Population in Advanced Placement Human Geography

Abstract

The Advanced Placement human geography course affords high school students the opportunity to experience an introductory college-level course in geography. Population is one of six major themes in the course. The course outline identifies four key areas of study in the population unit: geographical analysis of population, population distribution and composition, population growth and decline over time and space, and population movement. This article addresses each of these areas of study and identifies examples of concepts, topics, and types of data that could form the basis for instructional activities. A resource list is provided for additional reading.     

A geographical approach to some demographic features of the Moslem countries

This paper considers some demographic aspects of the world's Moslem population. Main sources of information are evaluated, and a definition is laid down for a Moslem country. Proportions of Moslem population are given for some 20 Asiatic and 30 African countries. Geographical distribution of Moslem countries as well as of the total world population are studied in some detail with due attention being devoted to Moslem minorities in non-Moslem countries such as China and the USSR. Population density, annual growth rate, life expectancy, age and language distributions are among the demographic features discussed comparatively at country and continent levels. Special attention is given to urbanization in the Moslem world. Finally future trends are discussed by using the usual statistical methods. It is thus established that by the year 2000 the proportion of world's Moslem population will rise to 22.4% as compared with 18.3% in 1975 and that the pressure on natural resources of the Moslem countries will be more than twice that in 1975 which is an alarming fact. It is hoped that the study will assist Moslem leaders in adopting sound population policies in their respectivie countries.     

GLOBAL IGNORANCE

ABSTRACT. Stories exposing the lack of global knowledge among American high school and college students are ubiquitous. But it is not just students who have difficulty navigating a world map. Global ignorance, in fact, is appallingly prevalent even among scholars, journalists, and public intellectuals who write about globalization and world history. Otherwise erudite and insightful authors commit such basic geographical errors that they can only mystify the public. The present article focuses on, but is not limited to, the misconceptions of Benjamin Barber, Thomas L. Friedman, John Gray, David Landes, and Paul Krugman. It further explores the reasons why the debate over globalization, in particular, generates so much nonsense, and it concludes with a call for the revitalization of world geography.     

Learning about distant places through the Internet: Young students as global citizens?

The article explores how the use of the Internet in school settings influences the way young people develop as citizens in an interconnected world and the possible implications for teaching geography subject at school. First, this topic is approached theoretically through a discussion of new forms of citizenship. The issue is investigated by using interview data and observations on the use of the Internet by upper secondary school students in Norway when searching for information about distant places. During the interviews, knowledge about tropical rainforests was used as a practical example. The main finding is that although the students could access information about a large part of the world from their laptop, a distance remained between the students and the rainforests and those who live in them. The article also reveals that, although it is often argued that the national context is weakened as a frame for civic engagement, the students referred to it as a basic frame when engaging with what is distant. Thus, it may be questioned how the use of the Internet in schools contributes to the development of students as global citizens.     

Population and geography in India

The field of population geography was first introduced during the 1960s in India and advanced under the direction of Gosal at the Punjab University. Teaching and research in population geography were introduced by Chandigarh at Punjab University, which today is the main center of research activity. Population geography in India has followed the main tenets of geography in general and is based on spatial perspectives. Deficits are apparent in the paucity of research on socioeconomic implications of spatial distributions, but there is infrastructural feedback to support theory development. Theoretical advances moving from theory to fact or from empirical fact to theory are limited. Comprehensive training in methodology and quantitative techniques is needed for further development of population theory: multivariate analysis, factor analysis, principal component analysis, model building, hypothesis testing, and theory formulation. Methodological sophistication will also help in understanding and interpreting the diverse and complex Indian demographic situation. The analysis of population geography in the Indian spatial, cultural, political, and historical context may be applied to other less developed countries of similar sociocultural background. The Indian Census has contributed over the 100 years of its existence reliable and efficiently produced data on a wide variety of measures at assorted scales down to the village level. Field work among geographers has not achieved a level of development commensurate with population censuses. Recent doctoral research has focused on qualitative studies of local situations. Research topics range from the distribution and structure of population, mortality, fertility, and migration to peripheral issues of social segregation. Popular topics include urbanization, labor force, sex composition, literacy, and population growth. Distribution of population and density studies have amounted to only 2 in 30 years. Population texts are in abundance. The Punjab University is the headquarters of the Association of Population Geographers, which publishes the journal "Population Geography." Many advances are still needed in a timely fashion.     

基于GIS方法的沿海城市人口变动及空间分布格局研究

经济社会越发展,人类对海洋的开发力度越大,同时,沿海地区聚集的人口也越多。21世纪以来,沿海城市人口规模及其变化的市别差异较大,个别城市出现了人口自然负增长的态势,总体上沿海城市人口密度显著高于内陆城市,人口迁移流入集中于24个沿海城市,约占沿海城市总数的一半。借助GIS技术,应用空间聚类的方法分析,结果表明:21世纪以来沿海城市人口重心向西南略微移动;人口分布趋于均匀,从人口密度方面看,2010年较2000年在空间上人口聚集程度有所下降。提出了优化沿海地区城市人口分布的对策建议。     

Demographic trends in the Austro-German Alps

Population trends in the German and Austrian Alps between 1971 and 1981 are described. The effects of commune size, tourism, and altitude on population dynamics are considered.     

The past,present, and future of population geography in China: Progress,challenges and opportunities

Population geography (PopGeo), although a sub-discipline of human geography, should have been well developed in China in light of its national population size and unique demographic issues, regional socio-economic development, and biophysical differences. Yet it typically lags behind the development of its parent disciplines, especially demography and geography. Specifically, PopGeo in Chinese higher education is still at a low level in terms of the three major aspects of disciplinary development: academic majors for higher education, academic conferences, and journals. The research content of PopGeo in China has focused on the growth, composition, change, distribution, and carrying capacity of population at the meso- and macro-spatial scales. As the most populated country in the world, questions about how and why the population changes, where the population settles and migrates to, its maximum carrying capacity, and how to guide sound development of population matter to society and the economy, are always important topics in the PopGeo studies in China. In contrast, some new population phenomena such as human space–time behaviors (commuting, remittances, and friends’ interaction), popular in the scientific community abroad, are not fully investigated at the micro-level. Presently, PopGeo in China may face both challenges and opportunities because of the adjustment of fertility policies and implementation of national new urbanization plans at the national level. It is this occasion that calls for a state-of-the-art review of the development of PopGeo since the 1980s, the turning point of an increasing number of PopGeo studies in China. We aim to reveal the current status of PopGeo in China to the world, and shed light on its further study.     

1982年以来中国省级区域城市化水平趋势

城镇人口数据不一致的问题非常严重, 几乎没有系统的省级区域城市化数据。这种情况部分是因为人口普查城镇人口定义的变化,部分是由城镇设置标准的变动引起的。人口普查是全国和各省区城镇人口数据的重要来源。但是由于人口普查的城镇人口定义在不断变化,城镇人口数据很多是前后不一致的,必须进行相应调整。本文首先讨论改革时期新的城市化进程,澄清城镇人口定义的变化,然后概括地说明估计全国和区域城镇人口所用的一个基于双轨城市化概念模式的区域方法。将调整后的1982年和2000年人口普查得到的城镇人口作为计算的基础数据,对1982~2000年中国各省的城市化水平进行估计。在估计结果的基础上,分析1982~2000年中国城市化过程的主要空间特征。揭示了1982~2000中国省级区域城市化发展的主要趋势。本文最后为将来城镇人口的统计提出一些建议。     

碳足迹研究现状与演变：基于社会网络视角分析

温室气体减排已成为世界各国的共识,碳足迹分析作为温室气体管理的工具,在过去二十多年来发展迅速,然而国内外现有研究缺乏对其演化发展的归纳总结。因此,本文选取Web of science收录的期刊数据为研究对象,检索出1996—2017年有关碳足迹的相关文献8840篇,并对此进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明：①美国对碳足迹文献的贡献最大,拥有2275篇出版物以及最高的h指数（83）和被引频次（34803）;②中国和印度等发展中国家近10年发文量增长显著,都位于全球发文量前十的国家中;③荷兰的h指数占总出版物的比重最大;④加利福尼亚大学是该领域最具生产力的机构,拥有222篇出版物,且国际合作水平显著。最后,论文将碳足迹研究分为三个阶段,基于关键词共现分析,厘清碳足迹研究的热点变化,并预测其未来研究趋势。     

中学生药物滥用行为及其影响因素的地域差异

青少年的健康状况尤其是健康行为,往往会延续至成年时期,同时,相比于成年人,青少年的药物滥用对其大脑的危害更大,更易导致成瘾。中学生是青少年的主要群体,研究其药物滥用行为的影响因素及机制,有助于实施干预措施,减少其健康风险。以往文献对中学生药物滥用行为的研究较为全面,但对学校周边的建成环境以及地域差异引起个体健康行为差异背后的原因关注不足。以随机抽取的广东省124所初级中学为研究对象,并基于2010年各区县的人口普查数据,通过因子生态分析方法划分抽样学校所在区县的社会区类型,分析位于不同社会区的中学生药物滥用情况,而后运用多元逐步回归模型,探究中学生药物滥用行为影响因素的地域差异。结果表明,不同社会区的中学生药物滥用行为发生率存在差异,年轻化的外来人口集聚地区中学生药物滥用发生率最高,其次为人口老龄化地区,社会环境相对稳定的本地商业从业人员集聚地区最低。在年轻化的外来人口聚集地区中,课外到网吧、游戏厅、台球室活动学生的高比例与学校1000 m范围内的网吧、游艺室的高密度等外部环境容易导致学校中学生药物滥用的高发;在人口老龄化地区中,道路交叉口的高密度等建成环境表征了良好的社会监督,有助于降低学生滥用药物的风险;在本地商业从业人员聚集地区中,融洽的家庭关系有利于制约中学生滥用药物,同时零花钱越高,中学生购买药物的机会越大,因而越容易发生药物滥用行为。     

Integrated Teaching of Geographic Information Science and Physical Geography Through Digital Terrain Analysis

Abstract

We present an outline of a course in digital terrain analysis that provides students with integrated instruction in geographic information science (GISci) and topics in physical geography and earth science. Integrated teaching of GISci and other sub-fields of geography has value because it presents GISci technologies in the context of their application. Nevertheless, the design of college and university geography courses is often fragmented rather than integrated. Our course provides one potential model for such integration. Assessment of student reaction, using focus groups of both enrolled and non-enrolled students, revealed a generally positive attitude toward the course and pointed out the barriers that prevent some students from taking it.     

从《地理学报》看中国地理学研究的特点与趋势——基于文献计量方法

本文基于文献计量方法,分别从成长趋势、关键词、文献作者和研究机构等不同侧面对《地理学报》创刊以来至2013年3月中旬刊载的4420篇文献,进行较为全面的分析。同时,基于地理学三分法对自然地理、人文地理、地理技术等主要分支研究以及地理总论进行探讨,旨在揭示代表中国地理学界最高学术水平的《地理学报》其发展特点与发展趋势。研究表明：①《地理学报》在很大程度上可以反映中国地理学科最高学术水平的最新研究成果;②《地理学报》年发文量存在显著差异,其波动起伏与中国历史的大事件紧密相关;③《地理学报》虽为综合性期刊,但自然地理研究一直占绝大多数;④《地理学报》具有较为稳定的学术研究队伍,老学者居多,需要进一步培养新的学科带头人;⑤《地理学报》具有较强集聚效应,中国地理学研究主体和研究内容具有明显区域性。     

北极地区地缘关系研究综述

论文检索了科学引文索引(Web of Science)和中国知网(CNKI)中北极地区地缘关系的相关文献,借助CiteSpace文献分析软件的关键词共现分析功能,系统综述了2000年以来国内外关于北极地区地缘关系的研究重点。从研究内容上看,国外研究主要关注主权政治、航道利用、资源管理和原住民权益等主体性议题,而国内则着重关注地缘政治、航道交通、资源经济和地区治理等参与性议题。就研究方法上看,国内外研究中定性与定量方法兼具,但仍以定性方法和描述性方法为主。随着北极地区的发展,研究方法和研究视角有待丰富,研究领域和研究深度亟需进一步拓展和加强。北极地区具有重要的战略意义,未来应结合现代技术,借鉴国际上的地区发展理论,开展北极地区的可持续发展研究和中国参与研究,并构建新时代北极地区地缘环境理论。     

代表性人口空间分布数据集的精度评价——以2010年广东省为例

以人口密度差异显著的广东省为研究区,比较Worldpop、GPW v4和2种中国公里网格人口分布数据集的空间分布一致性,并以第六次全国人口普查数据为真值,按人口密度分为高、中、低3组,从误差的数值分布和空间分布两方面定量评价4种数据集的精度,最后讨论估算误差的可能来源及数据适用性。结果表明,4种网格人口数据集中Worldpop整体精度最高,且在人口密集区的精度也是最高;GPW v4在低人口密度和中人口密度区域精度略高于Worldpop,但对镇街内人口分布细节刻画不够详细;2种中国公里网格人口分布数据集精度较前两者低,主要受空间化方法和模型变量的选择所限制。Worldpop适合用于人口密度中等及人口密度高区域的精细化研究,GPW v4适合用于长时序、最小研究单元大于镇街的研究,第一种中国公里网格人口分布数据集适合用于需要考虑镇街内人口分布和空间异质性的研究,第二种中国公里网格人口分布数据集适用于需要考虑人口分布细节和空间格局变化的长时序研究。     

Recent urban growth in Papua New Guinea

Using population estimates from recent censuses and from the 1977-1978 Urban Population Survey, the author examines trends in urban growth in Papua New Guinea. Reasons for the differences between actual and predicted rates of urban growth are investigated     

Geography and Multiple Abilities Program: Innovations in Teacher Education-Reconnecting Teaching to Students' Needs

Abstract

The University of Alabama is now offering a new and innovative, five-semester program that provides preservice teachers with both knowledge of and skill in using strategies and teaching methods associated with general and special education. The goal of the Multiple Abilities Program (MAP) is to enable teachers to accommodate the wide range of learning styles and developmental readiness for instruction of all learners in a given classroom, regardless of the labels with which the children are identified. This article describes MAP in light of the geography strand of the MAP curriculum. MAP students work with five topics in geography, which they use to develop a greater understanding of how authentic teaching and learning of geography are mediated by cognitive, affective, and social needs of children. MAP students take a particular topic in geography and design and implement instruction for it by creating authentic learning activities that offer elementary school students an opportunity to explore the topic. The variety that is systematically planned into the activities is the major means of accommodating differences in cognitive ability, learning style, level of physical and social development, and cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic diversity.     

人口集聚对中国城市经济增长的影响分析

人口集聚是新经济地理学关注的焦点,由于连续年份城市建设用地数据难以获取等原因,目前仍无法明确人口集聚是否促进了中国城市经济增长。采用消除连续年份时空异质性的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据方法所提取的建设用地等数据,通过构建人口密度影响地均收入水平的理论模型,分析2005-2013年间人口集聚对中国35个大城市经济增长的影响。研究发现人口集聚对中国城市经济增长产生显著的正向影响,其影响程度沿东、中、西部依次递减;在解释机制上,人口集聚主要通过知识和人力资本促进中国城市经济的增长,而知识密集行业占比和高校师生比的空间分布及两者对城市收入的影响是沿东、中、西部依次递减的,是解释人口集聚促进城市经济增长存在空间差异的主要原因。     

Recent water quality trends and a comparison to sediment-core records for two riverine lakes of the Upper Mississippi River basin: Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin

Long-term water quality monitoring data from two riverine lakes in the Upper Mississippi River basin, Lakes St. Croix and Pepin, were analyzed to compare the long-term average water quality conditions and land use distributions, water quality trends and loads at lake inlets and outlets, trends from long-term versus short-term monitoring records, and the ability of paleolimnological cores to accurately infer lake water quality conditions. During the 1976–2004 period, the long-term average concentrations of nutrients, suspended solids, and chlorophyll-a were consistently lower at the Lake St. Croix inlet versus the Lake Pepin inlet, which drains a greater proportion of urban and agricultural runoff. Despite these differences, nutrient trends were similar at the inlets to both lakes; reductions in total phosphorus and ammonium concentrations were attributed to improvements in point source technologies, whereas increasing nitrate concentrations were attributed to both point source changes and nonpoint source increases. Despite improvements in several water quality variables, nitrate concentrations are increasing in both lakes, sediment trends indicate persistent nonpoint source inputs to Lake Pepin, and current total phosphorus concentrations remain well above pre-1950s levels in both lakes. Since urban development and agriculture are increasing in the Lake St. Croix and Lake Pepin Watersheds, continued point source regulation and additional nonpoint source control efforts will be needed to further improve water quality in these lakes. The 1976–2004 trends for most water quality variables were similar at inlet versus outlet sites on Lake St. Croix. Trends at Lake Pepin inlet versus outlet sites were less similar, but data availability limited the comparison to the 1993–2003 period. While the truncated data record highlighted short-term trends in both lakes, the full data record was most useful for exploring general patterns in water quality. Length of monitoring record affected our ability to detect trends at the inlets to both lakes, and altered the magnitude of detected trends. During the two decades of the 1980s and 1990s, paleolimnological estimates of retained phosphorus loads were similar to those estimated from recent water quality monitoring. These similarities support the use of paleolimnological approaches to infer past water quality conditions in Lakes St. Croix and Pepin. This is one of eight papers dedicated to the “Recent Environmental History of the Upper Mississippi River” published in this special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology. D. R. Engstrom served as guest editor of the special issue.     

地理信息技术在高中地理教学中的应用

地理信息技术在高中地理教育中的作用越来越重要,根据2017年《普通高中地理课程标准》提出的具体内容要求和学业要求,对地理信息技术在高中地理教育中的重要性作了具体的论证;教学中的具体应用案例表明,将遥感、全球定位系统、地理信息系统应用于普通高中地理教学,不仅可以极大的增强学生的学习兴趣,还可以培养学生的地形解读和空间思维能力;同时结合中国普通高中的实际情况,对地理信息技术在高中地理教学中面临的问题也进行了一定的探究,并给出了合理的建议。