长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物粒径及生源要素分布特征

针对2015年长江口及其邻近海域所采集的43个表层沉积物样品,通过粒径分析以及生物硅(BSi)、总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)等生源要素参数的测定,系统探讨了长江口表层沉积物粒径及生源要素的时空分布特征以及各要素的相互关系。结果表明:(1)长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物组成以黏土质粉砂、粉砂质砂和砂为主。研究区域内,粒径组成呈现明显的"南细、北粗,近岸细、离岸粗"的分布特征,长江口及浙江近岸泥质区的表层沉积物粒度最细,中值粒径(Φ)在5以上;(2)调查海域表层沉积物中BSi含量在0.22%~1.82%之间,沉积物中粉砂、黏土含量及平均粒径(Φ)均与BSi含量呈显著正相关(P0.01),黏土矿物和粉砂较多的细颗粒沉积物更易累计和保存BSi;(3)TOC和TN的含量分别在0.04%~1.17%和0.01%~0.26%之间,其分布特征与沉积物中值粒径(Φ)和BSi的分布也有明显的正相关性,说明细颗粒沉积物更有利于有机质保存,表层沉积物中的硅藻可能是有机物的来源之一。     

2016年夏季长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中有机质的分布特征与来源分析

2016年夏季,在长江口及其邻近海域采集了55个表层沉积物样品,通过分析样品的粒级组成、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)及其稳定同位素(δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N)等相关指标,探讨了长江口邻近海域表层沉积物中有机质的空间分布特征、来源及环境指示意义。结果表明,有机质的空间分布与海域周边陆源有机质输入、沉积物粒径及海流影响密切相关,长江口外南侧海域和浙江外海泥质区是TOC、TN的高值区(TOC>0.5%,TN>0.08%),长江口北侧的砂质粉砂区为低值区(TOC<0.4%,TN<0.05%)。δ¹³C (-23.94～-20.49‰)与TOC/TN(6.45～11.16)的空间分布特征与数值范围显示,表层沉积物中有机质是海洋和陆地来源的混合;通过分析陆源有机碳的相对贡献率(f:13.00～58.45%)与海源有机碳(TOC_marine:0.12～0.55%)可知,陆海物质来源比例的变化与离岸距离及长江冲淡水的路径密切相关,海源有机质在123°E以东海域显著增加。δ¹⁵     

东海西南陆架表层沉积物粒度分布特征

利用东海西南陆架65个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析资料,进行了粒度参数的计算与Q型聚类分析,进而探讨研究区表层沉积物的粒度分布特征。研究区表层沉积物的主要粒级是4~10 Φ(粗粉砂-粗黏土),由岸向海粒度变粗;沉积物总体上分选差,但由岸向海分选变好。Q型聚类分析表明,研究区的沉积物分为内陆架细粒沉积物和外陆架粗粒沉积物两类,平行于海岸线分布,123°E左右是两类沉积物的分界线。对比不同站位的沉积物粒度累积曲线,判断两类沉积物属于不同的成因类型,内陆架的细粒沉积物是现代近岸沉积,外陆架的粗粒沉积物与现今的沉积环境不符,属于残留沉积。     

南黄海、东海北部陆架区表层沉积物 有机质分布特征

对南黄海和东海北部462个表层沉积物样品进行了有机碳、总氮及粒度测试,以趋探讨表层沉积物有机质的分布规 律及来源。结果表明：南黄海及东海北部陆架区沉积有机碳质量分数分布范围为0.11 豫耀0.82 豫,均值为0.44 豫;总氮质量 分数分布范围为0.01 豫耀0.11 豫,均值为0.06 豫。有机碳及总氮质量分数平面分布特征相似,泥质沉积区质量分数较高,砂 质沉积区较低,最高值位于杭州湾外部。其分布特征明显遵从粒度效应,随着粒度变粗,有机碳、总氮质量分数减小,其中 在粒度>4准的细粒沉积物中,粒度处于6原11准的细粒沉积物更为富集有机碳。沉积物C/N比值显示,南黄海及东海北部大部 分区域沉积有机质为陆地和海洋混合来源,仅在123.5毅E以东、31毅N以南东海中陆架小部分区域为海洋自生来源。     

长江口外海域沉积物重金属分布特征及其环境质量评价

通过对长江口外海域187个表层沉积物进行重金属(Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、As、Cd、Hg)测试,分析其空间分布特征及其污染等级。结果显示,长江输运的重金属污染物基本沉积在长江口-浙江近岸一带,而随着离岸距离的增大,重金属含量逐渐降低,等值线大致有平行于海岸的趋势。运用沉积物富集系数法和潜在生态危害法对重金属做了污染程度评价,122.5°E以西的长江口及其邻近的浙江近岸一带,沉积物富集系数大于2,处于中等环境危害等级,而其他大范围区域均处于无-低污染程度,为低生态危害程度。重金属污染程度的这种空间分布特征主要受控于长江入海物质供给和闽浙沿岸流的输运作用。     

长江口及邻近海域细颗粒沉积物中重金属的空间分布及沉积通量

长江每年输送大量的泥沙进入东海,其中细颗粒沉积物具有搬运距离远、扩散范围大的特点,成为示踪河口及近海沉积物源汇过程的良好载体。本文基于采自长江口及邻近海域的44个表层沉积物样品,分析了细颗粒组分中重金属的空间分布和沉积通量,探讨了重金属来源和搬运沉积过程。研究表明:长江口及邻近海域细颗粒沉积物中Cu、Cr、Ni、V和Zn含量、沉积通量的空间分布具有高度的相似性,总体表现为长江口及浙闽沿岸高,向外急剧降低;该区细颗粒沉积物中的重金属主要来自长江,入海后向两个方向扩散,其一为向西南方向扩散,沉积于内陆架泥质区;其二是向东的跨陆架输送,沉积于长江冲淡水影响的海域。从长江口向西南方向的输送和沉积是长江入海重金属最重要的汇。     

长江口滨岸潮滩沉积物中磷的存在形态和分布特征

通过对长江口滨岸潮滩表层及孔样沉积物中磷形态分析，揭示了潮滩沉积物中磷的存在形态及其分布特征。分析结果表明，潮滩沉积物中磷主要有可溶性磷（DP）、铁结合磷（Fe-P)、铝结合磷（Al-P)、钙结合磷（Ca-P)和有机磷（OP）5种，其中以钙结合磷（Ca-P)和有机磷（OP）为主。研究发现各形态磷的含量分布与水体沉积环境与沉积物粒度关系密切，并受沿岩污水排放及近岸养殖排污等人为活动的影响。     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物粒度划分及变化规律研究

对长江口及其邻近海域30个站位的表层沉积物粒度进行了粒级划分,在此基础上探讨了各粒级的变化规律。结果表明研究区表层沉积物最高含量粒级——粉砂(粒径4-63μm,含量大于50%)并非组成沉积物的主体粒级,<16μm的细粉砂及黏土粒级才是研究区的主体粒级,含量在50%-80%之间,能代表粒径频率分布的中心趋向和平均搬运动能情况。16μm是研究区沉积物粒度性质的一个分界点。通过对表层沉积物粒级的研究还发现研究区沉积物粒度粒级含量变化具有明显的规律性:4-8μm,8-16μm细粉砂粒级百分含量的变化规律与<1μm,1-2μm,2-4μm粒级(细分的黏土粒级)完全一致,与>16μm的各粒级之间不相关或呈强的负相关关系;16-32μm、32-63μm粗粉砂粒级含量的变化规律与63-125μm,125-250μm,>250μm粒级(细分的砂粒级)的变化规律呈弱相关或弱负相关关系,与<16μm的各粒级的变化规律不相关。对沉积物粒度的不同组分研究有助于对沉积动力环境和元素的“粒度效应”等问题进行深入探讨。     

长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属分布和潜在生态危害评价

对长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn、Cr、Fe、Hg、Cd的含量分布以及富集状况进行分析,并采用Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价该海域中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Hg、Cd污染的程度及其潜在的生态危害,结果表明:长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物中Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn、Cr、Fe的分布特征表现为由近岸向远岸递减的趋势,整体上象山县和舟山群岛近岸海域的含量高于研究区北部含量;Hg在长江口南端含量较高,呈由西向东递减的趋势;Cd在长江口南端以及象山县东含量较高,在研究区中部含量较低。潜在生态危害评价结果表明,长江口及其邻近海域表层沉积物只有部分站点处于生态危害的中等级别,大多站点生态危害轻微,污染程度顺序为Cd > Hg > Cu > Pb > Cr > Zn;对长江口及其邻近海域生态环境具有潜在影响的重金属元素首先是Cd,其次是Hg。对底质环境质量进行系统聚类分析结果显示,象山县和长江口外以及济州岛西南近海海域的底质环境较差,应予以重视。     

长江口不同沉积环境沉积物中碳的分布和来源

利用2004年5月在长江口门区获得的R3、N3、S3和S1四个沉积物柱状样品,对其各种形态碳的含量和垂直分布、TOC/N值以及同位素δ13Corg值进行了分析,并结合该区域的水文悬沙特征,探讨了影响沉积物中碳埋藏的因素及其物质来源,结果表明:长江的径流量和沉积速率是影响长江口碳埋藏的两大重要因素,对各种形态碳在沉积柱中...     

长江口特大洪水浑浊带悬沙粒度分布特征

2020年长江流域发生了历史第二大洪水,大通站洪峰流量达到84 500 m3/s。本文基于2020年7月长江口特大洪水期间最大浑浊带多站位的水沙观测数据,重点分析了悬沙粒度组分的时空分布特征,并与常态水文条件下的粒度数据进行对比。结果表明：（1）最大浑浊带悬沙垂向平均中值粒径为10.4μm,变化范围为6～27μm,以黏性细颗粒泥沙为主;其中核心区南槽、北槽及北港的中值粒径分别为8.4μm、7.6μm和8.5μm,过渡区分别为7.2μm、16.4μm和14.5μm。（2）悬沙中值粒径垂向分布受不同组分影响,核心区底层中值粒径为8.8～9.6μm;底层黏土含量在28%～31%之间,粉砂含量在61%～64%之间,中值粒径主要受黏土及粉砂组分影响;过渡区北港和北槽垂向平均砂组分高达19%,南槽砂组分平均仅占5%,中值粒径主要受砂组分影响。（3）对比2013年洪季浑浊带数据,2020年粒径整体增大5.4μm,核心区黏土含量相较2013年减少12.7%,砂增加6.3%;过渡区北槽与北港平均粒径增大10μm。     

Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter in Changjiang (Yangtze River) estuarine and East China Sea shelf sediments

To examine the source and preservation of organic matter in the shelf sediments of the East China Sea (ECS), we measured bulk C/N and isotopes, organic biomarkers (n-alkanes and fatty acids) and compound-specific (fatty acids) stable carbon isotope ratios in three sediment cores collected from two sites near the Changjiang Estuary and one in the ECS shelf. Contrasting chemical and isotopic compositions of organic matter were observed between the estuarine and shelf sediments. The concentrations of total n-alkanes and fatty acids in the shelf surface sediments (0–2 cm) were 5–10 times higher than those in estuarine surface sediments but they all decreased rapidly to comparable levels below the surface layer. The compositions of n-alkanes in the estuarine sediments were dominated by C₂₆-C₃₃ long-chain n-alkanes with a strong odd-to-even carbon number predominance. In contrast, the composition of n-alkanes in the shelf sediment was dominated by nC₁₅ to nC₂₂ compounds. Long-chain (>C₂₀) fatty acids (terrestrial biomarkers) accounted for a significantly higher fraction in the estuarine sediments compared to that in the shelf sediment, while short-chain (<C₂₀) saturated and unsaturated fatty acids were more abundant in the shelf surface sediments than in the estuarine sediments. Stable carbon isotopic ratios of individual fatty acids showed a general positive shift from estuarine to shelf sediments, consistent with the variations in bulk δ ¹³C_TOCTOC. These contrasts between the estuarine and shelf sediments indicate that terrestrial organic matter was mainly deposited within the Changjiang Estuary and inner shelf of ECS. Post-depositional diagenetic processes in the surface sediments rapidly altered the chemical compositions and control the preservation of organic matter in the region.     

长江口及邻近海域营养盐四季分布特征

利用2006年夏、冬季,2007年春、秋季四个航次营养盐调查数据,分析了硝酸盐(NO3)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、铵盐(NH4+)、活性磷酸盐(PO43-)和活性硅酸盐(SiO32-)四季大面及典型断面(M1、M4、O6断面)分布特征.结果表明:营养盐大面基本呈西高东低分布趋势,NO3-、PO43-和SiO32-,在长江...     

长江口邻近陆架区表层沉积物的木质素分布和有机物来源分析

对长江口邻近陆架区表层沉积物的有机物进行碳、氮元素、碳稳定同位素和木质素测定,以分析其物质来源,特别是陆源有机物的迁移埋藏。结果表明,碳与氮含量的比值为6.2~7.7,δ13C为-19.9×10-3~-22.4×10-3。8种木质素酚单位的总含量(相对于总有机碳)为0.15×10-2~1.56×10-2mg/mg,显著低于长江口门处的2.50×10-2mg/mg。香草基酚类的酸醛比平均值为0.90,表明该海区的陆源有机物是高度降解的;紫丁香级酚类与香草基酚类的含量之比为(0.78±0.35),肉桂基酚类与香草基酚类的含量之比为(0.13±0.08),表明这些陆源有机物源于草本和木本混合的被子植物。31.5°N以南站位木质素的降解程度比北部的高,草本植物源的贡献更大,被子植物的主导优势也更明显;长江输入的有机物以沿岸堆积为主,具有显著的离岸降低趋势。在31.5°N以北的陆架区,虽然近岸站位陆源有机物的贡献显著高于其他站位,但其他站位并没有离岸递减趋势。这种南北分布差别可能是由海流条件和水深梯度的差异引起的。计算结果显示,该海区表层沉积物中的陆源有机物占总有机物的5%~57%,且主要来自土壤有机质。     

长江口溶解有机物光漂白和光矿化表观量子产率

溶解有机物(DOM)经太阳光照射导致其吸光度(光漂白)和溶解有机碳(光矿化)损失,从而影响水体生态系统光学特性及碳循环。本文通过测定冬季长江口及其邻近海域DOM光降解表观量子产率(AQY),初步探讨了DOM光反应活性在河口及陆架海的变化特征。DOM光降解AQY由口内至口外逐渐递减,且有色溶解有机物(CDOM)光漂白速率是溶解有机碳(DOC)光矿化速率的10倍。Φ_ble(CDOM光漂白表观量子产率)和Φ_min(DOC光矿化平均量子产率)在最大浑浊带以东海域与盐度和SUVA₂₅₄分别呈显著的线性负相关与正相关,表明DOM光反应活性在长江口外受物理混合影响为主,且陆源DOM光反应活性比海源高。此外,最大浑浊带下游DOM光降解AQY显著低于上游。DOM光降解速率随波长的变化呈现非高斯分布,且峰值出现在330 nm,积分结果表明UVA是DOM光降解的主要贡献者。本研究结果将为完善我国东海碳通量模型提供帮助。     

Indicators and impact analysis of sediment from the Changjiang Estuary and East China Sea to the Hangzhou Bay

Based on the historical evolution of the Hangzhou Bay, by making use of the conclusions made by the previous research workers and the integration of concrete data, five distinct impact indicators of the sediment from the Changjiang Estuary and the East China Sea to the Hangzhou Bay are summarized. Numerical calculation and analysis indicate that the scouring and deposition of seabed in the Hangzhou Bay are subject to the direct impact of the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary, and the growth and decline and the direction of the sandy bar at Nanhuizui give traces to the sediment transport between the Changjiang Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay. The transport of sediment from the Changjiang Estuary to the Hangzhou Bay occurs mainly in winter and spring seasons and the increase of the Changjiang River runoff and the decrease of sediment charge have caused scouring in the northern coast of the Hangzhou Bay and the seabed erosion along the frontal margin of the Changjiang River Delta.     

Indicators and impact analysis of sediment from the Changjiang Estuary and East China Sea to the Hangzhou Bay

Based on the historical evolution of the Hangzhou Bay, by making use of the conclusions made by the previous research workers and the integration of concrete data, five distinct impact indicators of the sediment from the Changjiang Estuary and the East China Sea to the Hangzhou Bay are summarized. Numerical calculation and analysis indicate that the scouring and deposition of seabed in the Hangzhou Bay are subject to the direct impact of the evolution of the Changjiang Estuary, and the growth and decline and the direction of the sandy bar at Nanhuizui give traces to the sediment transport between the Changjiang Estuary and the Hangzhou Bay. The transport of sediment from the Changjiang Estuary to the Hangzhou Bay occurs mainly in winter and spring seasons and the increase of the Changjiang River runoff and the decrease of sediment charge have caused scouring in the northern coast of the Hangzhou Bay and the seabed erosion along the frontal margin of the Changjiang River Delta.     

Grain size composition and transport of sedimentary organic carbon in the Changjiang River (Yangtze River) Estuary and Hangzhou Bay and their adjacent waters

Surface sediments from the Changjiang River(Yangtze River) Estuary,Hangzhou Bay,and their adjacent waters were analyzed for their grain size distribution,organic carbon(OC) concentration,and stable carbon isotope composition(δ13C).Based on this analysis,about 36 surface sediment samples were selected from various environments and separated into sand(0.250 mm,0.125–0.250 mm,0.063–0.125 mm) and silt(0.025–0.063 mm)fractions by wet-sieving fractionation methods,and further into silt-(0.004–0.025 mm) and clay-sized(0.004mm) fractions by centrifugal fractionation.Sediments of six grain size categories were analyzed for their OC andδ13C contents to explore the grain size composition and transport paths of sedimentary OC in the study area.From fine to coarse fractions,the OC content was 1.18%,0.51%,0.46%,0.42%,0.99%,and 0.48%,respectively,while theδ13C was –21.64‰,–22.03‰,–22.52‰,–22.46‰,–22.36‰,and –22.28‰,respectively.In each size category,the OC contribution was 42.96%,26.06%,9.82%,5.75%,7.09%,and 8.33%,respectively.The OC content in clay and fine silt fractions(0.025 mm) was about 69.02%.High OC concentrations were mainly found in offshore modern sediments in the northeast of the Changjiang River Estuary,in modern sediments in the lower estuary of the Changjiang River and Hangzhou Bay,and in Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island.Integrating the distribution of terrestrial OC content of each grain size category with the δ13C of the bulk sediment indicated that the terrestrial organic material in the Changjiang River Estuary was transported seaward and dispersed to the Cyclonic Eddy modern sediments to the southwest of the Cheju Island via two pathways:one was a result of the Changjiang River Diluted Water(CDW) northeastward extending branch driven by the North Jiangsu Coastal Current and the Yellow Sea Coastal Current,while the other one was the result of the CDW southward extending branch driven by the Taiwan Warm Current.     

基于表层沉积物粒度特征的鸭绿江口沉积环境分析

为了研究鸭绿江河口地区沉积物的来源和沉积环境,对不同断面43个点位表层沉积物进行了采样分析,通过对沉积物的分类和粒度参数的计算,探讨了沉积物类型和粒度参数的分布特征及其指示意义。研究结果表明,鸭绿江河口地区的表层沉积物类型主要为砂、粉砂质砂、砂质粉砂和极少量黏土质粉砂,其中砂的分布范围最广;鸭绿江河口地区表层沉积物来源具有多元性和空间差异性,以河流径流输砂为主体,同时也有浅海表层沉积物的向陆运动,其中鸭绿江下游地区沉积物来源主要为河流输送,中水道、西水道、辽东浅滩的沉积物来源既有河流输送又有浅海表层沉积物的向陆运动;河口不同区域的沉积环境不同,既有河流径流影响又有海洋潮汐和波浪的影响。研究结果可以为鸭绿江河口系统演变提供研究依据。