新疆阿克苏地区早寒武世碳酸盐岩沉积环境:微量元素和碳同位素证据

对出露于塔里木盆地北缘阿克苏地区寒武系纽芬兰统玉尔吐斯组上部和寒武系第二统肖尔布拉克组下部海相沉积碳酸盐岩进行了氧化-还原敏感元素(Mo、V、Cd和U)及稳定C、O同位素的地球化学剖面研究,以探讨早寒武世沉积碳酸盐岩的沉积环境.研究揭示,尤尔美那克剖面肖尔布拉克组底部和下部含有两个δ13C负异常,谷值分别为-2.1‰和...     

湘西北下寒武统黑色岩系钒镍钼矿微量元素地球化学

湘西北下寒武统黑色岩系是中国南方下寒武统黑色岩系的重要组成部分,富含钒镍钼等多金属元素。文中对湘西北下寒武统黑色岩系钒镍钼矿进行了微量元素研究,研究区内Ni、Cd、Mo、Sb、V、Zn、W、Ba等元素特别富集,高含量的Sb和Ba表明其为热水沉积;Mo含量极高说明其为缺氧的还原环境;高的V/（V+Ni）、V/Cr、Ni/Co以及δU值表明其沉积环境为缺氧环境;高的 U/Th表明本区有热水沉积作用;稀土元素配分模式、Ce和Eu异常及La/Yb Ce/La和La/Yb ΣREE图解投点表明其沉积环境为还原环境,并有热水沉积作用。可见黑色岩系形成于缺氧环境,热液活动为其提供了丰富的热液来源。     

中、下扬子地区下寒武统黑色页岩微量元素富集特征

中国南方扬子地区下寒武统黑色页岩分布广泛,主要由黑色页岩、黑色白云质页岩,黑色粉砂质页岩和黑色硅质页岩等组成;并伴生有较厚的磷块岩矿床、钒矿床和镍、钼多元素硫化物矿床。对黑色页岩岩石学特征、元素地球化学特征进行系统研究,并详细分析微量元素的富集成因,结果表明：黑色页岩主要形成于静水还原的浅海-半深海缓坡环境,层状元素富集带为沉积成因,海底热流体提供了丰富物质来源。总体上,Co、Be、Mn、Ga等元素含量较低;Cu、V、Ni、Mo等元素的含量较高,多数超过北美页岩平均值;以Ni、Mo为主的多元素富集层通常位于磷块岩之上,以黑色页岩、黑色白云质页岩中的硫化物和硫酸盐矿物为主要载体,其中有机碳（TOC）含量可达12.2%以上,远高于其他元素富集层,随着页岩内硅质成分增加,Ni、Mo、Fe、Co等元素含量明显降低;以V为主的多元素主要赋存于黑色硅质页岩中的水云母,与页岩内硅质成分具有较好的正相关关系;黑色页岩中稀土元素含量为(76.22~290.67)×10-6,轻重稀土比值LREE/HREE介于1.21~4.22,说明轻稀土更为富集,Sr/Ba值为0.04~0.34,δEu正异常,且北美页岩标准化配分曲线呈现平缓左倾,为沉积过程中存在海底热水流体提供了进一步证据。     

Paleoceanographic Indicators for Early Cambrian Black Shales from the Yangtze Platform,South China: Evidence from Biomarkers and Carbon Isotopes

The lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, a widespread black shale deposition, is of geological interest because of its polymetallic beds, Cambrian explosion, depositional ages, dramatic environmental changes and so on. Previous study focused mainly on inorganic geochemistry and few studies have investigated the organic fractions of upper Neoproterozoic-lower Cambrian strata in South China. Here we report a study of biomarkers plus organic carbon isotopes for black shales from Ganziping, Hunan Province (China). All the saturated hydrocarbon fractions have a unimodal distribution of n-alkanes, a high content of short-chain alkanes and maximize at C 19 or C 20 (C 23 for sample Gzh00-1). The C 27 /C 29 sterane ratio ranges from 0.77 to 1.20 and 4-methylsteranes are in low abundance. These parameters indicate that algae and bacteria are the important primary producers. Furthermore, biomarker maturity proxies show the samples to be higher maturity. The low Pr/Ph values (<0.7) suggest that the samples were deposited under anoxic conditions and, likely, under stratified water columns. In addition, 25-norhopanes and gammacerane are present as diagnostic indicators of normal marine salinity and dysoxic to anoxic conditions. During the Early Tommotian, known to coincide with a transgression event, small shelly fossils increased in abundance and diversity. Moreover, positive δ 13 C org excursions close to 1.4‰ occur at the base of the Tommotian stage. In summary, the Early Cambrian black shales were deposited under dramatic paleoenvironmental changes, including oceanic anoxia, higher primary productivity and sea-level rise.     

南秦岭地区下寒武统水沟口组黑色岩系成因及其沉积环境

早寒武世全球广泛发育的黑色岩系记录了重要海洋环境信息。为了解决该时期黑色岩系成因模式和沉积环境问题,本文选取南秦岭淅川—内乡地区下寒武统水沟口组黑色岩系为研究对象,通过剖面详测、薄片鉴定、电子探针和主微量元素等岩石学-地球化学分析方法,对其物质来源、形成机制和沉积环境进行分析。研究表明:水沟口组黑色岩系普遍具有海相硅质岩典型特征—微晶石英结构,并具有与海水一致的稀土标准化曲线和低的总稀土值,指示其形成于海水环境;电子探针下发现黑色岩系富含与热液有关的重晶石、萤石矿物,和与生物相关的磷灰石、黄铁矿矿物,同时黑色岩系成因判别图解中绝大部分样品落入生物成因区域,少数落入热液成因内,指示硅质来源以生物成因硅为主并含少量热液硅;样品高V/(V+Ni)、Ni/Co比值和氧化还原敏感元素(Mo、U、V等)不同程度富集指示较强的还原环境,结合黑色岩系形成环境判别图得出该套岩系形成于大陆边缘—深海盆地区域内还原—缺氧的滞流水体环境。综上得出水沟口组黑色岩系形成时洋底热液活动频繁,深部流体上涌带来大量营养物质使得浅海生物繁盛,海水中硅在生物作用和热液影响下促使硅质胶体颗粒化学沉淀,并随洋流在远离热液中心的...     

贵州金鼎山下寒武统黑色岩系的有机地球化学特征

对贵州遵义金鼎山下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色岩系的氯仿沥青“A”及族组分做了成分检测,并进行了岩石氯仿抽提物中饱和烃气相色谱分析。结果表明,黑色岩系属生油岩,且为腐泥型和混合型生油岩,以腐泥型为主;黑色岩系有机质丰度高,有机质主要来源于海生低等菌、藻类生物;黑色岩系姥姣烷与植烷比值、岩性和生物特征指示其形成于一种缺氧还原沉积环境。     

湘南地区寒武系沉积环境分析

湘南地区寒武系自下而上依次发育香楠组、茶园头组、小紫荆组。岩石类型主要以碎屑岩为主,碳酸盐岩、硅岩次之。其中,砂岩与泥(页)岩常构成典型的复理石韵律。通过对岩性、古生物、沉积构造等相标志的分析,认为研究区寒武系沉积环境主要为深水斜坡至盆地环境,建立了沉积模式并分析了其沉积演化。区内寒武纪经历了3次海侵,第一次海侵始于早寒武世晋宁期,结束于南皋期;第二次海侵始于都匀期,结束于王村期;第三次海侵出现于古丈期,至牛车河期结束。     

湘南地区寒武系沉积环境分析

湘南地区寒武系自下而上依次发育香楠组、茶园头组、小紫荆组。岩石类型主要以碎屑岩为主,碳酸盐岩、硅岩次之。其中,砂岩与泥(页)岩常构成典型的复理石韵律。通过对岩性、古生物、沉积构造等相标志的分析,认为研究区寒武系沉积环境主要为深水斜坡至盆地环境,建立了沉积模式并分析了其沉积演化。区内寒武纪经历了3次海侵,第一次海侵始于早寒武世晋宁期,结束于南皋期;第二次海侵始于都匀期,结束于王村期;第三次海侵出现于古丈期,至牛车河期结束。     

Sedimentary Environment and Mineralization of the Black Shale Polymetallic Layer in the Early Cambrian, SW China: Constraints from in situ LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Pyrite

A polymetallic layer is usually developed at the bottom of the early Cambrian black shale in Guizhou Province. The mineral that makes up the polymetallic layer is related to the sedimentary facies. To analyze the differentiation mechanism between polymetallic deposits (Ni-Mo and V), the Zhijin Gezhongwu profile located in the outer shelf and the Sansui Haishan V deposit located in the lower slope are selected to study the in situ sulfur isotopes and trace elements of pyrite. The results show that δ34S values of pyrite vary widely from ?7.8 ‰ to 28 ‰ in the Gezhongwu profile, while the δ34S values are relatively uniform (from 27.8 ‰ to 38.4 ‰) in the Haishan profile. The isotopic S composition is consistent with the transition that occurs in the sedimentary phase from the shelf to the deep sea on the transgressive Yangtze platform; this indicates that the δ34SO42? values in seawater must be differently distributed in depositional environments. The sulfur in the Ni-Mo layer is produced after the mixing of seawater and hydrothermal fluid, while the V layer mainly originates from seawater. Overall, the Ni-Mo and V deposits have been differentiated primarily on the basis of the combined effect of continental weathering and hydrothermal fluid.     

湘西北下寒武统黑色页岩伴生元素研究新进展

湖南大庸慈利的镍钼多金属矿床是湘西北下寒武统黑色页岩中伴生元素镍钼及铂族元素等富集最好地段。该矿床中的硅岩应属典型的喷气岩；特殊的筒状富矿体，以及Ｎｉ、Ｍｏ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｓｅ、Ａｓ、Ｂａ、Ａｕ、Ａｇ、Ｐｔ族元素特殊组合；矿石中金属硫化物呈胶状产出，显示快速堆积特征。     

黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的沉积环境与地球化学响应

下寒武统黑色岩系在我国华北、华南及塔里木盆地等广泛发育,但富有机质泥页岩的分布特征及其控制因素未有定论。本文对黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组(及同时期地层)不同沉积相带典型剖面中的富有机质泥页岩及其上下层位进行了地球化学分析,识别出寒武纪早期不同沉积相带氧化还原环境的明显差异。台内凹陷相主要岩性为黑色页岩,底部为不等厚的薄层磷块岩和硅质岩或硅磷质结核,沉积的黑色页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素显著富集,反映了贫氧-缺氧环境,以及短暂动态的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了其为局限盆地特征;上斜坡相为贫氧到氧化的沉积环境,但更多地是表现为氧化的沉积环境,其中牛蹄塘期存在局部的硫化环境,沉积的黑色页岩厚度小,但有机质丰度最高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素的富集程度较低;盆地相为黑色硅质岩与富有机质的黑色硅质页岩间互沉积,同期沉积厚度较小,有机质丰度相对较低,V和U的富集程度大于台内凹陷相,而Ni和Mo的富集程度则低于台内凹陷相,指示了缺氧环境,期间伴随有贫氧和短暂的氧化环境存在,且可能存在局部的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了中等的局限程度。总的来说,黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的有机质丰度...     

中上扬子地区晚奥陶世－早志留世岩相古地理演化与黑色页岩的关系

晚奥陶世-早志留世时的中上扬子地区,是一个周边被前陆隆起围限的浅海陆棚,沉积环境受武陵-雪峰及黔中前陆隆起带的控制。前隆间的隆后盆地为滞留、还原环境的海域,为黑色页岩沉积提供了空间。上奥陶统凯迪阶五峰组黑色页岩厚度薄而稳定,含笔石生物层和丰富的放射虫,沉积环境为浅海深水盆地;下志留统鲁丹阶龙马溪组下部的黑色页岩为五峰组的继承性沉积,其上部及埃隆阶的龙马溪组为向上变浅的沉积序列,由潮下带潮汐沙坝-潮坪环境黑色含粉砂质页岩、灰色粉砂岩薄互层所构成。沉积序列的变化和时空演化受边缘古隆起的制约。晚奥陶世前陆隆起范围小(平缓),至早志留世鲁丹期,前陆隆起不断扩大并导致盆内构造分隔,发育了大致与前隆平行的坳陷,造成龙马溪组黑色页岩厚度变化大;至埃隆期晚期,海平面相对下降,水体变浅。除个别地区外,中上扬子地区基本结束了黑色页岩沉积。     

Organic geochemistry and petrology of barren and Mo–Ni–PGE mineralized marine black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation (South China)

Marine black shales of the Lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation in southern China host Mo–Ni–platinum group elements (PGE) mineralization confined to a phosphate- and pyrite-rich stratiform body (max. 20-cm thick). The H/C atomic ratio, carbon isotopic composition, FTIR spectra of bulk organic matter, and spectra of extractable part of organic matter indicate similar sources and thermal evolution of organic matter in barren and mineralized black shales.The morphology and relative abundance of organic particles in barren and mineralized shales are different. In barren black shales, organic particles comprise only elongated bodies and laminae 2–10 μm across or elongated larger bodies (> 10 μm) with R_max = 2.96–5.21% (Type I particles). Mineralized black shales contain Type I particles in rock matrix (90–95 vol%), small veinlets or irregular organic accumulations (Type II particles, 1–5 vol%) that display weak to well developed mosaic texture and a variable reflectance (R_max = 3.55–8.65%), and small (< 1 to 5 μm) rounded or irregular Type III organic particles (1–4 vol%) distributed within phosphate nodules and sulphide rip-up clasts. Type III particles show similar reflectance as particles of Type I in rock matrix. Type I particles are interpreted as remnants of in situ bacterially reworked organic matter of cyanobacteria/algal type, Type II as solidified products or oil-derived material (migrabitumen), and Type III particles as remnants of original organic matter in phosphatized or sulphidized algal/microbial oncolite-like bodies. Equivalent vitrinite reflectances of Type I and III particles in barren and mineralized rocks are similar and correspond to semi-anthracite and anthracite. Micro-Raman spectra of organic particles in rocks display a wide belt in the area of 1600 cm^− 1 (G belt) and approximately the same belt in the area of 1350 cm^− 1 (D belt). The ratio of integrated areas of the two belts correlate with R_max values.The Mo–Ni–PGE mineralized body is interpreted as to represent a remnant of phosphate- and sulphide-rich subaquatic hardground supplied with organic material derived from plankton and benthic communities as well as with algal/microbial oncolite-like bodies that originated in wave-agitated, shallow-water, nearshore environment.     

Organic Carbon Isotopic Evolution during the Ediacaran-Cambrian Transition Interval in Eastern Guizhou, South China： Paleoenvironmental and Stratigraphic Implications

Secular variations of carbon isotopic composition of organic carbon can be used in the study of global environmental variation, the carbon cycle, stratigraphic delimitation, and biological evolution, etc. Organic carbon isotopic analysis of the Nangao and Zhalagou sections in eastern Guizhou reveals a negative excursion near the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary that correlates with a distinct carbonate carbon isotopic negative excursion at this boundary globally. Our results also demonstrate that several alternating positive and negative shifts occur in the Meishucunian, and an obvious negative anomaly appears at the boundary between the Meishucunian and Qiongzhusian. The isotope values are stable in the middle and lower parts but became more positive in the upper part of the Qiongzhusian. Evolution of organic carbon isotopes from the two sections in the deepwater facies can be well correlated with that of the carbonate carbon isotopes from the section in the shallow water facies. Integrated with other stratigraphic tools, we can precisely establish a lower Cambrian stratigraphic framework from shallow shelf to deep basin of the Yangtze Platform.     

Pb-Pb dating of black shales from the Lower Cambrian and Neoproterozoic strata, South China

Black shales occur widely in the Lower Cambrian and Neoproterozoic strata on the Yangtze Platform, South China. In this study, Lower Cambrian black shales from Xiuning section and Late Neoproterozoic black shales from Weng’an section were studied and Pb isotopic compositions were analyzed following a stepwise acid-leaching technique. The ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb ratios in both sections show large variations, from 18.906 to 43.737 in the Weng’an section and from 24.811 to 38.110 in the Xiuning section. In contrast, the ranges for ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb values in both sections are relatively smaller from 15.649 to 17.126 and 37.744-38.199 in the Weng’an section, and from 16.034 to 16.783 and 38.602-39.391 in the Xiuning section, respectively. These data yielded two Pb isotope isochron ages of 536±39 and 572±36 Ma, respectively. These ages well accord with other published data and we suggest that they represent the depositional ages for the Lower Cambrian Hetang Formation and the upper Neoproterozoic Doushantuo Formation in South China.     

Simulating experiment on the enrichment of precious metals in Lower Cambrian black shale series of Hunan and Guizhou provinces

Adsorption experiments were made at room temperature and neutral pH value on different types of min-erals associated with the Lower Cambrian black shale series polymetallic layers in Hunan and Guizhou provinces on nanometer-sized Pt colloids and PtCl42--bearing ionic solutions with an attempt to constrain the relationship between the different types of minerals in the polymetallic layers and the enrichment of platinum group elements (PGEs). Experimental results showed that the different types of minerals show strong selectivity to the adsorption of nano-meter-sized Pt colloids and PtCl42--bearing ionic solutions. Metallic sulfides, organic matter and clay minerals are the strong adsorbents of PGEs, while quartz, albite, muscovite and other silicate minerals show a week adsorbility to both of them. This phenomenon is well consistent with the geological fact that metallic sulfides, organic matter and clay minerals in the polymetallic layers of the black shale series are the major carrier minerals of PGEs, giving a thorough explanation to the mechanism of enrichment of previous metal elements. Adsorption may be a principal mechanism of enrichment of precious metal elements under lower temperature conditions. The presence of the aforementioned strong adsorbents is the good geochemical barriers for the enrichment of PGEs.     

Occurrence modes of silver in the Ni-Mo-PGE polymetallic layer of the Lower Cambrian black shales in Zunyi,Guizhou Province,South China

The Ni-Mo-PGE polymetallic mineralization of the Lower Cambrian black shales locate in Zunyi, South China and contain abundant noble metals such as Ag, Au and PGE, and especially Ag with average concentration of 64×10-6. The occurrence modes of Ag have been investigated using methods of selective chemical dissolution and transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the occurrence modes of Ag are complex and diversiform. It might be associated with clay minerals, organic matter, sulfides and also occurred as native silver and sulfides with nanometer in size. Combined with results of previous studies, we suggest that the sulfides, clay minerals and organic matter which hosted in the Ni-Mo-PGE polymetallic ores of black shales can play the roles of important reduction and adsorption geochemical barriers for the enrichment and distribution of silver. This study further implies that the selective chemical dissolution and transmission electron microscopy may pave the way to study the occurrence modes of other noble metals in black shales.     

Geochemistry of the trace elements and rare-earth elements at the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3 at Jianshan, South China: Paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic implications

The Jianshan section in Jianhe County,Guizhou Province,is a very important auxiliary section to the candidate stratotype at the boundary between Cambrian Series 2 and Series 3.Twenty four samples collected from the Jianshan section of the Kaili Formation were analyzed for the concentrations of trace element and rare-earth elements(REEs) by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.The trace element and REE geochemical characteristics of the Kaili Formation at the Jianshan section show that trace element composition and REE distribution patterns across the section are covariant.Notably,at 44 m above the base of the Kaili Formation,most trace element contents and REEs concentrations are lower than those values observed below 44 m.Above 44 m,an increasing trend in the concentration of both trace elements and REEs is observed.These geochemical data indicate important,but subtle,changes at the 44 m horizon.If this is,in fact,verified by work in progress,geochemical criteria can provide additional supports for defining the top surface of Cambrian Series 2,especially in sections where Oryctocephalus indicus is absent.Trace element ratios,specifically Ni/Co,V/Cr,V/(Ni+V) and Th/U as well as Ce and Eu anomalies indicate that the sedimentary environment of the Kaili Formation at the Jianshan section was oxidizing,that benthic redox conditions were less oxic,and may have been influenced by freshwater as compared to the Balang area.Moreover,the Eu anomalies observed in the Kaili Formation are similar to the negative Eu anomalies observed in post-Archean sedimentary rocks,and reveal fluctuations in oxygen content from the bottom to the top of the Kaili Formation.     

渔塘坝富硒硅质岩成因及沉积环境探讨：硅、氧、碳和硫同位素证据

鄂西渔塘坝含碳硅质岩段(P³₁m)为硒矿床的主要赋硒层位,其硅、氧同位素组成δ³⁰Si变化范围为0.5‰~1.8‰（平均1.25‰）;δ¹⁸O为22.7‰~27.1‰ （平均25.3‰）;硅质岩中黄铁矿 δ³⁴S的值变化范围为-27.7‰~-5.65‰,幅度大于20‰;硅质岩层位中方解石样品的δ¹³C值范围为4.19‰~0.52‰。综合研究表明,渔塘坝硅质岩在成因上主要表现为热水沉积特征,成岩温度为45℃,形成于半封闭的浅海至滨浅海（滞留的盆地）缺氧沉积环境。     

安徽石台早寒武世黑色岩系稀土元素地球化学特征及其地质意义

安徽石台地区发育早寒武世黑色岩系,岩石地层单元为下寒武统荷塘组和黄柏岭组.稀土元素地球化学研究表明,黑色岩系稀土总量不富集,轻稀土较重稀土富集;δEu=0.81～2.32,平均1.1;δCe=0.52～0.97,平均0.77.剖面自下而上δCe值和δEu值规律变化,δCe值由大渐小再增大,但总体逐渐增大,δEu值总体变化则与之相反.稀土元素地球化学特征反映该区早寒武世曾发生过一次明显的海侵-海退过程,黑色岩系为正常海水与热水混合沉积的产物,形成于缺氧还原状态过渡到半还原-弱氧化状态的过程中,沉积环境为干燥气候条件下相对较深的浅海斜坡环境.