化建设、人口环境等是导致老年人口集疏格局的关键形成因素。     

中国山区农村土地利用转型解析

山区土地开发及其导致的资源环境问题是农业社会人地关系紧张的体现,工业化、城镇化进程中劳动力转移减轻了山区农村土地的人为扰动,由此驱动土地利用发生转型,引发一系列自然和社会经济效应。按照“土地利用转型—驱动力—效应—响应”的分析框架,剖析中国山区农村土地利用转型的特征和规律,提出山区农村土地整治的响应措施。研究表明：① 山区农村土地利用转型体现出土地利用形态在长期变化过程中的趋势性转折,显性形态转型即由农业社会的耕地扩张和林地收缩演变为城镇化进程中的耕地收缩和林地恢复性增长,隐性形态转型即伴随上述过程发生的土地边际化及生态功能恢复;② 社会经济因素主导山区农村土地利用转型过程,劳动力转移引发土地人为扰动减轻是直接驱动力,务农机会成本上升、恶劣的生存环境等引发劳动力转移的因素是更为根本的驱动力;③ 山区农村土地利用转型降低了土地生态系统脆弱性并提高了其生态安全屏障功能,其社会经济效应应聚焦山区农村发展与农户生计安全层面,并亟需实证研究的支撑;④ 当前山区农村土地利用转型是自然恢复和生态优化的良性过程,有着经济社会发展的必然规律,山区农村土地整治要顺应其土地利用转型规律,目标导向从耕地数量增加转向生态环境保护与社会经济福祉协同提升。     

海南岛地域文化的空间分布研究

分析了海南岛地域文化的空间分布特点及其区域差异、南海岛文化景观的地理分异、人才及农业景观的区域分布等问题,指出海南岛地域文化的空间分布与地形条件和气候等地理要素密切相关,各种文化景观的分布总体上呈现沿海拔依次成圈层展布的特点。沿海平原地带城镇密布、人口众多、工业发展、交通设施齐备,整体文化水平处在最高层次。岛内丘陵、山地地区文化相对落后。另外,东部地区普遍先进于西部地区也是一个明显的特点     

“三角形法”在区域国土资源综合评价中的应用*——以湖北大别山区为例

本文建立了国土资源评价的指标系统,应用“三角形法”进行了综合评价,高度概括了区域国土资源的宏观特征。     

经济发达区内大都市用地空间的理性扩展

城市化是当今时代社会经济发展的主旋律与经济发展实现现代化的主要目标之一。在经济发达地区,工业化水平高、城镇密集、交通发达、土地利用空间高度集约化,也是沿海地区城市化的重要特点。然而,每个城市的用地空间在城市化过程中存在着非理性的扩展现象,甚至有些大城市地区用地失控的现象;使之城市边缘地区过度郊区化,无限制的蔓延扩展,开发区泛滥,造成生态环境恶化,非理性化的城市建设成本不断增加,社会与环境治理成本也不断加大。提出在经济发达地区内,大都市用地空间理性扩展的5个原则与5种解决的办法,在中国土地资源十分有限的国情条件下,大都市建设做到用地空间理性扩展以及城市化健康发展将起到重要的指导作用,具有十分重要的实践意义与学术价值。     

Dynamics of educational development in the Chhattisgarh region,India

"The aim of this paper is to analyse the spatial patterns of the level of educational development along with the decennial change in the literacy rate in the Chhattisgarh region of Madhya Pradesh State [India]. Eleven variables...have been considered to find out the index of educational development in the tahsils [divisions] of the region. The eighty two tahsils...are grouped into four categories...on the basis of decennial growth rate in literacy during 1981-91 and the level of educational development...."     

China’s rural revitalization and development: Theory,technology and management

Journal of Geographical Sciences - The urban-rural transformation from dichotomy to integration is a gradual process. Like rural areas in many countries, Chinese rural society is experiencing a...     

China＇s geographical regionalization in Chinese secondary school curriculum （1902-2012）

As geographic literacy training is an essential content for Chinese citizens’ literacy education,national geographical education is one of the indispensable key aspects of that training.Because of China’s vast land area and the significance of the regional differences,it is difficult for students to receive a solid education regarding China’s geography.In 1902,the government established the geography curriculum and began to incorporate the concept of geographical regionalization to facilitate the teaching of China’s geography by publishing the first syllabi,which was modified later and put into use in 1904.Since 1904,numerous geography textbooks have attempted to find an appropriate way to present China’s geographical regionalization,as it is important for secondary students to have a clear understanding and appreciation for the different regional characteristics.Accordingly,the geographical regionalization content is divided into four main phases:1902 to 1927;1928 to 1948;1949 to 1986;and 1986 to the present.During these phases,the content related to China’s geographical regionalization in secondary middle school geography textbooks has been gradually simplified and has adopted a more scientific foundation,thus leading to the present time where there are now four geographical regional areas.From this historical study,we find that while China’s geographical regionalization has gradually matured,there are still some problems.For example,dividing the study into four regions to describe the panorama of China is too simplified,and the learning therefore becomes too scattered and haphazard,particularly given the new curriculum reform.     

Field Work in the Classroom

To make sense of spatial data, information and concepts strong geographic literacy skills are a prerequisite, yet existing studies suggest a global decline in these skills. Current geographic tools predominantly focus on mapping tasks that do not necessarily lead to an understanding of the broader geographic relevance of location. This article argues that in order to improve geographic literacy exercises should test an understanding of location and employ techniques to correct deficiencies. To support this argument this study offers evidence on the effectiveness of online quizzes in improving geographic literacy skills of first-year undergraduate geography students.     

中国土地利用效益的时空特征研究

基于经济、社会、生态三维视角构建土地利用效益评价指标体系,运用灰色关联方法测度2004—2014年中国土地利用效益水平,并借助于Arc GIS空间分析技术分析其空间异质性及空间演变格局。从时序特征来看,2004—2014年全国土地利用效益波动性提升。从空间特征来看,中国土地利用效益的空间格局存在差异性,但差异日渐缩小;土地利用效益的增减空间分布不均,随着时间的推移,土地利用效益提升省份增加的幅度越来越大,土地利用效益降低省份的下降幅度越来越小;中国土地利用效益空间集聚特征明显,热点主要分布在内蒙古、辽宁和西藏,冷点主要分布在东南沿海地区;土地利用效益的变化也表现出集聚特征,东南沿海与西部地区为中国土地利用效益变化最强烈的集聚区,其土地利用效益变化呈互逆发展态势;中国土地利用效益变化具有明显的政策导向性。     

Measuring the Size,Scope, and Location of Civil Society Organizations in Johannesburg's Food System

Food security civil society organizations (FSCSOs) are key institutional players in the Global South, yet researchers have not adequately examined their size, scope, or location within urban areas. To fill this gap, this article analyzes Johannesburg's FSCSOs using quantitative survey data and spatial analysis. Data findings suggest that FSCSOs’ resources are unevenly distributed across Johannesburg, with larger, privately resourced FSCSOs located in white suburbs and smaller, unstable, turnover-prone FSCSOs located in black townships and informal settlements. Overall, these data suggest that the city's network of FSCSOs is spatially polarized and weakest in areas where food insecurity is the greatest.