河西走廊地质历史中宋辽干冷期灾变事件及其影响

宋辽寒冷干旱期的急剧降温,使河西地区降水量迅速减少,气候变得更为干旱。植被枯萎,风暴、沙暴、尘暴、火灾、旱灾、饥荒等灾害事件频繁发生,从而引发了一系列生态环境问题和战争动乱,对中国政治、社会、经济、文化产生重大影响。依据历史资料和考古研究成果及地质记录中“事件标志层”层位、年代,确定宋辽寒冷干旱期发生于公元1000~1050年,发展于公元1050~1100年,强盛于公元1100~1320年,消亡于公元1320~1335年。     

青岛市气象和水文干旱变化特征分析

利用青岛市气象和天然径流资料,借助极端降水指数、气象和水文干旱指数,采用回归分析、相关分析和ARCGIS空间分析等方法对该市气象和水文干旱的变化特征进行分析。主要结论为:(1)青岛市无雨日数明显增多,降水量则呈减少的趋势;最大连续无雨日数(pxcdd)和平均干旱期长度(pdsav)的上升在西部地区大于东部地区,而降水量(prcptot)的下降在东部地区大于西部地区。(2)气象干旱指数SPI和水文干旱指数SSI均表明青岛市干旱呈加剧特征;SSI所反映的旱涝发生频次少于SPI,但持续时间大于SPI,尤以1个月和3个月尺度更明显。(3)干旱指数与历史旱灾面积的相关性较好,其中水文干旱指数与成灾面积的相关性更强,而气象干旱指数与受灾面积的相关性更强。此外,由于干旱的累积效应,在降水并不十分稀缺的年份,造成的局部旱情亦十分严重。     

1959-2007年玛纳斯河流域干湿季气候变化趋势

运用统计方法对玛纳斯河流域1959-2007年近49 a来干季、湿季和全年降水量、均温、干旱指数的变化趋势、周期特征和突变特征进行分析.结果表明:49 a来玛纳斯河流域降水量和温度均呈增加的趋势,其气候倾向率分别为5.9 mm.(10a)-1和0.3℃.(10a)-1,但在20世纪70年代有一个明显的干旱期;降水、均温和干旱指数序列在干季、湿季、全年中都存在着较长周期,长周期中包含着短周期.其中,干旱指数和降水序列都存在8 a、14 a左右的周期;均温的变化周期比较复杂,波动性较强,存在22 a左右的年代际周期.累积距平法与滑动t检验得出的气候要素突变年份基本一致,大都处于1980年代.1983年流域内降水量发生由少雨到多雨的变化,流域气候开始变得湿润,1988年平均气温由偏冷转向偏暖.     

1982～2010年喀什木本植物物候变化与气候变化的关系

利用喀什国家基准气候站1982～2010年的气象观测数据和地面物候观测资料,采用气候倾向率和气候趋势系数方法,分析气温、降水、日照时数的变化特征以及其对新疆常见的5种木本树种物候期的影响.结果表明:近29年来喀什气候增暖,气温、降水量和日照时数等基本气象要素的增加趋势较明显,年平均气温和年总降水量的增幅分别为0.37～1.10℃/10a和12.14mm/10a;以季节而言,在春季气温和日照时数的升幅最大,降水量在秋季较明显.这种气候变暖的趋势与5种树物候期有密切相关,春季气温和春季日照时数的增多使物候期提前,而秋季的降水量促进木本植物的生长,使物候期延迟.     

退墒曲线在墒情数据过滤及预报方面的应用

在对历史干旱年的墒情数据进行大量分析的基础上,利用土壤退墒曲线,滤除自动监测的异常值,使自动墒情站数据的可靠性得到保证。在满足生产精度,充分发挥自动监测作用的同时,减少了干旱期间人工加密监测的频次,节约了监测成本。同时利用退墒曲线可对连续无雨条件下,今后一段时间内的墒情进行预测,从而为抗旱决策提供依据。     

宁夏春、夏、秋季干旱与降水集中期及集中度的关系

应用宁夏气象台站1961-2010年逐候降水量序列资料, 计算了春、夏、秋季3个季降水的集中期、集中度和干旱Z指数, 运用趋势分析、相关分析、合成分析讨论了3季的集中期、集中度与旱涝程度的时空变化特征及其相互关系. 结果表明: 50 a来宁夏春夏秋干旱等级均呈加剧趋势, 秋季加剧更明显, 3季中中部干旱带加剧最严重, 南部山区次之, 北部最小. 春季集中期无明显变化趋势, 但集中度有上升趋势, 夏季集中期、集中度缓慢下降, 秋季集中期、集中度变化不明显;近10 a来3季集中度明显增大, 春夏两季集中期推迟. 春季降水集中度对干旱没有显著影响, 但首场透雨出现早晚对干旱影响显著, 透雨出现偏早, 干旱等级低, 反之亦然;夏季集中期对干旱影响不显著, 但集中度显著影响干旱, 集中度高, 雨涝发生概率越大, 集中度低, 干旱发生概率大;秋季集中期、集中度对干旱都有影响, 集中度高, 集中期早, 雨涝发生概率大, 反之干旱出现概率大.     

青藏高原东南缘迪庆地区年季蒸发皿蒸发、降水和径流深分析

利用青藏高原东南边缘核心区迪庆地区3个站的蒸发皿蒸发、降水、径流深观测资料,分析了各要素年内、年际变化规律,检验了突变点,探讨了区域蒸发、降水、径流深相关关系。结果表明：（1）研究区蒸发量年内四季分布相对均衡,其次为径流深及降水量;径流深年际离散系数低,其次为降水量、蒸发量;径流深年内季节分布年际离散系数低,其次为蒸发量、降水量。（2）研究区年度蒸发量的增加主要因春季蒸发增加,年度降水量的减少主要因冬季降水量减少,年度径流深的增加主要因夏季、秋季、冬季径流深增加所致,夏季径流深增加主要因夏季蒸发减少,秋季径流深增加主要因秋季降水增加、蒸发减少、夏季径流增加、蒸发减少所致,冬季径流深增加主要因秋季径流增加所致。（3）研究区年度、春季蒸发量下降趋势显著,年度干旱、春旱风险呈降低趋势;降水量年内占比趋向于向夏季、秋季集中,径流深夏、秋季呈增加趋势,区域内洪涝灾害风险有增大趋势。2000年以来,区域内年度蒸发量出现较为明显增加趋势,年度降水量、年度径流出现明显减少趋势,该趋势与线性趋势出现背离,且年度和四季降水量、径流深在2014年左右均检测出变少突变信号,该现象可能对区域生态环境及水资源状况产生较大影响。     

1961-2009年西北地区基于SPI指数的干旱时空变化特征

利用西北五省区137个测站的1961-2009年逐月降水量资料计算标准化降水指数(SPI), 统计了逐月、春末夏初、初夏、夏季及秋季的干旱、重旱、特旱的频率及面积率, 分析其时空变化特征.结果表明: 新疆北部、青海的中部及甘肃河西是西北地区干旱频率较高的区域, 干旱频率在15个月以上, 新疆南部除个别月份干旱发生频率较高外, 总体干旱发生频率较低;干旱发生区域随月份有由南到北、由西向东变化的趋势;除新疆、青海、及甘肃个别区域重旱频率超过5月外, 其他区域基本上都在5月以下;新疆南部重旱频率仍然较低;夏季发生范围高于其他季节;新疆北部、甘肃河西是特旱的高发区. 不同等级的月及季节干旱面积率其逐年变化具有相似的特征, 西北干旱面积率的变化总体上可以分为3个阶段: 1961-1980年干旱面积率比较高, 平均在35%左右;1981-1990年为转折期, 干旱面积率下降到15%左右;而1991-2009年为稳定期, 干旱面积率变化不大.全球气候变暖导致西北地区降水量、冰川融水量、河川径流量增加和湖泊水位上升、面积扩大, 是1987年以来干旱面积率下降的原因.     

1961-2010年西北干旱区极端降水指数的时空变化分析

结合绝对阈值和百分位法定义极端降水事件的优点,提出了一种更灵敏的检测极端降水事件的方法. 该方法不仅能检测出常用降水指数无法检测到的降水量稀少地区尤其干旱区的极端降水事件,同时也能过滤掉其检测到的降水量丰富地区的虚假极端降水事件. 此方法首次被应用于统计1961年1月至2010年2月西北干旱区72个气象站点的年和季节的极端降水指数（大降水和强降水指数）,并分析了极端降水指数的时间变化趋势及其空间分布特征. 结果表明：西北干旱区春（3-5月）、秋（9-11月）、冬（12月至次年2月）三季极端降水指数无显著（P>0.05）变化趋势,夏季（6-8月）大降水的频率和降水量以及大降水降水量占总降水量的比重都显著增加;新疆地区极端降水指数为增加趋势的区域基本都分布在海拔较高（约海拔1 000 m以上）的地区;西北干旱区东部极端降水指数变化趋势的空间分布有明显的季节差异,表现为夏、秋季大部分地区为增加趋势,冬、春季大部分地区为减小趋势.     

风险管理是干旱管理的发展趋势

对我国干旱管理现状进行了分析,指出了存在的问题,介绍了抗旱工作要从被动抗旱向主动防旱、科学防旱转变的趋势,并从应急抗旱向常规抗旱和长期抗旱转变的科学管理理念出发,提出我国的干旱管理方式应该从现行的危机管理向风险管理转变,并重点介绍了干旱风险管理的几个主要方面:干旱期的水资源管理、干旱早期预警和干旱预案.     

淮河流域近500年洪旱事件演变特征分析

为了认识淮河流域过去500年洪旱事件发生规律并鉴别当前的洪旱情势,收集并对比分析了流域实测降雨资料、重建历史雨季降雨资料、历史旱涝等级资料、历史洪旱文献记录和历史调查洪水资料等多源洪旱灾害数据。以重建历史雨季降雨资料和历史旱涝等级资料为主要依据,通过滑动平均、频率计算、小波分析和突变检验等方法,分析流域过去500年洪水干旱时空分布特征和演变规律。结果表明,17世纪淮河流域洪旱灾害最严重,但20世纪极端洪旱事件发生频次最多。淮河流域洪旱事件存在40年左右的稳定长周期,主周期从18世纪的15~20年逐渐减少到19世纪的5年周期,近20年来出现2~3年的主周期,洪旱灾害事件呈增加趋势,流域社会经济发展面临着严峻的洪旱灾害威胁。     

Regularity and formation mechanism of large-scale abrupt karst collapse in southern China in the first half of 2010

From winter 2009 to spring 2010, southern China suffered from an extensive and lengthy drought. Subsequently, southern China experienced torrential rains a dozen times during the flood season of April–June. The prolonged drought and subsequent intensive rainfall dramatically altered the hydrodynamic conditions of the karst areas, causing hundreds of widely distributed karst collapses, with extensive damage to houses and fields and necessitating the evacuation of many people. Understanding the causes of these collapses will provide a scientific basis for the prediction or prevention of the related risk. Thus, a geologic survey of karst collapses was performed that systematically allowed to analyze the basic geological conditions, groundwater hydrodynamic conditions, overlying strata properties, and environmental and climatic conditions in southern China. The results showed that environmental and climatic changes, especially the drastic changes in rainfall, gave rise to striking changes in karst hydrodynamic conditions that accelerated infiltration, suffosion, dissolution, and transportation rates and also changed the physical and mechanical properties of the strata overlying karst caves. These stressors triggered or facilitated both cave formation and collapse.     

The evolution analysis of flood and drought in Huai River Basin of China based on monthly precipitation characteristics

Based on the daily precipitation data of 38 weather stations in the Huai River Basin from 1961 to 2010, this study used SPI index, P-III curve to determine the flood/drought years, under what situations for droughts and floods easily happen, and to analyze the evolution law of flood and drought during inter-annual and intra-annual based on the characteristic of monthly precipitation. The results showed that: (1) annual rainfall of the Huai River Basin presented decreasing trend, maximum rainfall appeared from June to August, and multi-year average precipitation increased gradually from north to south; (2) the variation of monthly precipitation during flood years was more severe than other typical years, and precipitation in drought years showed nearly 50 % decline compared with normal years; (3) high rainfall of flood years was mainly caused by the increase in rainfall in flood season, and the strategy of flood control and drought relief was “short-term flood prevention and long-term drought relief”; (4) while precipitation of most months in drought year was reduced, the relevant strategies “annual basin-wide of long-term drought prevention” should be carried out; (5) combination events of floods and droughts occurred frequently. Persistent drought dominated in spring and summer while droughts and floods that happened alternately were mainly in summer and autumn.     

Dynamic monitoring of drought using HJ-1 and MODIS time series data in northern China

From early November 2008 to February 2009, lack of rainfall led to severe drought in northern China. More than 9.3 million ha of wheat in six major crop production provinces, including Henan, Anhui, Shandong, Shanxi, Gansu, and Shaanxi, were hit by drought. Supported by Chinese HJ-1 satellite images together with NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, dynamic monitoring of the drought was conducted. HJ-1 CCD data with 30-m resolution were used to identify cropland information. Spatial–temporal variation of drought was detected using Vegetation Index and Water Index time series data derived from MODIS visible, infrared, and short-wave infrared bands. The influences of drought were classified into five levels based on MODIS-derived 8-day composite Anomaly Water Index (AWI) and field survey data. The results indicated that the drought deteriorated beginning in November 2008 and became most serious in late January 2009. HJ-1 data together with MODIS data proved to be valuable data sources for monitoring soil moisture and drought at a both regional and national scale.     

宁波市2013年夏季干旱分析

2013年夏季干旱给宁波市带来了极大的损失。本文利用全市63个国家基本雨量站资料,采用连续无雨日法和降水量距平法评估此次干旱的干旱等级,并提出了回归分析的改进方法。通过与历史同期旱情进行对比分析,认为宁波市2013年夏季干旱为近60年比较严重的年份之一,频率分析达到30年一遇。     

Characterization and assessment of the devastating natural hazards across the Canadian Prairie Provinces from 2009 to 2011

From 2009 to 2011, the Canadian Prairies were subjected to exceptionally variable precipitation regimes, ranging between record drought and unprecedented flooding. Adjacent regions concurrently experienced droughts and floods, and individual areas transitioned rapidly from pluvial to drought conditions and vice versa. Such events had major impacts; for example, damages from floods in the Assiniboine River Basin (ARB) have exceeded $1 billion, and forest fires ravaged the town of Slave Lake, Alberta. This study first characterizes, and then assesses, these devastating natural hazards in terms of their physical processes (across multiple spatial and temporal scales) related to both the spatially contrasting precipitation states and rapid temporal transitions between these states. Subtle differences in large-scale atmospheric flow had marked impacts on precipitation. Primary factors controlling the distribution and amount of precipitation included the location and persistence of key surface and upper-air features, as well as their interaction. Additionally, multiple events—rather than individual extremes—were responsible for the flooding over the Saskatchewan River Basin and the ARB. Very heavy rainfall events (≥25 mm d^?1) accounted for up to 55 % of warm season rain at some locations, and the frequency of heavy rainfall events was critical for determining whether a region experienced drought or pluvial conditions. This study has increased our knowledge of the characteristics, impacts and mechanisms of rapidly transitioning disparate precipitation states on the Canadian Prairies and will aid in better understanding both past and projected future hydro-climatic extremes in the region.     

The UV Induced Fluorescence in Porites Coral from Hainan Island,China and Its Paleo—Environmental Implications

Porites coral in the nearshore waters off Hainan Island can give off yellowish-green fluorescence under UV laser induction.After fitting the data between rainfall and fluorescent intensity,it can be found that both appear in a simply linear equation with a correlation coefficeient of 0.78.The model equation can be used to reconstruct the rainfall in the past time by means of the determined fluorescent intensity.The correlation diagram of the determined and calculated or hindcast rainfall shows a synchronous change from 1982 to 1997.The peak positions of the variant curve are usually related to the El‘nino year.That means the drought and flood recycles are restrained to some extent by globally environmental changes.Therefore,the coral fluorescent intensity acts as a geochemical proxy for reconstructing the rainfall series in the past hundreds of years and predicting the drought-flood variant tendency in the future time.     

Characteristics of meteorological droughts in northwestern India

This study analyses regional drought characteristics (frequency, severity, and persistence) of meteorological droughts occurred in the northwestern parts falling under arid and semiarid regions of India with mean annual rainfall ranging between 100 and 900 mm. A drought is defined as a season or a year with rainfall less than 75% of corresponding mean at a place. Long-term monthly rainfall records (1901–2013) of 90 districts of north-west India located in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat are used in the analysis. The percentage departure of seasonal rainfall from long-term average rainfall has been used for identification of onset, termination, and quantification of drought severity. The average frequency varied from once every 3–4 years. The westerly districts have an average drought return period of 3 years, while districts lying toward the east had droughts once every 4 years. Only four of the 90 districts in the study area experienced droughts once every 5 years. Persistent droughts of 2, 3, and 4 year duration occurred widely. Severe droughts occurred in the years 1904, 1905, 1911, 1918, 1931, 1939, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, and 2002, with an average frequency of severe drought events of one in 10 years. The analysis presented in this paper improves understanding of the regional drought characteristics and will inform drought mitigations and strategies in these arid and semiarid areas.     

近年昆明市茨坝—岗头村富水块段地下水位持续下降原因分析

茨坝-岗头村富水块段位于蛇山断裂东侧盘龙江谷地,东以黑龙潭东支断裂、玄武岩为隔水边界,南以陡坡寺组泥质粉砂岩为隔水边界,面积16.07 km2。富水块段岩溶含水层主要以二叠系和石炭系的灰岩、白云岩为主,埋深2.5~173.92 m。块段内岩溶地下水由北向南,由西向东径流,于山前缓坡边缘以泉排泄,部分向深部径流,形成承压区。为弄清近年富水块段岩溶地下水位持续下降的原因,在查明富水块段水文地质条件的基础上,对比分析了该富水块段近3年（2009—2011年）降雨量与多年平均降雨量及其地下水补给、开采减少量和地下水位的变幅。结果表明,降雨量偏少是导致地下水补给量减少,进而造成茨坝-岗头村富水块段在关闭部分开采井及减少开采量后,地下水位仍然持续下降的主要原因。