近四年来我国气候数值模拟与预报研究的进展

近年来，我国在气候问题中的数值模拟式研究方面有了相当大的发展。这主要表现在气候模式水平的迅速提高，以及利用气候模式进行了大量的气候数值模拟和预报试验研究工作。对我国１９９１￣１９９４年在这方面的主要研究进展进行了系统的总结。     

典型中尺度数值预报模式参数化方案的综述与展望

中尺度天气现象对人类的生产生活有重要影响,中尺度数值预报模式是进行数值天气预报的主要工具。受模式分辨率和对天气现象物理机制认识不足的限制,许多复杂天气过程只能用参数化方案来隐式表达,对参数化方案进行研究有助于推动中尺度数值预报模式的模拟和预报效果的不断优化。在探讨国内外典型中尺度数值预报模式特性的基础上,综述了积云对流参数化方案、云微物理参数化方案、边界层参数化方案、陆面过程参数化方案和辐射传输过程参数化方案的研究进展,比较了代表性参数化方案的理论基础和应用场景,发现对独立或组合参数化方案效果的对比试验和改进试验是该领域主要的研究范式。认为参数化方案未来将走向深入探讨各种天气现象的影响因素和物理机制,多要素、多尺度和多方案耦合,更加重视对“灰色区域”的模拟,应用选择更加多元化,并与机器学习技术融合的发展模式。     

浅层地下水水位动态模拟与中长期预报

用多元回归与自相关相结合对浅层地下水动态进行模拟预报,并对该方法的物理意义加以阐明.     

中国海台风风暴潮预报模式的研究与应用

本文建立了一个二维的台风风暴潮动力数值模式.采用有限差分技术求解流体运动方程,方程中考虑了有限振幅的影响和科氏参数随纬度的变化,略掉了对流项.无因次分析方法被用于选取最有代表性的台风域中的气压场分布公式.该模式输出产品能够很好地反映一次风暴潮在时间和空间上的变化,便于使用.     

双校正模式下的大清河流域陆气耦合洪水预报研究

基于数值大气模式WRF、三维变分数据同化WRF-3DVar、河北雨洪模型以及实时校正模型ARMA,在北方半湿润半干旱地区的大清河流域构建了陆气耦合洪水预报系统,并利用2012、2013年发生的3场降雨洪水,对系统的降雨洪水预报结果进行分析。结果表明:雷达反射率与GTS数据的同时同化,可有效改善数值大气模式对中小尺度流域的降雨预报效果,从而降低系统的洪水预报误差,ARMA模型的应用,能够进一步提升系统的洪水预报精度,随着预见期的延长,系统的预报精度下降,但系统在6h预见期内仍表现出较好的应用效果。因此,在数据同化和实时校正的"双校正"模式下,陆气耦合洪水预报系统在延长洪水预报预见期的同时,具有较高的洪水预报精度,具有一定的应用前景。     

基于WRF模式数据和CASA模型的青海湖流域草地NPP估算研究

植被净初级生产力(NPP)是研究陆地碳循环过程的核心内容, 而高海拔区域由于气象观测数据的缺乏造成模型对其估算的不准确.在WRF模式气象数据和SPOT-VEGETATION遥感影像的基础上, 利用CASA模型对青海湖流域2000-2010年的草地NPP进行了估算, 经过实地样方数据和其他模型数据的验证后, 分析了青海湖流域近11 a来草地NPP的空间分布格局和时间变化特征.结果表明: 1)在气象观测资料缺乏的青海湖流域, WRF模式的气象数据能较好地应用到模型中, CASA模型对该区域草地NPP的模拟精度较高; 2)2000-2010年青海湖流域草地年均NPP为2.71×10¹²gC·a^-1, 单位面积草地NPP为145.71 gC·m^-2·a^-1; 空间分布上呈现出由东南向西北随着海拔升高逐渐下降的格局, 在海拔3 200~3 500 m的区域草地单位面积的NPP达到最大; 3)2000-2010年青海湖流域草地NPP年际变化明显, 近11 a呈现出明显的增加趋势, 增加区域主要分布在环湖地区; 年内季节变化显著, 夏季NPP占到全年的57.36%; 4)对NPP和气象站点太阳辐射、 气温、 降水数据进行相关性分析, 发现影响青海湖流域草地NPP变化的主要驱动力是气温.     

测氡（Rn）在滑坡预报方面的应用研究

本文以四种不同类型滑坡及周边地区为试验场，通过多项目的长期监测，对氡的平面分布规律与滑坡空间预报，垂直剖面分布规律与滑带位置的确定，临滑前运移规律与滑坡时间预报三个问题进行了论述和探讨。     

致洪暴雨中期预报进展

结合我国国情,从防洪减灾的迫切需要出发,进行增长暴雨预见期的研究。采用气象与水文结合的方法,提出“致洪暴雨”的新概念,并简要地论述了近年来国内在致洪暴雨中期预报研究试验方面的若干新进展,其内容包括致洪暴雨过程出现的天气气候特征,大气环流形势背景、卫星云图及OLR场分布特点、大气超长波、长波及合成行星波、低频振荡、大气物理参数诊断、暴雨时空分布特点及其与洪水的关系,以及中期预报方法的探索等。     

新一代区域气候模式(CWRF)国内应用进展

随着区域气候模拟研究的不断深入,新一代区域气候模式CWRF因为其优异性能开始被广泛应用。从其对WRF物理过程的改良,模拟区域和侧边界条件的构建,个例模拟研究和与RegCM的模拟对比3个方面介绍CWRF模式在我国的发展与应用概况,说明CWRF在区域气候模拟中的准确性和先进性。探究了CWRF模式在国内的两大发展前景:一是在CWRF模式中引入更为准确的物理过程参数化方案,并可进行有机组合实现优化集成气候预报;二是把CWRF与全球气候模式嵌套,进行短期气候的业务预报和长期气候变化及其影响的预测评估。梳理和归纳CWRF模式在我国的应用现状,展望CWRF模式本土化的发展趋势,为CWRF模式的使用和研究提供有意义的参考。     

Progress of the Climate Extension of Weather Research and Forecast(CWRF)Model Application in China

With the development of regional climate simulation, CWRF, the new generation regional climate model, is increasingly used in climate research because of its advanced capability and high skill. The CWRF application in China was introduced from three aspects: its modifications of WRF physics parameterizations, the construction of modeling domain and lateral boundary conditions, the case simulation study and comparison with RegCM, illustrating the accuracy and advantage of CWRF in regional climate simulations. Furthermore, two major CWRF developmental prospects in China were explored: one was to incorporate more accurate physical parameterization schemes and optimized multi-physics ensemble approach; the other was to nest CWRF in GCMs for short-term climate operational forecast and long-term climate change prediction and impact assessment. The status of CWRF applications in China was summarized and the outlook of its further development was pointed out, which provided a meaningful reference for more general research and application.     

Progress in Lightning Forecast by Using Numerical Weather Models and Model Outputs

Lightning can threaten human and equipment safety. An indicator of sever convective weather, it plays an important role in atmospheric chemistry. The intensive studies have advanced the lightning forecast in the mesoscale weather models and its application in global climate models. There are three methods to forecast lightning by using numerical weather models: Numerical diagnosis prediction based on synoptic background filed statistical relations; Flash rate parameterization developed with the relationship between dynamical, microphysical and electrification processes, and The numerical weather model coupled with the explicit electrification and lightning parameterization schemes. In this paper, the research progress in lightning forecast with three above-mentioned methods were reviewed, and the future research issues on lightning forecast were also discussed.     

CMIP研究计划的进展及其在中国地区的检验和应用前景

由世界气候研究计划(WCRP)推动制定的CMIP计划,是一整套耦合大气环流气候模式的比较计划.该计划旨在通过比较模式的模拟能力来评价模式的好坏,促进气候模式的发展;同时也为生态、水文、社会经济诸学科在全球变化背景下预估未来环境变化提供可靠的科学依据.CMIP计划从AMIP开始,经历了CMIP1、CMIP2、CMIP3几个阶段的发展,并已为模式研究提供了迄今为止时间最长、内容最为广泛的模式资料库.尽管模式的模拟结果仍不可避免的存在一些不足,但世界各国纷纷利用该资料库进行模式发展以及与气候变化相关的多学科研究,为预估未来的环境变化提供了不可替代的科学依据.对其作了简要回顾,并对其在中国地区存在的问题和潜在应用前景作了简要论述.     

基于WRF驱动的CLM模型对青藏高原地区陆面过程模拟研究

NCAR-CLM是目前国际上发展较为完善的陆面过程模型.鉴于大多数研究利用气象站点的数据驱动CLM模型, 尝试将WRF气候模型的模拟结果作为驱动CLM的面上强迫场数据来对青藏高原陆面能量特征进行模拟研究.对WRF气候模型模拟的输出结果与青藏高原气象站观测数据进行比较分析表明, WRF模拟输出的气温和向下短波辐射数值与观测值的相关系数大于0.92(p >0.05), 气压和比湿的R²在0.80以上(p >0.05), 降雨和风速的模拟性能不稳定, 但WRF模拟输出的强迫场也可以作为CLM模型的驱动数据. CLM模拟的地表温度、 感热和潜热通量与青藏高原气象站观测的地表温度以及涡度通量数据验证分析表明, 虽然CLM对地表温度的模拟在合理范围内, 但模拟与观测值还是有较大偏差, 潜热和感热之间的相关系数分别为0.87和0.68(p >0.05), 表明CLM的模拟结果在单点上是可靠的.据此, 在此模拟结果基础上分析了青藏高原地区的陆面能量时空分布特征.     

Research and Application Progress of DRAINMOD Model

Establishing an effective hydrological model is important for guiding the design of small-scale drainage systems. The simulation principle and the sensitivity of key parameters of DRAINMOD model were summarized from four aspects:Hydrological characteristics, nitrogen transport, salt transport and model cooperation. The research application progresses of DRAINMOD model and its coupled model at home and abroad were systematically reviewed, and the limitations and development trends of the model were discussed. It is pointed out that DRAINMOD model has good simulation performance in the fields of agricultural drainage, nitrogen removal and stain reduction. In the simulation of cold area or urban stormwater regulation, domestic research needs to reference from foreign research results. The research suggests that the key research directions of DRAINMOD model could be summarized as the following aspects:\mathrm{①}Simulating the migration of phosphorus, organic micro-pollutants and heavy metal elements and their impacts on soil and crops; \mathrm{②}Mechanism research on the freezing-thawing of snow and application in cold regions; \mathrm{③}Application in the construction of urban stormwater regulation facilities.     

Application of Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation in Removing Model Biases and Downscaling over China

Global Climate Models (GCM) are the primary tools for studying past climate change and evaluating the projected future response of climate system to changing atmospheric composition. However, the state of art GCMs contain large biases in regional or local scales and are often characterized by low resolution which is too coarse to provide the regional scale information required for regional climate change impact assessment. A popular technique, Bias Correction and Spatial Disaggregation (BCSD), are widespreadly employed to improve the quality of the raw model output and downscaling throughout the world. Unfortunately, this method has not been applied in China. Consequently, the detailed principle and procedure of BCSD are introduced systematically in this study. Furthermore, the applicability of BCSD over China is also examined based on an ensemble of climate models from phase five of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5), though the excellent performance of it has been validated for other parts of the world in many works. The result shows that BCSD is an effective, model independent approach to removing biases of model and downscaling. Finally, application scope of BCSD is discussed, and a suite of fine resolution multimodel climate projections over China is developed based on 34 climate models and two emissions scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) from CMIP5.     

Research Progress of Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide

Nowadays, researchers pay more attention to the atmospheric CO, which are including the chemical characteristics of atmospheric CO and its indirect effects on the climate, environment pollution monitoring, the source and sink, the distribution characteristics and change rules of its concentration and so on. In order to understand the research status well, we carried out a preliminary summary about the research methods of atmospheric CO based on the former research. The purpose of this study is to give some reasonable suggestions to improve the observation of the Polar Regions and the atmospheric chemical models.     

陕西省农业用水需求预测模型研究

农业用水是一个地区总用水量中的重要组成部分.论文通过对影响农业用水需求的因素进行分析,运用经济计量学方法,模拟了农业用水量与各影响因素之间的关系,在此基础上构建了农业用水需求的多元线性预测模型,并据此对陕西省2005年和2010年的农业用水需求进行了点预测.     

我国气候变化对地下水资源影响研究的主要进展

为了推动我国关于气候变化对地下水影响的深入研究,列举了关于气候变化对地下水影响的研究方法,包括包气带和含水层环境示踪技术,研究地下水及其沉积物的物理化学指标,地表水-地下水耦合数值模拟技术等;综述了我国华北地区(北京市、滹沱河流域、海河流域、滦河下游地区、黄淮海平原、临汾盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地、黄河下游地区、大同盆地、北方岩溶泉域)、西北地区(塔里木下游地区、三工河流域、阿克苏河绿洲、黑河流域、石羊河流域、河西走廊、巴丹吉林沙漠)和东北地区(吉林中部平原地区、三江平原)等典型区域气候变化(气温、降水、蒸发)对地下水水位、补给量与排泄量(泉流量、开采量)、水化学成分、水温、同位素组成的影响;提出了气候变化条件下合理利用和管理地下水资源的若干对策,包括减缓温室效应引起的全球气候变暖对未来地下水资源产生不利影响,定量化研究气候变化和地下水之间的相互关系,应用高新技术开展地下水资源脆弱性的研究,充分利用灌区地下含水层的调蓄作用,通过地表水与地下水的联合利用控制水盐平衡、涵养地下水源,节约农业、工业和生活用水等。